Biological oceanography Apparatus and methods

416

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hydrated iron and manganese oxides and may include economically significant traces of Cu, Ni, Co and Zn. Geographic distribution, chemical composition, nuclei, growth, and potential mining problems are described. Bundesanst. fur Geowissensch. und Rohstoffe, Hannover, FRG. (hbf)

Papers range widely in content and geographical area: west Pacific marginal basin development, North Atlantic magnetic measurements, Early Mesozoic Baltic Sea fault structures, Antarctic paleotectonics, satellite geodesy, 'gyrodynamic' behavior of the Earth, planetary dynamics, geomagnetic field, gravimetry, global tectonics, etc. (isz)

D360. Books, collections (general) 82:3267 Freund, R. and Z. Garfunkel (eds.), 1979/81. The Dead Sea Rift. Selected papers of the International Symposium on the Dead Sea Rift, September 10-20, 1979, Jerusalem, Israel. Special issue. Tectonophysics, 80(1/4):1-303; 16 papers.

No longer considered a 'genuine rift, but a transform,' the Dead Sea 'Rift' is compared with other continental rifts and fracture zones as to seismicity, faulting, basin migration, plate kinematics, crust and upper mantle structure, magnetics, gravity, slip and creep, etc. (isz) 82:3268 Olszak, G. et al., 1981. [International Geodynamic Project. I.] Z. geol. Wiss., 9(10):1079-1216; 17 papers. (In German, English abstracts.)

D370. Miscellaneous 82:3269 Cann, J.R., 1981. Which direction for ocean drilling? Nature, Lond., 294(5842):613-614.

The November 1981 Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD) examined 'the scientific justification for drilling beyond 1983.' Highest priorities were deemed the development of 'natural laboratories' to study hydrothermal circulation, crustal structure and tectonics; a testing of the Vail Curve; and investigation of island arc regions, the Antarctic, and split continental margins. A substantial number of conferees favored the conversion and outfitting of the Glomar Explorer to replace the Glomar Challenger in future drilling operations. Dept. of Geol., Univ. of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. (hbf)

E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

El0. Apparatus and methods 82:3270 Barlow, R.G., 1981. Measurement of carbon-14 assimilation patterns in phytoplankton. Fish. Bull., Cape Town, 15:95-97.

Phytoplankton were collected on glass-fiber filters and preserved by freeze-drying. Dry samples were then fractionated into an ethanol-soluble fraction (amino acids, monosaccharides, some lipids and pigments), a trichloroacetic acid-soluble fraction (polysaccharides) and a trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction (protein); assimilated C-14 in each fraction was monitored on a scintillation counter.

Reasons for modifying the original procedure (Morris et al., 1974) are discussed. 82:3271 Booth, W.E., 1981. A method for removal of some epiphytic diatoms. Botanica mar., 24(11): 603-609. Bot. Dept., Univ. of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand.

82:3272 Brinton, E. and A.W. Townsend, 1981. A comparison of euphausiid abundances [12 spp.] from Bongo and l-m CalCOFI nets. Calif. coop. ocean. Fish.

OLR (1982)29 (7)

E. BiologicalOceanography

Invest., (Ser. Repts)22:lll-125. Scripps Inst. of

Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA.

E40. Area studies, surveys (baselines,

417

ecol-

ogy, etc.)

82:3273 Farmer, A.S.D. and M.H. A1-Attar, 1981. A design for a simplified releasing cage for marked shrimp or fish. Kuwait Bull. mar. Sci., 2:265-269. Kuwait Inst. for Sci. Res., State of Kuwait.

82:3279 Maxwell, J.G.H. and G.R. Cresswell, 1981. Dispersal of tropical marine fauna to the Great Australian Bight by the Leeuwin Current. dust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 32(4):493-500.

82:3274 Hampton, I., 1981. Suggested methods for observation and measurement of visible swarms of Antarctic krill. [A combination of line-intercept and strip-survey techniques.] Fish. Bull., Cape Town, 15:99-108.

It is suggested that the Leeuwin Current, which flows southward to Cape Leeuwin and then eastward, is responsible for the existence of tropical fauna (basket stars, holothurians and bonito) in the bight. Low salinity waters of the current were observed for the first time to round Cape Leeuwin. CSIRO, P.O. Box 21, Cronulla, NSW 2230, Australia.

82:3275 Jones, R., 1981. Mathematical models for use with mark-recapture studies [with particular reference to commercial shrimp populations]. Kuwait Bull. mar. Sci., 2:249-263. Marine Lab., Aberdeen, UK. 82:3276 Ortner, P.B., L.C. Hill and H.E. Edgerton, 1981. In-situ silhouette photography of Gulf Stream zooplankton. Deep-Sea Res., 28(12A): 1569-1576. An in-situ silhouette camera system that permits assessment of vertical and horizontal zooplankton distributions on meter scales, yet retains considerable taxonomic information, is described. Representative data are presented from initial deployments in the Gulf Stream off Miami, Florida. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed. NOAA, AOML, Miami, Fla. 33149, USA. 82:3277 Parker, R.R. and D.J. Tranter, 1981. Estimation of algal standing stock and growth parameters using in-vivo fluorescence, dust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 32(4):629-638. Western Tasman Sea samples were treated with Diuron (DCMU), an electron flow blocker. Examined were the accuracy with which in-vivo chlorophyll fluorescence (FM) of treated samples estimated autotrophic standing stock and the accuracy with which AF estimated primary production. Photochemical quantum efficiency (AF/FM) showed pronounced diel variation. CSIRO, P.O. Box 21, Cronulla, NSW 2230, Australia. (mjj) 82:3278 R~tisanen, Pentti, Osmo Timola and Tapani Valtonen, 1981. A new corer for sampling sand and moraine bottom meiofanna. Ann& zool. Fenn., 18(2):133-137. Pefftmeri Res. Station, Univ. of Oulu, SF-90100 Oulu 10, Finland.

E50. General biology, ecology, biogeography, etc. 82:3280 Hewitt, Roger, 1981. Eddies and speciation in the California Current. Calif. coop. ocean. Fish. Invest., (Set. Repts)22:96-98.

A coastal impingement of a convergence zone occurs near Punta Eugenia, Baja California, and cyclonic eddies are semi-permanent features to the north and south of the site. These physical features may play a role in larval recruitment, provide a speciation mechanism for certain populations, and explain why the latitude is a provincial boundary for several coastal taxa. NOAA, NMFS, SWF¢, La Jolla, Calif. 92038, USA. (mwf) 82:3281 Hudon, Christiane and Edwin Bourget, 1981. Initial colonization of artificial substrate: community development and structure studied by scanning electron microscopy. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 38(11): 1371-1384. The frequency and pattern of tidal emersion greatly affected the initial phases of community development, including the sequence of colonization by bacteria, diatoms and algae and spatial relationships (vertical versus horizontal structure), on plastic panels immersed at subtidal and intertidal positions in the St. Lawrence Estuary. Relationships of upright growth form with population density, light availability and detrital cover are discussed. Dept. de biologie, Univ. Laval, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada. (mjj) 82:3282 Mearns, A.J., D.R. Young, R.J. Olson and H.A. Schafer, 1981. Trophic structure and the cesium-

418

E. Biological Oceanography

potassium ratio in pelagic ecosystems. Calif. coop. ocean. Fish. Invest., (Ser. Repts)22:99-110. Data suggesting that marine food webs are largely unstructured and thus are not amenable to concentration of pollutants through trophic levels were not supported in this study. The Cs/K ratio increased by a factor of 2.4 per trophic step in the web: plankton, pelagic squid, fishes and marine mammals. Pelagic food webs therefore may be more highly structured than those inshore, on which the earlier work was done. Office of Mar. Poll. Assess., NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Wash. 98115, USA. (mwf) 82:3283 Stoddart, D.R., 1981. Biogeography: dispersal and drift. Progress report. Prog. phys. Geogr., 5(4): 575-590.

E80. Plankton (also primary productivity, seston and detritus) 82:3284 Bernal, P.A., 1981. A review of the low-frequency response of the pelagic ecosystem in the California Current. Calif. coop. ocean. Fish. Invest., (Ser. Repts)22:49-62. Long-period fluctuations in the California Current correlate with large-scale, low-frequency zooplankton biomass fluctuations, coherent with interannual flow pattern changes of the Eastern Boundary Current. The inference of permanent nonequilibrium suggests that classical biologically interactive processes (competition, predation) are only secondary mechanisms in regulating plankton abundance and species proportions. BIOTECMAR,Pont. Univ. Catolica de Chile, Casilla 127, Talcahuano, Chile. 82:3285 Biggs, D.C., R.R. Bidigare and D.E. Smith, 1981. Population density of gelatinous macrozooplankton: in-situ estimation in oceanic surface waters. Biol. Oceanogr., 1(2):157-173. The rate at which animals passed through 5m × 5m reference grids beneath a floating raft was determined by scuba divers. 'Scales of horizontal and vertical patchiness were evaluated by recording how organism abundance changed temporally and spatially.' Dept. of Oceanog., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex., USA. (mwf) 82:3286 Brand, L.E., 1981. Genetic variability in reproduction rates in marine phytoplankton populations. Evolution, 35(6):1117-1127,

OLR (1982) 29 (7)

Experimental and statistical requirements for separation of environmental and genetic causes of phenotypic variability are discussed. Acclimated reproduction rates of 6 cloned species of haploid marine coccolithophores and dinoflagellates were measured; coefficients of variation ranged 3-13%. The populations' genetic variability was not related to the variability or predictability of their environments (estuaries, coastal waters and Sargasso Sea). Biol. Dept., WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (mjj) 82:3287 Burney, C.M., P.G. Davis, K.M. Johnson and J.McN. Sieburth, 1981. Dependence of dissolved carbohydrate concentrations upon small scale nanoplankton and bacterioplankton distributions in the western Sargasso Sea. Mar. Biol., 65(3): 289-296. Concentrations of total dissolved carbohydrate and polysaccharide were negatively correlated with numbers of phototrophic nanoplankton (<20~m) and heterotrophic bacterioplankton, and were positively correlated with heterotrophic nanoplankton, at two different stations 300 n.mi. apart. Oceanographic Center, NOVA Univ., 8000 North Ocean Dr., Dania, Fla. 33004, USA. (mjj) 82:3288 Gagnon, Marc and Guy Lacroix, 1982. The effects of tidal advection and mixing on the statistical dispersion of zooplankton. J, expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 56(1):9-22. Hour-to-hour variations in most zooplankton components were of greater magnitude than those within 30 min or caused by counting errors. The confidence interval of a single observation at an anchor station increases as the scale of the experiment approaches that of the main advective processes (semidiurnal tidal currents) after which it remains relatively stable; for a given sampling scale, statistical dispersion of zooplankton is not permanent. In tidal estuaries, advection phenomena are more easily recognizable than turbulence effects. Bio-Conseil, Inc., 105 Cote de la Montagne, suite 101, Quebec, Canada. 82:3289 Hammer, K.D. and K. Eberlein, 1981. Parallel experiments with ThMassiosira rotula in outdoor plastic tanks: development of dissolved free amino acids during an algae bloom. Mar. Chem., 10(6): 533-544. Filtered North Sea water cultures inoculated with T. rotula showed similar patterns of phytoplankton growth, bacterial density, and release of dissolved

OLR (1982) 29 t7)

E. Biological Oceanography

419

free amino acids (DFAA); significance of DFAA release is discussed. Inst. fur Organ. Chem. und Biochem. der Univ. Hamburg, Martin-Luther King Platz 6, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG. (mjj)

quality and red tides in Jinhae Bay [Korea]. I. Relationships between water quality parameters and red tides. J. oceanol. Soc. Korea, 16(2):43-48. Chemical Oceanography Lab., KORDI, Korea.

82:3290 Horstman, D.A., 1981. Reported red-water outbreaks and their effects on fauna of the west and south coasts of South Africa, 1959-1980. Fish. Bull., Cape Town, 15:71-88.

82:3295 Legendre, L., R.G. Ingram and M. Poulin, 1981. Physical control of phytoplankton production under sea ice (Manitounuk Sound, Hudson Bay). Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 38(11):1385-1392.

Of the 14 species responsible for these outbreaks, two were evidently toxic, Gonyaulax catenella and G. grindleyi. Seasonal trends, geographical occurrence and environmental relationships are reported; paralytic shellfish poisoning and faunal mortalities are documented.

It is proposed that phytoplankton blooms under the ice probably result from simultaneous deepening of photic (seasonal light increase) and stratified layers (low-salinity melting water). In ice-covered seas, release of ice algae superimposes itself on the phytoplankton bloom resulting in the observed algal increase under melting ice. Dept. de biologic, Univ. Laval, Quebec, G I K 7P4, Canada.

82:3291 Hulburt, E.M. and Nathaniel Corwin, 1981. An ecological context for classification of phytoplankton and environmental variables in New York waters. Ocean Sci. Engng, 6(2):195-222.

The 3-part ecological context--environmental variables, cells and responses--is exemplified with New York waters. Two classes are identified: 'preferred' variables which are 'extra-productive' of cells, and 'not preferred' variables which are 'still good for cells.' WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, USA. (isz) 82:3292 Jacob, P.G. and M.A. Zarba, 1981. Seasonal variations in plankton & related oceanographic parameters of the coastal waters of Kuwait. Indian J. mar. Sci., 10(2):105-111. Kuwait Inst. for Sci. Res., P.O. Box 12009, Safat, Kuwait. 82:3293 Koslow, J.A. and Allan Ota, 1981. The ecology of vertical migration in three common zooplankters in the La Jolla Bight [California] April-August 1967. Biol. Oceanogr., 1(2):107-134.

Based upon the natural concentration by nearshore submarine canyons of migratory zooplankton, a vertical migration index was prepared. Migration patterns were consistent with the 'known temporal patterns of migratory activity' of Calanus pacificus (during non-upwelling periods), Euphausia pacifica (during upwelling episodes), and Rhincalanus nasutus (no significant relation to upwelling). Coastal upwelling is linked to the copepods' production cycles. Dept. of Oceanog., Dalhousie Univ., Halifax, N.S. B3H 4J1, Canada. (ahm) 82:3294 Lee, Kwang Woo, Gi-Hoon Hong, Dong-Beom Yang and Soo-Hyung Lee, 1981. Seawater

82:3296 Lehman, P.W., 1981. Comparison of chlorophyll a and carotenoid pigments as predictors of phytoplankton biomass. Mar. Biol., 65(3):237-244.

Chlorophyll a concentration was a poor predictor of biomass (Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia) even when accurately measured by chromatography, and especially when large dinoflagellates were present. Carotenoid (fucoxanthin) concentrations were highly correlated with chlorophyll a and predicted biomass no better. Carotenoid composition correlated with relative diatom and dinoflagellate biomass. Dept. of Land, Air, and Water Res., Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif. 95616, USA. (mjj) 82:3297 McLachlan, A. and Joyce Lewin, 1981. Observations on surf phytoplankton blooms along the coasts of South Africa. Botanica mar., 24(10):553-557. Zool. Dept., Univ. of Port Eliz., P.O. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa. 82:3298 Minello, T.J. and G.A. Matthews, 1981. Variability of zooplankton tows in a shallow estuary [NW Gulf of Mexico]. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 24:81-92.

'Counting and subsampling errors were not significant compared with replicate tow variability which was small compared with variability among sampling times. Overall densities were larger at night; greatest variability in replicate tows occurred at sunrise.' Texas A&M Univ., Ft. Crockett, Galveston, Tex. 77550, USA. 82:3299 Nair, V.R., S.N. Gajbhiye, M.J. Ram and B.N. Desai, 1981. Biomass & composition of zoo-

420

E. BiologicalOceanography

OLR (1982)29 (7l

plankton in the Auranga, Ambika, Puma & Mindola estuaries of South Gujarat [west India[. Indian J. mar. Sci., 10(2):116-122. Regional Centre, National Inst. of Oceanogr., Bombay 400 061, India.

mined distributions of oxygen, density, nutrients and phytoplankton and may relate to phytoplankton biomass increases inside the eddy--'up to 10 times that of the surrounding ocean.' CSIRO, P.O. Box 21, Cronulla, NSW 2230, Australia. (ahm)

82:3300 Ouchi, Akira and Haruyoshi Takayama, 1981. A red tide map study by principal component analysis. Bull. japan. Soe. scient. Fish., 47(10): 1275-1279. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

82:3305 Sklar, F.H. and R.E. Turner, 1981. Characteristics of phytoplankton production off Barataria Bay in an area influenced by the Mississippi River. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 24:93-106. Center for Wetland Res., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803, USA.

The 6 environmental variables used showed some strong intercorrelations. Observations since 1976 have allowed the plotting of these variables on 3 coordinates; to date the method has been very useful for Hiroshima Bay red tide occurrence and strength predictions. Hiroshima Fish. Exp. Sta., Ondo, Aki, Hiroshima 737-12, Japan. (slr) 82:3301 Rajagopal, M.D., 1981. Plankton studies in the estuarine & nearshore regions of Mandovi & Zuari [west India]. Indian J. mar. Sci., 10(2): 112115. National Inst. of Oceanogr., Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India. 82:3302 Roman, M.R. and P.A. Rublee, 1981. A method to determine in-situ zooplankton grazing rates on natural particle assemblages. Mar. Biol., 65(3): 303-309. In-situ zooplankton uptake of 'labelled autotrophic and heterotrophic particulate matter' during 1-h incubations in Plexiglas Haney chambers approximated laboratory-obtained grazing rates. Chesapeake Biological Lab., P.O. Box 38, Solomons, Md. 20688, USA. (ahm) 82:3303 Savchuk, O.P. and O.N. Shcherbakov, 1981. [Ecology and phytoplankton growth rate in the Atlantic.[ Gidrobiol. Zh., 17(5):16-20. (In Russian, English abstract.) 82:3304 Scott, B.D., 1981. Hydrological structure and phytoplankton distribution in the region of a warm-core eddy in the Tasman Sea. A ust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 32(4):479-492. Eddy entrainment at the surface and at 500 m depth of some surrounding water types was shown by vertical discontinuities in hydrological properties. At 300-600 m depth, eddy salinity and temperature increases appear due to entrained Bass Strait Water. Vertical water movements within the eddy deter-

82:3306 Warwick, R.M., J.T. Davey, J.M. Gee and C.L. George, 1982. Fannistic control of Enteromorpha blooms: a field experiment. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 56(1):23-31. Gobies, introduced to an estuarine mud-flat when the Enteromorpha sp. cover was declining, fed selectively on grazers which either ingested Enteromorpha directly or browsed on attached microorganisms, significantly affecting algal breakdown. Balance between grazers and their predators may be at least partially responsible for irregular yearto-year development of Enteromorpha on mud-flats. Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, UK. 82:3307 2uti~, Vera, BoZena (~osovi~, Elena Mar~enko, Nevenka Bihari and Frano Krgini6, 1981. Surfactant production by marine phytoplankton. Mar. Chem., 10(6):505-520. Surfactants were produced by exponentially growing phytoplankton cells (6 spp.) in amounts depending upon species, culture age and cell densities; measurements of surfactant production during a northern Adriatic bloom are included. Center for Mar. Res., Rudjer Boskovic Inst., Zagreb, Yugoslavia. (mjj)

E90. Sargassum and symbionts (also

sim-

ilar communities) 82:3308 Prince, J.S. and E.L. Daly Jr., 1981. The ecology of Sargassnm pteropleuron Grunow (Phaeophyceae, Fucales) in the waters off south Florida. IV. Seasonal variation in mannitol, protein, ash and laminaran. Phycologia, 20(3):232-241. Sampling methods allowed discernment of 'individual, seasonal and population variation in the

OLR (1982)29 (7)

E. BiologicalOceanography

chemical composition of a species with known seasonal growth, reproduction and metabolic patterns.' Levels were noted for an entire growth season. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. 33124, USA. (ahm)

421

based on Finnish bounty statistics, 1956-1975.

Aquilo, (Zool.)19:65-71.

(communities; also fish, reptiles, m a m m a l s )

From 1956-75, over 40,000 ringed seals were killed in Finland, with a peak in the mid-1960's due in large part to the doubling of the bounty. Seal numbers, in yearly total catch, plummeted from 4500 (1964) to under 500 (1975) due mainly to a real drop in seal population. Poor ice cover during the early 1970's may have stressed the population. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. (ahm)

82:3309 Agnello, R.J. and L.G. Anderson, 1981. Production responses for multi-species fisheries. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 38(11):1393-1404. Dept. of Econ., Univ. of Delaware, Newark, Del. 19711, USA.

82:3315 Jones, R.E., 1981. Food habits of smaller marine mammals from northern California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 42(16):409-433.

82:3310 Badcock, Julian, 1981. The significance of meristic variation in Benthosema glaciale (Pisces, Myctophoidei) and of the species distribution off northwest Africa. Deep-Sea Res., 28(12A): 14771491. Inst. of Oceanographic Sci., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB, UK.

Literature on the diets of smaller eastern Pacific marine mammals is summarized, with particular attention to records of feeding controversies. General food habits of 5 pinniped and 6 cetacean species are discussed, based on 102 beach-cast individuals. Stomach contents (kinds, numbers, and percentages of fish, molluscs and crustaceans) are tabulated. Mus. of Vert. Zool., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. 94720, USA. (smf)

82:3311 Campbell, H.W. and Diderot Gicca, 1978. Preliminary study of the actual situation and distribution of the manatee (Tricflechus manatus) in Mexico. An. Inst. Biol., Univ. nac. aut6n. M$x., (Set. Zool.)49(1):257-264. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Natl. Fish and Wildlife Lab., 412 N.E. 16th Ave., Gainesville, Fla. 32601, USA.

82:3316 Lasker, Reuben, Jos6 PelAez and R.M. Laurs, 1981. The use of satellite infrared imagery for describ-

El00. N e k t o n

ing ocean processes [off Californial in relation to

spawning of the northern anchovy (Engraulls mordax). Remote Sens. Environ., 11(6):439-453. NOAA, N~IFS, SWFC, La Jolla, Calif. 92038, USA.

82:3312

Gunter, Gordon, 1981. Status of turtles on the Mississippi coast. Gulf Res. Repts, 7(1):89-92. Sea turtles have declined in numbers. All sea turtles of the western Atlantic may be expected in Mississippi waters except for the Pacific ridley, Lepidochelys ofivacea, indigenous NE of South America. Gulf Coast Res. Lab., Ocean Springs, Miss. 39564, USA. 82:3313 Gunter, Gordon and Gerald Corcoran, 1981. Mississippi manatees. Gulf Res. Repts, 7(1):97-99. Taxonomy and distribution of Trichechus manatus are reviewed briefly; distribution extends from 50°N on the eastern coast of North America to 19°S in South America. Recent sightings are noted. Gulf Coast Res. Lab., Ocean Springs, Miss., USA. 82:3314 Helle, Eero, 1979. Structure and numbers of seal populations in the northern Baltic Sea: a study

82:3317 Laws, R.M., 1981. Biology of Antarctic seals. Sci. Prog., 67(267):377-397. 'Origins, physical attributes, distributions and abundance' are given for the 6 living species that breed south of the Antarctic Convergence; the different strategies adopted are emphasized. Fur and elephant seals are recovering from past exploitation; crabeater seals are indirectly responding to greater krill availability due to reduced whale numbers. Future human exploitation of krill may have detrimental effects. Br. Antarctic Surv., Nat. Environ. Res. Council, Madingley Rd., Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK. (ahm) 82:3318

Reynolds, J.E. III, 1981. Behavior patterns in the West Indian manatee, with emphasis on feeding and diving. Fla Scient., 44(4):233-241. Dept. of Biol., Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Fla. 33733, USA.

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E. BiologicalOceanography

82:3319 Sunada, J.S., P.R. Kelly, I.S. Yamashita and Franklin Gress, 1981. The brown pelican as a sampling instrument of age group structure in the northern anchovy population. Calif. coop. ocean. Fish. Invest., (Ser. Repts)22:65-68.

From a 2-yr study using 244 food samples, it appears that the brown pelican, a near obligate anchovy predator, may have potential as an alternative sampler of this fish population's age and length composition. 'Nearly identical age and lengthfrequency characteristics' were seen in ingested anchovies and in commercial fishery data. Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game, 350 Golden Shore, Long Beach, Calif. 90802, USA. (ahm) 82:3320 White, A.W., 1981. Sensitivity of marine fishes to toxins from the red-tide dinoflageilate Gonyaulax excavata and implications for fish kills. Mar. Biol., 65(3):255-260. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Biol. Sta., St. Andrews, N.B. E0G 2X0, Canada.

E l l 0 . Bottom communities 82:3321 Day, R.W. and R.W. Osman, 1981. Predation by Patiria miniata (Asteroidea) on bryozoans: prey diversity may depend on the mechanism of succession. Oecologia, 51(3):300-309. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia. 82:3322 Dixon, John, S.C. Schroeter and Jon Kastendiek, 1981. Effects of the encrusting bryozoan, Membranipora membranacea, on the loss of blades and fronds by the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales). J. Phycol., 17(4):341-345. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Univ. of S. California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90007, USA.

82:3323 Fermindez, C. and F.X. Niell, 1981. Minimal area and pattern of spatial distribution in rocky phytobenthic communities in Cabo Pefias, northern Spain. Investigaci6n pesq., Barcelona, 45(2): 309-326. (In Spanish, English summary.) Dto. Zool. y Ecol., Univ. de Oviedo, Spain. 82:3324 Flint, R.W., 1981. Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf benthos: macroinfannal-environmental relationships. Biol. Oceanogr., 1(2): 135-155.

OLR (1982)29 (7)

A 2-yr study of 25 sites showed 5 major groupings with respect to infaunal assemblages and a transition zone between mid-shelf and deep-water communities; 6 species groups were recognized. Macroinfaunal distribution may be influenced by water depth, percent silt, grain size deviation and the sand/mud ratio; sediment structure had a major influence on the benthic communities. Univ. of Texas, Port Aransas Mar. Lab., Port Aransas, Tex., USA. (ahm) 82:3325 Harlin, M.M. and B. Thorne-Miller, 1981. Nutrient enrichment of seagrass beds in a Rhode Island coastal lagoon. Mar. Biol., 65(3):221-229.

Separate nutrient (ammonium, nitrate, phosphate) supplements did not significantly change planktonic or epiphytic algal species composition; numbers increased slightly. Enrichment response depended upon nutrient form, community composition, and current velocity. Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, R.I. 02881, USA. (ahm) 82:3326 Harper, D.E. Jr., L.D. McKinney, R.R. Salzer and R.J. Case, 1981. The occurrence of hypoxic bottom water off the upper Texas coast and its effects on the benthic biota. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 24:53-79.

This first documented case of hypoxia along the Texas coast was caused by heavy spring runoff and a diatom bloom. Densities of 2 benthic assemblages decreased from 300(0000 individuals/m 2 to 300600 individuals/m 2 by late July. Species diversity decreased; polychaetes were the least affected while echinoderms and amphipods were the most affected. Texas A&M Mar. Lab., Ft. Crockett, Galveston, Tex. 77550, USA. (ahm) 82:3327 Hong, Goh Ah and A. Sasekumar, 1981. The community structure of the fringing coral reef, Cape Rachado, Malaya. Atoll Res. Bull., Smithson. Inst., 244:15pp.

The reef edge had a live coral cover of 59.6% and the reef flat, 26.5%. Soft-coral abundance is probably due to their tolerance of turbidity and extreme low tides. High species richness, diversity, abundance and large size index at the reef edge indicate a more favorable environment than the reef flat for hard corals. Macroalgae are abundant. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 22-11, Malaysia. 82:3328 Persson, Lars-Eric, 1981. Were macrobonthic changes

OLR (I 982) 29 (7)

E. Biological Oceanography

induced by thinning out of flatfish stocks in the Baltic Proper? Ophelia, 20(2): 137-152. It is proposed that decreased grazing pressure resulting from heavy flatfish exploitation in the 1920's is responsible for increased macrobenthic biomass values as well as for the cod stock increase in the 1930's. Eutrophication does not appear to be a 'major cause of increased macrobenthic biomass.' Dept. of Animal Ecol., S-223 62 Lund, Sweden. (ahm) 82:3329 Powell, E.N. and T.J. Bright, 1981. A thiobios does exist: gnathostomulid domination of the canyon community at the East Flower Garden Brine Seep. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 66(5):675-683.

423

mangrove, Avicennia germinans, in Texas: past and present distribution. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 24:115-131. Epsey, Houston & Assoc., P.O. Box 519, Austin, Texas 78767, USA. 82:3333 Wolanski, Eric and Robert Gardiner, 1981. Flushing of salt from mangrove swamps [with tidal inundation and groundwater flow]. A ust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 32(4):681-683. Aust. Inst. of Mar. Sci., P.M.B. No. 3, Townsville M.S.O., Q l d 4810, Australia.

El40. Birds

It is argued that the term 'thiobios' should be retained to describe 'unusual metazoan communities' that occur 'in and below sulfide-dependent chemoclines.' Conclusions are based on data collected downstream of a brine seep. Dept. of Oceanog., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex., USA. (isz)

82:3334 Crawford, R.J.M., J. Cooper and P.A. Shelton, 1981. The breeding population of white pelicans Pelecanus onocrotMus at Bird Rock Platform in Walvis Bay [S.W. Africa] 1949-1978. Fish. Bull., Cape Town, 15:67-70. Tsitsikama Coastal National Park, P.O. Storms River, 6308 South Africa.

82:3330 Reidenauer, J.A. and D. Thistle, 1981. Response of a soft-bottom harpacticoid community to stingray (Dasyatis sabina) disturbance. Mar. Biol., 65(3): 261-267. Dept. of Oceanogr., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, Fla. 32306, USA.

El50. Microbiology (communities, pro-

El20. Estuarine and marsh communities 82:3331 Fleeger, J.W., S.A. Whipple and L.L. Cook, 1982. Field manipulations of tidal flushing, light exposure and natant macrofanna in a Louisiana salt marsh: effects on the meiofauna. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 56(1):87-100. Clipping marsh grass and transparently covering some plots to exclude tidal flushing and natant fish, shrimp, and crabs affected meiofauna in complex ways. Grass clipping caused diversity and evenness of meiobenthic copepods to decrease except when covered, when abundance of the dominant species increased. These findings, together with nematode results and lack of effect of removing natant macrofauna, suggest control of intertidal grazing by grass cover and tidal inundation. Dept. of Zool. and Physiol., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803, USA. (mwf) 82:3332 Sherrod, C.L. and Calvin McMillan, 1981. Black

cesses; also bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, etc.) 82:3335 Amon, J.P. and R.D. Arthur, 1981. Nutritional studies of a marine Phlyctochytrium sp. Mycologia, 73(6): 1027-1242. The chytrid, from Virginia's York River Estuary, has nutritional requirements intermediate between those of oceanic and freshwater species. Optimum pH was 5-8. Sole C sources were glucose, starch, glutamic acid and maltose; sole N source, NH4C1. A basal medium is suggested. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Wright State Univ., Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA. (isz) 82:3336 Blake, D., J.W. Leftley and C.M. Brown, 1982. The Loch Ell [west Scotland[ Project: the bacterial flora and heterotrophic nitrogen fixation in sediments of Loch Ell. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 56(1):115-122. Loch Eil's sediments fixed N at a higher rate than did sediments in the Firth of Lorne and other nearshore locations. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were implicated although fixation rates did not correlate with SRB numbers. Data suggest a negative relationship between N fixation and sediment sulfide

424

E. BiologicalOceanography

content. North West Water Authority, Manchester, UK. 82:3337 Castellvi, Josefina, A. Ballester, P. Amengual and M. Cano, 1981. [Microbiological aspects of the western Mediterranean from a study of continental shelf oceanography. I-IV.] Investigaci6n pesq., Barcelona, 45(2):345-432; 4 papers. (In Spanish, English abstracts.) Bacterial activity was related to seasonal hydrology and organic matter inputs; BOD, chlorophyll a, ammonification and the sulfur cycle were studied and compared for winter, late spring, and midsummer. (slr) 82:3338 Dawson, M.P., B.A. Humphrey and K.C. Marshall, 1981. Adhesion: a tactic in the survival strategy of a marine Vibrio during starvation. Curr. Microbiol., 6(4): 195-199. Starvation conditions induced a greater number of less viable, smaller ('dwarf') cells and 'an enhanced rate of adhesion to siliconized glass surfaces'; bridging polymers were observed at the cell surface. Survival value under oligotrophic conditions may lie in the increased contact with solid surfaces (particulates) where ions and micromolecules accumulate at the boundary layer. Marshall: Sch. of Microbiology, Univ. of N. S. W., Kensington, 2033, NSW, Australia. (mjj) 82:3339 Hardy, J.A., 1981. The enumeration, isolation and characterization of sulphate-reducing bacteria from North Sea waters. J. appl. Bact., 51(3):505516. Up to 90 sulphate-reducing bacteria/mL were found in seawater used for secondary recovery of oil; these bacteria can cause corrosion of oil-well equipment, reservoir plugging, etc. Isolated strains (17) were characterized; nearly all were Desulfovibrio, probably D. vulgaris. Dept. of Microbiology, Univ. of Aberdeen, Marischal College, Aberdeen, UK. (mjj) 82:3340 Miyoshi, Hideo, Takatoshi Handa, Yoshihiko Hata and Seiji Date, 1981. [Bacteria and the decomposition of dead organisms in Uranouchi Bay, Japan.] Aerobic heterotrophs; proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 47(10): 1355-1366; 2 papers. Usa Mar. Biol. Inst., Kochi Univ., Usa, Tosa, Kochi 781-04, Japan. 82:3341 Ruby, E.G. and H.W. Jannasch, 1982. Physiological

OLR (1982)29 (7)

characteristics of Thiomicrospira sp. strain L-12 isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. J. Bact., 149(1): 161-165. This microaerophilic, obligate chemoautotroph was able to grow actively at the hydrostatic pressures, temperatures, and sulfide concentrations typical of hydrothermal environments. Dept. of Microbiology, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. 90024, USA.

(mjj) 82:3342 Wimpenny, J.W.T., 1981. Spatial order in microbial ecosystems. Biol. Rev., 56(3):295-342. Microbiologists have paid too much attention to pure cultures and homogeneous laboratory models, and have ignored the need for studying cells in heterogeneous natural environments. Spatially heterogeneous natural microbial ecosystems, microbial interactions within them, and concepts in microbial ecology are discussed. The terms 'compartment' and 'domain' are suggested as substitutes for 'niche' and 'habitat' as the latter do not reflect the importance of spatial and temporal coordinates on vectorial flow of solutes. Methodology is reviewed including gradostats, percolating columns, capillary methods, thin film fermenters, gel-stabilized gradient systems, and bacterial colonies. Dept. of Microbiol., University Coll., Cathays Park, Cardiff CF1 IXP, UK. (mjj) 82:3343 Zelezinskaya-Bagry-Shakhmatova, L.M. and Yu.P. Zaitsev, 1981. Flora, taxonomy, morphology and ecology of higher marine fungi. Review. Gidrobiol. Zh., 17(5):3-15. (In Russian, English abstract.) Includes 129 references.

E220. Invertebrates (except E230-Crustacea, and E 2 4 0 - P r o t o z o a ) 82:3344 Caso, M.E., 1979. The echinoderms (Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea) of Terminos Lagoon, Campeche [Mexico]. Publnes especial. Cent. Cienc. Mar Lirnnol., Univ. nac. Aut6n. M~x., 3:186pp. (In Spanish, English summary.) Includes a scientific name index, and 137 black and white and 12 color plates. Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Univ. Nac. Auton. de Mexico, Mexico. 82:3345 Caso, M.E., 1980. The echinoids of the Pacific coast of Mexico. 3. Order Clypeasteroida. Publnes especial. Cent. Cienc. Mar Lirnnol., Univ. nac.

OLR (1982) 29 (7)

E. Biological Oceanography

Aut6n. M~x., 4:252pp. (In Spanish, English summary.) Includes a scientific name index, 17 maps, and 164 black and white and 24 color plates. Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnol., Univ. Nac. Auton. de Mexico, Mexico. 82:3346 d'Hondt, J.-L. and P.J. Hayward, 1981. [Bathyal and abyssal ctenostomatous Bryozoa of the Atlantic: 7 n.spp.] Cah. Biol. mar., 22(3):267-283. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. de Biol. des Invert. Mar., Mus. Natl. d'Hist. Nat., 55, rue de Buffon, 75005, Paris, France. 82:3347 Fauchald, Kristian and D.R. Hancock, 1981. Deepwater polychaetes from a transect off central Oregon. Allan Hancock Fdn Monogr. Ser., ! 1: 73pp. Includes numerous drawings. Inst. for Mar. and Coastal Studies, Univ. of S. California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90007, USA. 82:3348 Hayward, P.J., 1981. The Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) of the deep sea. Galathea Rept, 15:21-68 + 1 plate. Benthic samples yielded 47 bryozoan species, 17 new. Stations ranged from depths of 425-8300 m and represent areas and zones rarely studied. Known deep-sea species are summarized; vertical distribution patterns are discussed for the most encountered species. Includes drawings and micrographs. Dept. of Zool., Univ. College of Swansea, W. Glamorgan, UK. (ahm) 82:3349 Wormuth, J.H., 1981. Vertical distributions and diel migrations of Euthecosomata in the northwest Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 28(12A):14931515. Seasonal variations in abundance and distribution of 9 pteropod taxa are described. Factor analyses distinguished diel migrators and non-migrators. Most species show significant within-species agreement in depth distribution over the year but high variability in abundance. Regression analyses correlated species abundances with temperature. Dept. of Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex. 77843, USA. 82:3350 Zezina, O.N., 1981. Recent deep-sea Brachiopoda from the western Pacific [including 4 n.spp.]. Galathea Rept, 15:7-20 + 4 plates. Includes micrographs. P.P. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanology, USSR Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.

425

E230. Crustacea 82:3351 Andronov, V.N., 1981. Xantha~s tormosns gen. et sp.n. (Copepoda, Calanoida) from the northwest Atlantic. Zoologicheskii Zh., 60(11): 1719-1722. (In Russian, English abstract.) Atlantic Res. Inst. of Fish. and Oceanog., Kaliningrad, USSR. 82:3352 Brinton, E., 1981. Euphausiid distributions in the California Current during the warm winter-spring of 1977-78, in the context of a 1949-1966 time series. Calif. coop. ocean. Fish. Invest., (Ser. Repts)22:135-154. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, Calif. 92093, USA. 82:3353 Bruce, N.L., 1981. The Cirolanidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) of Australia: [8] new species and a new genus [Orphelana] from southeastern Australia. Rec. Aust. Mus., 33(13):644-672. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Queensland, Qld., Australia. 82:3354 Caillouet, C.W. and D.B. Koi, 1981. ITrends in ex-vessel value and size composition of Gulf of Mexico brown, white and pink shrimp fisheries 1960-78.l Gulf Res. Repts, 7(1):59-78; 2 papers. NMFS, Galveston, Tex. 77550, USA. 82:3355 Chen, Huilian, 1981. A new species of Palicidae (Crustacea: Bracbyura) from the South China Sea. [Paficus trituberculatus sp. nov.] Oceanologia Limnol. sin., 12(5):463-467. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sin., People's Republic of China. 82:3356 Christmas, J.Y. and T.N. van Devender, 1981. Prediction of shrimp landings from investigations on the abundance of post-larval shrimp. Kuwait Bull. mar. Sci., 2:301-310. Gulf Coast Res. Lab., USA. 82:3357 Connell, A.D., 1981. The taxonomy and distribution of some calanoid copepods in South African east coast estuaries [including Diaixis centnn'a n.sp. and Centropages natalensis n.sp.I. Ann. Natal Mus. (Annale Natalse Mus.), 24(2):489-500. Nat. Inst. for Water Res., Natal Regional Lab., Congella, Natal. 82:3358 Falk-Petersen, S., R.R. Gatten, J.R. Sargent and

426

E. BiologicalOceanography C.C.E. Hopkins, 1981. Ecological investigations on the zooplankton community in Balsfjorden, northern Norway: seasonal changes in the lipid class composition of Meganyctlphanes norvegica (M. Sars), Thysanoessa rascMi (M. Sars), and T. inermis (Krnyer). J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 54(3): 209-224. Inst. of Biol. and Geol., Univ. of TromsO, Norway.

82:3359 Farmer, A.S.D., 1981. A review of crustacean marking methods with particular reference to penaeid shrimp. Kuwait Bull. mar. Sci., 2:167-183. Kuwait Inst. for Sci. Res., State of Kuwait. 82:3360 Farmer, A.S.D., 1981. A bibliography on the releasing, recruitment, mortality and marking of penaeid shrimps. [374 references arranged alphabetically by author.] Kuwait Bull. mar. Sci, 2:83-114. Kuwait Inst. for Sci. Res., State of Kuwait. 82:3361 Farmer, A.S.D. (ed.), 1978/81. Proceedings of the International Shrimp Releasing, Marking and Recruitment Workshop, 25-29 November 1978, Salmiya, State of Kuwait. Kuwait Bull. mar. Sci., 2:415pp; 18 papers. 82:3362 Fausto-Filho, Jos6, 1978. Stomatopod 113 spp.I and decapod [127 spp.I crustaceans from mud bottoms of the continental shelf of northeastern Brazil. Arq. Cidnc. Mar, Bras., 18(1/2):63-71. (In Portuguese, English abstract.) Lab. de Cienc., Mar Univ. Fed., Cear~i Fortaleza, Cear~i, Brazil. 82:3363 Foster, B.A., 1981. Cirripedes from ocean ridges north of New Zealand. N.Z. Jl Zool., 8(3):349367. Fifteen taxa (including 3 n.sp. and 3 area records) of sublittoral barnacles are identified from the Kermadec, Norfolk, and Lord Howe islands. Hexelasmid classification is revised. The deep-sea barnacles of Norfolk Island and the Kermadecs are interpreted as an Indo-Malayan faunal element of which some species extend to the NE New Zealand continental shelf. Includes drawings and micrographs. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand. 82:3364 Harrison, K., 1981. Preliminary description of a new species of lschyrnmene (Isopoda, Sphaeromati-

OLR (1982)29 (7)

dae) from the eastern Mediterranean [L bicarinata sp. nov.]. Crustaceana, 41(3):312-314. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Nottingham, Univ. Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. 82:3365 Heffernan, J.J. and T.L. Hopkins, 1981. Vertical distribution and feeding of the shrimp genera Gennadas and Bentheogennema (Decapoda: Penaeidea) in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. J. crustacean Biol., 1(4):461-473. Diel migration of Gennadas concentrates the population at 650-850 m during the day, at 15OM00 m during the night. B. intermedia stays below 900 m. G. valens, the most abundant species, accounts for 63% of the Gennadas catch. Diets of the 2 genera are similar--primarily small, I-5 mm plankton (mostly copepods) and greenish brown detritus (fragments of epipelagic microplankton). Harbor Branch Found., R.R. 1, Box 196, Fort Pierce, Fla. 33450, USA. (ahm) 82:3366 Hempel, l., 1981. Euphausiid larvae in the Scotia Sea and adjacent waters in summer 1977/78. Meeresforschung (Repts mar. Res.), 29(1):53-59. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, FRG. 82:3367 Holdich, D.M. and K. Harrison, 1981. The splmeromatid isopod genus Sphaeromopsis Holdieh & Jones in African, Australian and South American waters. Crustaceana, 41(3):286-300. Discovery in Australia of a new species of Sphaeromopsis (previously known only from Kenya) prompted examination of other collections and revealed 2 additional species, one from Brazil and one from the Red Sea. Dept. of Zool., The Univ., Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. (ahm) 82:3368 Holdich, D.M. and K. Harrison, 1981. Piatybranch sphaeromatids (Crnstacea: Isopoda) from the Australian region with description of a new genus [Platysphaera membranata gen.nov., sp.nov.]. Rec. Aust. Mus., 33(12):617-643. Dept. of Zool., The University, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. 82:3369 Jones, M.B. and M.J. Simons, 1982. Habitat preferences of two estuarine burrowing crabs Helice crassa Dana (Grapsidae) and Macrophthalmus h/tripes (Jaequinot) (Ocypodidae) lin the AvonHeathcote Estuary, Christchurch, New Zealand]. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 56(1):49-62. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Canterbury, Christchurch 1, New Zealand.

OLR (1982) 29 (7)

E. Biological Oceanography

82:3370 Kanazawa, Akio and Shin-ichi Teshima, 1981. Essential amino acids of prawn. Bull. japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 47(10):1375-1377. Aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, and cysteic acid were suspected to be unnecessary for prawn growth; valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, arginine, threonine, and tryptophan apparently are not synthesized de novo and are probably essential. Tyrosine was thought to be formed from ingested phenylalanine. Fac. of Fish., Univ. of Kagoshima, 50-20, Shimoarata-4, Kagoshima 890, Japan. 82:3371 Kanazawa, Akio, Shin-ichi Teshima, Seiki Matsumoto and Tadacuna Nomra, 1981. Dietary protein requirement of the shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros. Bull. japan. Soc. scienl. Fish., 47(10): 1371-1374. Fac. of Fish., Kagoshima Univ., 50-20, Shimoarata-4, Kagoshima 890, Japan. 82:3372 Kasim Moosa, M. and Raoul Serene, 1981. Observations on the Indo-West-Pacific Palicidae (Crustacea: Deeapoda) with descriptions of two new subfamilies, four new genera and six new species. Mar. Res. Indonesia, 22:21-66. Nat. Inst. of Oceanology, Indonesian Inst. of Sci., Jakarta, Indonesia. 82:3373 Luxmoore, R.A., 1982. Moulting and growth in serolid isopods. J. expl mar. Biol. Ecol., 56(1):6385. British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environ. Res. Council, Madingley Rd., Cambridge, UK. 82:3374 Mathews, C.P., 1981. A review of the North American penaeid fisheries, with particular reference to Mexico. Kuwait Bull. mar. Sci., 2:325-409. This 84-page review synthesizes and updates Edwards' 1978 work. As northern Gulf of California oceanography and climate are similar to those of Kuwait, the Mexican and North American experience with penaeid fisheries may be helpful in managing Kuwait's fishery. Kuwait Inst. for Sci. Res., State of Kuwait. (ahm) 82:3375 Munro, Jean and J.-C. Therriault, 1981. [Abundance, distribution, mobility and molting frequency of the lobster population of the lagoons of the Magdalen Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence.] Can. tech. Rept Fish. aquat. Sci., 1034:35pp. (In French, English summary.) Ministere des Peches

427

et des Oceans 901, Cap Diamant Quebec G1K 7Y7, Canada. 82:3376 and D.E.B. Chaytor, 1981. Observations environment, distribution, relative abunand size composition of four penaeid species off Sierra Leone (West Africa). Meeresforschung (Repts mar. Res.), 29(1):30-42. CSIRO, P.O. Box 21, Cronulla. NSW, 2230, Australia.

Okera, W. on the dance shrimp

82:3377 Pollock, D.E., 1981. Population dynamics of rock lobster Jasus tristani at the Tristan da Cunha group of islands [South Atlantic]. Fish. Bull., Cape Town, 15:49-66. 82:3378 Poore, G.C.B., 1981. Marine Isopoda of the Snares Islands, New Zealand. I. Gnathiidea, Valvifera, Anthuridea, and Flabellifera. N.Z. Jl Zool., 8(3):331-348. Dept. of Crustacea, Nat. Mus. of Victoria, 71 Victoria Crescent, Abbotsford, Victoria 3067, Australia. 82:3379 Rulifson, R.A., 1981. Substrate preferences of juvenile penaeid shrimps in estuarine habitats. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 24:35-52. Selection of substrates (sandy-mud, sand, shell) by juvenile Penaeus aztecus, P. setiferus, and P. duorarum was influenced by shrimp size, population density, salinity and temperature; the 2 former species tended to prefer sandy-mud, the latter, shell. Estuarine substrate mapping can aid shrimp distribution predictions and formulation of habitat management policies. Center of Environ. Sci., Unity Coll., Unity, Maine 04988, USA. (mjj) 82:3380 Shih, Chang-tai and D.C. Maclellan, 1981. Aetideopsis albatrossae, new species (Crustacea: Copepoda) from east of Mindoro, the Philippines. J. crustacean Biol., 1(4):567-572. National Mus. of Nat. Sci., Ottawa, Ont. KIA 0MS, Canada. 82:3381 Sieg, Jtlrgen, 1981. A new species of the genus Paratanais (Crustacea: Tanaidacea), P. spinanotandns, from Seamount Vema [South Atlantic]. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash., 94(4):1271-1278. Univ. Osnabruck, Abt. Vechta, Driverstrasse 22, 2848 Vechta, FRG. 82:3382 Stuck, K.C., 1981. Pseudomma heardi, a new pera-

428

E. Biological Oceanography

carid (Crustacea: Mysidacea) from continental shelf waters off Mississippi. Gulf Res. Repts, 7(1):53-57. Gulf Coast Res. Lab., Ocean Springs, Miss. 39564, USA. 82:3383 Taylor, E.W., 1981. Some effects of temperature on respiration in decapodan crustaceans. J. therm. Biol., 6(4):239-248. Temperature variation affects respiration rate, acidbase balance and transport of respiratory gases by the haemolymph in crustaceans; responses to hypoxia and salinity variation are temperature-dependent, as is the threshold for onset of facultative air-breathing. Zool. and Comp. Physiol., Univ. of Birmingham, P.O. Box 363, Birmingham B I5 2TT, UK. 82:3384 Venables, B.J., 1981. Aspects of the population biology of a Venezuelan beach amphipod, Talorchestia margaritae (Talitridae), including estimates of biomass and daily production, and respiration rates. Crustaceana, 41 (3):271-285. Texas Res. and Analysis Co., P.O. Box 215, Denton, Tex. 76201, USA. 82:3385 Villate, Fernando and Emma Orive, 1981. Abundance and distribution of Cladocera populations in the Piencia Estuary, northern Spain. Investigaci6n pesq., Barcelona, 45(2):327-336. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Dept. de Biol., Univ. del Pais Vasco, Spain.

OLR (1982) 29 (7)

82:3388 Wenner, A.M. and S.R. Haley, 1981. On the question of sex reversal in mole crabs (Crustaeea, Hippidae). J. crustacean Biol., 1(4):506-517. While protandry seemed possible in hippid crabs, newer evidence largely negates this hypothesis. Arguments against sex reversal are: (1) males and females of both Htppa pacifica and Emerita asiatica grow at different rates; (2) no sexually intermediate forms are revealed by gross internal structure; and (3) egg production in H. pacifica occurs at a smaller mean size than the 'supposed mean size of sex reversal.' Implications for field-data interpretations of population structure are considered. Mar. Sci. Inst., Univ. of Calif., Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106, USA. (ahm)

E240. P r o t o z o a (except E250-Foraminifera, Radiolaria and Tintinnida) 82:3389 Tendal, O.S., 1981. New records of xenophyophores [Protozoa, Rhlzopodea] from the upper slope around New Zealand. N.Z. Jl mar. Freshwat. Res., 15(3):285-287. Zool. Lab., Univ. of Copenhagen, Univ. 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

E250. Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Tintinnida, etc. (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOLOGY

A N D GEOPHYSICS)

82:3386 Vives, F., V. Rodriguez and J. Rodriguez, 1981. Pseudocalanus elongatus Boeck (Copepoda, Calanoida) in the Alboran Sea (south of Spain). lnvestigaci6n pesq., Barcelona, 45(2):337-343. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Inst. de Invest. Pesq. de Barc., Paseo Nac., s/n. Barcelona 3, Spain.

82:3390 Lena, Haydee, Silvia Watanabe and Sara Souto, 1981. Planktonic Foraminifera collected by the R/V Melville (1972) in the southwest Atlantic. Fla Scient., 44(3):161-168. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Florida Inst. of Tech., Melbourne, Fla. 32901, USA.

82:3387 W~gele, J.W., 1981. On the phylogeny of the Anthuridea (Crustaeea, Isopoda). With contributions to biology, morphology, anatomy and taxonomy. Zoologica, 45(132)(2): 127pp. (In German, English summary.)

82:3391 Lukina, T.G., 1980. Deep-water Foraminifera of the central Pacific. Distributions, zoogeography, species descriptions (9 orders). Explor. Fauna Seas, Zool. Inst., Acad. Sci. USSR, 24(32):203pp. (In Russian.) Includes a taxonomic index. Zool. Inst., Acad. Sci., USSR.

This 127-page paper presents a 'comprehensive study of the evolution of the Anthuridea,' leading to the order's reclassification into 3 families--Hyssuridae ram.nov. (most primitive), Anthuridae s.str, and Paranthuridae comb.nov. Includes numerous drawings. Zoologisches Inst. der Univ. Kiel, FRG. (ahm)

E260.

Macrophytes (algae,

grasses,

etc.)

82:3392 DeJong, T.M., B.G, Drake and R.W. Pearcy, 1982. Gas exchange responses of Chesapeake Bay tidal

o LR (1982) 29 (7)

E. BiologicalOceanography

marsh species under field and laboratory conditions. Oecologia, 52(1):5-11. Measured in the laboratory, the C 4 species Spartina patens and Distichlis spicata had higher net carbon exchange rates, higher mesophyll conductances, higher photosynthetic temperature optima, greater photosynthetic water use efficiencies, and lower leaf conductances than did the C 3 species Scirpus olneyi. The same relationships were found in-situ (tidal marsh, Chesapeake Bay), except that on a leaf area basis all 3 had similar C exchange rates. Dept. of Pomology, Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif. 95616, USA. (mjj)

82:3393 Ghosh, Sambhunath, D.L. Klass and D.P. Chynoweth, 1981. Bioconversion of Macrocystis pyrifera to methane. J. chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 31(12):791-807. Effects of chemical pretreatment, salt concentration, temperature, nutrients, inocula source, loading, residence time, mixing and frequency of feeding on mesophilic (3540°C) and thermophilic (50-55°C) anaerobic digestion of kelp were investigated in bench-scale experiments. Raw kelp was 80% biodegradable; methane yields 70% of the theoretical maximum were obtained. Inst. of Gas Tech., 3424 S. State St., Chicago, Ill. 60616, USA. (mjj)

82:3394 Huerta M., L. and A. Garza B., 1980. [Littoral seaweeds of Quintana Roo, east Mexico.] An. Esc. nac. Cienc. biol., Mbx., 23(1/4):25-44. (In Spanish, English abstract.) Dept. de Bot., Esc. Nac. de Ciencias Biol., I.P.N., Mexico, D.F. 82:3395 Mathieson, A.C., E.J. Hehre and N.B. Reynolds, 1981. Investigations of New England marine algae. I. A floristic and descriptive ecological study of the marine algae at Jaffrey Point, New Hampshire, U.S.A. II. Species composition, distribution and zonation of seaweeds in the Great Bay Estuary system and the adjacent open coast of New Hampshire. Botanica mar., 24(10): 521-545:2 papers. Of the 125 algal taxa collected over 4 years from semi-exposed, open coastal Jaffrey Point, 59 were red, 33 brown and 33 green. Some new area records and range extensions were noted. Many species occurred and reproduced at times 'strikingly different' from previous reports; algal distribution ranged -29.0 to +3.8 m. The Great Bay system yielded 162 taxa (76 red, 45 brown, 41 green). Wide temperature ranges resulted in pronounced seasonal

429

distribution variations; areas with strongest tidal currents supported largest populations. Jackson Estuarine Lab., Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA. (sir)

82:3396 Rao, P.S. and K.S. Parekh, 1981. Antibacterial activity of Indian seaweed extracts. Botanica mar., 24(11):577-582. Extracts from 19 of the 42 algal species showed some activity against gram positive bacteria; no species was active against gram negative bacteria. Antibacterial activity was year-round, although a definite October-January peak occurred in some species; extraction at 50°-55°C apparently did not impair antibacterial properties. Central Salt and Mar. Chem. Res. Inst., Bhavnagar 364002, India. (ahm)

82:3397 Rosenberg, G. and J. Ramus, 1981. Ecological growth strategies in the seaweeds Gracilaria folilfera (Rhodophyceae) and Ulva sp. (Chlorophyceae): the rate and timing of growth. Botanica mar., 24(I 1):583-589. Ulva growth rate exceeded that of Gracilaria at both ambient incident light (I,,) and .13 1o, although at the latter light level, growth rate differences decreased; at still lower light intensities, Gracilaria may have the higher rate. Susceptibility to wave action and sand scouring may be why Ulva does not overgrow Gracilaria where they overlap. Dalhousie Univ., Dept. of Biol., Halifax, NS B3H 4Jl Canada. (ahm)

E270. Microphytes (coccolithophores,

dia-

toms, flagellates, etc.) 82:3398 Bujak, J.P. and G.L. Williams, 1981. The evolution of dinoflagellates. Can. J. Bot., 59(11):2077-2087. The importance of dinoflagellates in the evolution of life (including the pre-Triassic when they did not produce recognized fossils) is discussed. A new 'plate fragmentation' model is proposed to explain the development of cellulosic thecae in the Dinophyceae; neither of the previous models satisfactorily reconciles neontological and paleontological data. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., Dartmouth, NS, Canada B2Y 4A2. (mjj)

82:3399 Harding, L.W. Jr., B.B. Pr6zelin, B.M. Sweeney and J.L. Cox, 1981. Diei oscillations in the photosynthesis-irradianee relationship of a planktonic marine diatom. J. Phycol., 17(4):389-394.

430

E. Biological Oceanography

Diel oscillations in the relationship between photosynthesis and irradiance varied with the growth phase in Ditylum brightwellii. Implications for estimating phytoplankton production in the sea are discussed. Mar. Sci. Inst., Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93106, USA. (mjj) 82:3400 Kimor, B., 1981. Seasonal and bathymetric distribution of thecate and nonthecate dinoflagellates off La Jolla, California. Calif. coop. ocean. Fish. Invest, (Set. Repts)22:126-134. Israel Oceanog. and Lirnnol. Res., Tel-Shikmona, P.O.B. 8030, Haifa, Israel.

82:3401 Klut, M.E., Thana Bisalputra and N.J. Antia, 1981. Abnormal ultrastrnctural features of a marine dinoflagellate adapted to grow successfully in the presence of inhibitory fluoride concentration. J. Protozool., 28(4):406-414. Includes 22 micrographs. Inst. de Ciencias Biomed., Univ. of Porto, Portugal. 82:3402 Shim, Jae Hyung, Eun-Young Shin and Joong Ki Choi, 1981. A taxonomic study on the dinoflagellates of the coastal waters in the vicinity of Yeosu, Korea. J. oceanol. Soc. Korea, 16(2):57-98. (In Korean, English abstract.) Includes ca. 100 micrographs. Dept. of Oceanogr., Seoul National Univ., Korea. 82:3403 Sullivan, M.J., 1981. A preliminary checklist of marine benthic diatoms of Mississippi [coastal salt marshes and offshore seagrass beds; 213 taxa in 43 genera]. GulfRes. Repts, 7(1):13-18. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Mississippi State Univ., Miss. 39762, USA.

E300. Effects of pollution (also uptake, trace accumulations, etc.; see also C210Chemical pollution, and F250-Waste disposal) 82:3404 Bayne, B.L., K.R. Clarke and M.N. Moore, 1981. Some practical considerations in the measurement of pollution effects on bivalve molluscs, and some possible ecological consequences. A quat. Toxicol., 1(3/4): 159-174.

Sublethal effects of pollution should be detectable with sample sizes as small as 10-15 individuals if

OLR (1982) 29 (7)

natural variability is reduced by correcting for organism size and seasonal changes due to the gametogenic cycle, based on measurements of 02 consumption rate, scope for growth, and cytochemical latency of a lysosomal enzyme. Ecological consequences of pollution-caused reduced scope for growth are discussed. Inst. for Mar. Environ. Res., Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK. (mjj) 82:3405 Coombs, T.L. and P.J. Keller, 1981. Mytilus byssal threads as an environmental marker for metals. Aquat. Toxicol., 1(5/6):291-300. NERC Inst. of Mar. Biochem., Aberdeen, UK. 82:3406 Davies, J.M., R. Hardy and A.D. Mclntyre, 1981. Environmental effects of North Sea oil operations. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 12(12):412-416.

Physical, chemical and biological surveys, linked with experiments designed to detect and quantify effects, suggest that at present significant offshore contamination is found only in the sediments close to platforms using oil-based drilling muds. DAFS, Mar. Lab., Aberdeen, UK. 82:3407 Dollar, S.J. and R.W. Grigg, 1981. Impact of a kaolin clay spill on a coral reef in Hawaii [is not significant]. Mar. Biol., 65(3):269-276. Hawaii Inst. of Mar. Biol., P.O. Box 1346, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA. 82:3408 Fisher, N.S., 1981. On the selection for heavy metal tolerance in diatoms from the Derwent Estuary, Tasmania. Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 32(4): 555-561. After exposure to varying Cu and Zn levels, metal uptake and growth response of Skeletonema costatum, Gyrosigma sp. and Melosira moniliformis did not differ significantly from those of more sensitive cells. 'Labile metal, rather than total metal, appears to provide the selection pressure for metal tolerance.' Int. Lab. of Mar. Radioact., Oceanogr. Mus., Monaco. (ahm) 82:3409 Friocourt, M.P., F. Berthou, Y. Dreano and M. Marchand, 1981. Application of high performance chromatographic techniques to the quantitation of hydrocarbons in marine biota. Analusis, 9(10): 468-476. (In French, English abstract.) Serv. de Biochimie, ERA CNRS No. 784, B.P. 815, 29279 Brest Cedex, France.

OLR (1982) 29 (7)

E. Biological Oceanography

82:3410 Hempel, G. and M. Manthey, 1981. On the fluoride content of larval krill (Euphausia superba). Meeresforschung (Repts mar. Res.), 29(1):60-63. Inst. fur Meereskunde an der Univ. Kiel, FRG. 82:3411 Komarovsky, F.Ya. and L.R. Polishchuk, 1981. Mercury and other heavy metals in the water medium: migration, accumulation, toxicity for hydrobionts. (Review.) Gidrobiol. Zh., 17(5):7183. (In Russian, English abstract.) Includes l l5 references. 82:3412 Kusk, K.O., 1981. Comparison of the effects of aromatic hydrocarbons on a laboratory alga and natural phytoplankton. Botanica mar., 24(11): 611-613. Sublethal effects (e.g., depressed photosynthesis) exhibited by laboratory cultures of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and by natural freshwater and marine phytoplankton populations when exposed to several concentration levels of naphthalene and phenanthrene were compared. Marine phytoplankton were found generally more sensitive than freshwater populations; P, tricornutum showed intermediate sensitivity. Water Quality Inst., Danish Acad. of Tech. Sci., Agern Alle 11, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark. (bwt) 82:3413 Lee, R.F., S.C. Singer and D.S. Page, 1981. Responses of cytochrome P-450 systems in marine crabs and polychaetes to organic pollutants. Aquat. Toxicol., 1(5/6):355-365. Skidaway Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, Ga. 31406, USA. 82:3414 Lucu, C. and M. Skreblin, 1981. Evidence on the interaction of mercury and selenium in the shrimp Palaemon elegans. Mar. environ. Res., 5(4):265274. Shrimp pretreated with Se showed significantly decreased Hg release; Hg presence decreased Se release. While shrimp injected with Se 12 h prior to Hg exposure did not show much difference from controls in the 24 h LCs0, pretreatment for 4 days with sublethal doses (6.9 and 10.5 mg Se/L) significantly delayed median lethal time after exposure to Hg (3.8 mg/L) compared with an untreated group. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Yugoslavia. (ahm)

431

82:3415 Malins, D.C. and T.K. Collier, 1981. Xenobiotic interactions in aquatic organisms: effects on biological systems. Aquat. ToxicoL, 1(3/4):257268. Reviewed is our presently limited knowledge on the extent to which synergistic and antagonistic interactions influence biochemical and physiological effects of individual toxicants. Emphasis is on organic compounds; only those papers on heavy metals which appeared after the 1979 review by Von Westernhagen et al. are considered. NW and Alaska Fish. Center., NMFS, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East., Seattle, Wash. 98112, USA. (mjj) Margrey, S.L., D.T. Burton and Seasonal temperature and nation effects on estuarine environ. Contamin. Toxicol.,

82:3416 L.W. Hall Jr., 1981. power plant chloriinvertebrates. Archs 10(6):691-703.

The effect of seasonal temperature on the response of Neomysis americana and Gammarus sp. to interacting chlorine, AT and exposure duration was evaluated. This study simulating power plant condenser entrainment and effluent discharge conditions shows that seasonal temperature variation is an important factor influencing toxicity. Johns Hopkins Univ., Applied Physics Lab., Shady Side, Md. 20867, USA. (bwt) 82:3417 Parke, D.V., 1981. Cytochrome P-450 and the detoxication of environmental chemicals. A quat. Toxicol., 1(5/6):367-376. Roles of cytochrome P-450 and mixed-function oxidases in detoxication of xenobiotics and in the metabolism of substrates (e.g., cholesterol, fatty acids, steroids) are reviewed. Cytochromes P-450 and P-448 and activities of cytochrome P-450 in marine and terrestrial animals are compared. Dept. of Biochem., Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK. (mjj) 82:3418 Pedersen, M. et al., 1981. X-ray microanalysis of metals in algae: a contribution to the study of environmental pollution. (Review.) Scanning Electron Microsc., 2:499-509.

As x-ray microanalysis of algae has a relatively low sensitivity, it is best used in combination with other techniques (e.g., autoradiography) and, when so used, can contribute to the understanding of survival mechanisms of algal cells in high metal-ion environments. Advantages of x-ray microanalysis include simultaneous analysis of all elements, dis-

432

E. Biological Oceanography

OLR (1982) 29 (7)

crimination in inhomogeneous samples, and the small amount of material necessary for analysis. Inst. of Physiol. Bot., Univ. of Uppsala, Box 540, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. (smf)

Barents Sea shelf [is considerably less than the content in Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea and North Sea forms]. Gidrobiol. Zh., 17(5):93-96. (In Russian, English abstract.)

82:3419 Pesch, G.G., C.E. Pesch and A.R. Malcolm, 1981. Neanthes arenaceodentata, a cytogenetic model for marine genetic toxicology. Aquat. Toxicol., 1(5/6):301-311.

82:3424 Simkiss, K. and M. Taylor, 1981. Cellular mechanisms of metal ion detoxification and some new indices of pollution. Aquat. Toxicol., 1(5/6):279290.

In-vivo use of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analysis for detecting mutagenicity of toxicants to the polychaete N. arenaceodentata is described in detail. Dose-response data are presented for 6 known mutagens. As both direct-acting compounds and those requiring metabolic activation caused a positive SCE response, the worm appears able to metabolize promutagens, u.s. EPA, ERL, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA. (mjj)

Reviewed are the objectives and assumptions involved in biological monitoring of metal ions. Experiments are presented for investigating metal ion uptake by the molluscan hepatopancreas; based on dual isotope techniques, these studies suggest new ways to interpret pollution data. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK. (mjj)

82:3420 Platt, H.M. and P.R. Mackie, 1981. Sources of Antarctic hydrocarbons. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 12( 12):407-409.

Comparing the hydrocarbons of benthic invertebrates from two Antarctic sites, Clarke & Law (1981) concluded that for one site the source was local and questioned the suggestion that global dissemination of pyrolysis products was partly responsible (Platt & Mackie, 1979). It is argued here that, in fact, their results confirm that contention. Data on aromatic hydrocarbons of South Georgia starfish are presented. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Cromwell Rd., London SW7 5BD, UK. 82:3421 Poirier, Louis and Daniel Cossa, 1981. [Tissue distribution of cadmium in Meganyctiphanes norvegica (Euphausiacea): natural state and experimental accumulation of soluble compounds.I Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 38(11):1449-1453. (In French, English abstract.) Cossa: 1NRSOceanol., 310 av. des Ursulines, Rimouski, Que. G5L 3AI, Canada. 82:3422 Raffin, J.-P. et al., 1981. [Brittany's littoral macrobiota 3 years after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill.[ Cah. Biol. mar,, 22(3):323-348. (In French, English abstract.) Lab. d'Ecol., Univ. Paris 7, 2, place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France. 82:3423 Savinova, T.N., L.E. Ugryumova and V.V. Andryushchenko, 1981. Content of DDT and its metabolites in fishes and invertebrates of the

82:3425 Smith, C.J., R.D. DeLaune and W.H. Patrick Jr., 1981. A method for determining stress in wetland plant communities following an oil spill [or other stress[. Environ. Pollut., (A)26(4):297-304.

Gaseous exchange chambers were used; air samples were collected in syringes; and CO 2 concentrations were determined on a gas chromatograph equipped with a catalytic conversion unit and flame ionization detector, measuring the relative decrease in gross photosynthesis. The system is portable, rapid and can be used in remote areas. Center for Wetland Res., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803, USA. 82:3426 Verriopoulos, G. and M. Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, 1981. Impact of chromium on the population dynamics of Tisbe holothurlae. Arch. Hydrobiol., 93(1):59-67.

Cr concentrations 0.5-2 mg/L decreased the longevity of both parent and offspring generations of this harpacticoid, the latter being much more sensitive. Egg sac development was adversely affected; percentage of egg sac abortion correlated directly with Cr concentration. Zool. Lab., Univ. of Athens, Athens 621, Greece. (mjj) 82:3427 Walker, C.H. and G.C. Knight, 1981. The hepatic microsomal enzymes of sea birds and their interaction with liposoluble pollutants. Aquat. Toxicol., 1(5/6):343-354. Dept. of Physiol. and Biochem., Whiteknights, Reading RG6 2A J, UK. 82:3428 Webb, J.W., G.T. Tanner and B.H. Koerth, 1981.

OLR (1982) 29 (7)

E. Biological Oceanography

Oil spill effects on smooth cordgrass in Galveston Bay, Texas. Contr. mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 24: 107-114. Texas A&M Univ., Galveston, Tex. 77550, USA. 82:3429 Yen, Jeannette, 1981. Sorption of plutonium-237 by two species of marine phytoplankton. J. Phycol., 17(4):346-352. 237pu sorption rates on both live and dead Monochrysis lutheri and Phaeodactylum tricornutum were essentially the same, indicative of a passive adsorption process. Cells reached maximum radioactivity levels within 2 hr; ~20% of adsorbed 23vpu was desorbed after 24 hr. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA. (sir)

E370. Theoretical biology and ecology 82:3430 Gordon, M.S. et al., 1980/81. Theoretical ecology. Symposium 27-30 December 1980, at Seattle, Washington. Am. Zool., 21(4):791-910; 9 papers. Empiricists and theoreticians convened to address: '(1) population, community, and ecosystem diversity and stability; (2) predator-prey interactions; and (3) optimization adaptations.' Representative of the papers is 'Environs: the superniches of ecosystems.' (isz) 82:3431 Hanski, Ilkka, 1981. Coexistence of competitors in a patchy environment with and without predation. Oikos, 37(3):306-312. The Lotka-Volterra competition model is modified by the addition of spatial heterogeneity, demonstrating that similar species may indeed coexist if the better competitor has a high spatial variance (inefficient dispersal). This coexistence is facilitated by 'equivalent' predation (similar searching for prey regardless of species) if prey abundances vary spatially without much covariance and if predators forage non-randomly concentrating in patches of greatest total prey abundance. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Helsinki, P. Rautatiekatu 13, SF-00100 Helsinki 10, Finland. (mjj) 82:3432 Levin, S.A., 1981. The role of theoretical ecology in the description and understanding of populations in heterogeneous environments. Am. Zool., 21(4):865-875.

433

Development of theory has inherent intellectual validity apart from any immediate applications, and is 'separate and independent in objectives and perspective from field observations' despite their close ties. The primary role of models is metaphorical, and insistence on immediate agreement between models and observations distorts the role of theory. The relationship between theory and empiricism is illustrated with case studies of the 'partitioning and exploitation of space,' with particular attention to diffusion models and models of movement based on random walk assumptions. Theories on the evolution of dispersal and dormancy are briefly discussed. Sect. of Ecol. and System., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14850, USA. (mjj) 82:3433 May, R.M., 1981. The role of theory in ecology. Am. Zool., 21(4):903-910. Uses of ecological theory in research are illustrated with examples: population models used to set whaling quotas, nonlinear equations in population models, population interaction models, patterns of community organization. Discussed is the contrast between the 'scrabbling, nonlinear' way most scientists actually work and 'public pieties about The Scientific Method'; Darwin provides the example. Biol. Dept., Princeton Univ., Princeton, NJ 08544.

(mjj) 82:3434 Olson, E.C., 1981. The problem of missing links: today and yesterday. Q. Rev. Biol., 56(4):405-442. The establishment of 'linkages' at specific and generic levels has been relatively successful, but with each higher taxonomic level, the effort is marked by less, ultimately even no, success. In part, the problem extends from an intrinsic non-sequitur: taxonomic categories, as closed sets, do not allow intermediate forms, while evolution itself is supposedly gradual and continuous. The numerous cases of contiguous sets reviewed here still point to the major problem how to integrate the micro- and macroevolutionary models. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. 90024, USA. (fcs)

82:3435 Patten, B.C., 1981. Environs: the superniches of ecosystems. Am. Zool., 21(4):845-852. Evolution of individual organisms is based on direct environmental effects; indirect effects may be more important at the ecosystem level. The niche concept is extended to its systems counterpart 'environs, units of organism-environment coevolution' sensitive to indirect influences. Closure (feedback loops) is the

434

OLR (1982)29(7)

motive force for coevolution. Systems-level coevolution is not in conflict with 'normal' evolution of individual organisms. Dept. of Zool., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga. 30602, USA. (mjj)

death; mitochondrial lipids and calcium changes with temperature; respiration; egg and larval development; cold tolerance; metabolic and behavioral strategies. (slr)

82:3436 Podkletnov, N.E. and E.K. Markhinin, 1981. New data on abiogenic synthesis of prebiological compounds in volcanic processes. Orig. Life, 11(4):303-315. USSR Inst. of Volcan., FarEastern Sci. Centre, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, USSR.

E410. Miscellaneous

82:3437 Schroeder, L.A., 1981. Consumer growth efficiencies: their limits and relationships to ecological energetics. J. theor. Biol., 93(4):805-828. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Youngstown State Univ., Youngstown, Ohio 44555, USA.

E400. Books, collections (general) 82:3438 Grainger, J.N.R. (ed.), 1981. Effect of constant and cycling temperatures on ectotherms. [Conference held in Dublin, I-2 July 1981.] J. therm. Biol., 6(4):171-408:31 papers. To provide some indication of the 'extremely diverse field of effects of constant and changing temperatures on ectotherms,' conference participants reported on a diversity of temperature-related phenomena: e.g., size of Carcinus maenas and courtship behavior of the male guppy; cell heat injury and

82:3439 Hinga, K.R., 1981. The distribution of linear rows of holes in the seafloor. Biol. Oceanogr., 1(2):205210. Distinctive sets of a few to 20 holes, each ~ 1 cm to 2-3 cm in diameter, were found in 17 of 21 camera stations between 1,183 and 2,625 m deep on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near the Azores and not in ~ 7 0 stations at other depths or locations. The maker, presumably biological, of the holes has not been identified. Div. 4536, Sandia Natl. Lab.. Albuquerque, N.M. 87185, USA. (mwf) 82:3440 Klopfer, P.H., 1981. Islands as models. Commentary. Bioscience, 31(11):838-839. Use of islands to model continental conditions should be treated with caution owing to differences in scale, relatively greater degree of isolation imposed upon island inhabitants, and the relative isolation of islands from other islands; all the preceding are viewed as restrictions to corrective feedback necessary to stable social behavior. Dept. of Zool., Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27706, USA. (smf)

F. GENERAL F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary) 82:3441 Douglas, D.G. and C.E. Blahnik, 1981. Calibration of oceanographic data buoy systems. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 15(3):24-31.

Possible solutions to the problems of universal calibration of wave-measuring instruments are presented. Measurement of true surface elevation is the primary problem in buoy calibration; remote sensing methods should be considered. Electromag. Sci. Lab., SRI Int., Menlo Park, Calif., USA. (bas)