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Blood Parameters of One-Year-Old and Seven-Year Old Partridges (Alectoris chukar)
Blood Parameters of One-Year-Old and Seven-Year Old Partridges (Alectoris chukar) ALLEN E. WOODARD and PRAN VOHRA Department of Avian Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 BRYAN MAYEDA State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Sacramento, California 95832 (Received for publication March 28, 1983)
1983 Poultry Science 62:2492-2496 INTRODUCTION Information o n t h e blood chemistry of s o m e birds was compiled b y A l t m a n and D i t t m a r ( 1 9 7 4 ) . Clinical biochemical and hematological reference values in n o r m a l chickens have been compiled b y Mitruka and Rawnsley ( 1 9 7 7 ) and also provide hematological values for pigeons, d u c k s , t u r k e y s , and quail. S o m e additional information is available on various b l o o d p a r a m e t e r s and p r o t e i n c o m p o n e n t s for partridges (Balasch et al, 1973) and o t h e r gallinaceous birds. This information is i m p o r t a n t in order to draw a n y rapid conclusions a b o u t t h e effect of any stress on these birds. Moderate m o r t a l i t y is generally e n c o u n t e r e d after partridges reach 5 years of age. No information is available o n t h e effect of aging o n t h e blood chemistry of p o u l t r y in general and of partridge in particular. T h e present s t u d y a t t e m p t s to establish s o m e baseline values o n b l o o d chemistry of y o u n g and old partridges and also reports on t h e necropsy findings of aged birds.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Red legged partridge (Alectoris cbukar) used in this s t u d y were from a closed p o p u l a t i o n maintained at Davis since 1 9 6 5 . T h e birds were fed a commercial chicken breeder diet through-
o u t their adult life. T h e 12 birds h a t c h e d in J a n u a r y 1975 and t h e 12 birds h a t c h e d in March 1981 were designated as 7-year-old (aged) and 1-year-old (young) birds, respectively, in this s t u d y . T h e birds w e r e k e p t in wire cages within a c h a m b e r with t e m p e r a t u r e and light controlled. T h e birds were exposed t o 10 h r of light per d a y at 20 lx intensity. For d e t e r m i n a t i o n of blood parameters, 2 ml of b l o o d were drawn in a heparinized syringe from t h e jugular vein of a total of 6 males and 6 females from each age g r o u p . Samples were o b t a i n e d from 2 birds of each sex from each age group b e t w e e n 0 8 0 0 t o 0 9 0 0 h r on three successive days. T h e females of b o t h age groups were n o t in laying condition. Feed was n o t w i t h d r a w n before removal of blood. Plasma removed after centrifugation was sent t o a commercial medical l a b o r a t o r y for b l o o d analysis. T h e d e t e r m i n e d parameters in plasma were calcium ( c o m p l e x o n e m e t h o d , Morin, 1 9 4 7 ) ; s o d i u m and potassium (flame p h o t o m e try, Corning Medical Manual, Model 4 5 0 ) ; alkaline p h o s p h a t e (kinetic m e t h o d , Hausamen et al., 1 9 6 7 ) ; glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase (kinetic m e t h o d , Bergmeyer et al., 1 9 7 8 ) ; p h o s p h o r u s ( m o l y b d a t e m e t h o d , L o w r y et al., 1 9 4 6 ) ; glucose (glucoseoxidase m e t h o d , Trinder, 1 9 6 9 ) ; cholesterol
2492
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on May 27, 2015
ABSTRACT Several blood parameters were determined for 12 1-year-old and 12 7-year-old partridges to establish base line values on blood chemistry of this species. After taking blood samples, the 7-year-old birds were killed and necropsied for gross examination. With aging, there was a significant increase in plasma glucose, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), potassium, cholesterol, uric acid, and albumin. Males generally had a significantly lower lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) than females. The 7-year-old males had a significantly higher plasma cholesterol and GOT than 1-year-old males. There were no differences in plasma potassium, sodium, and calcium between partridges and data previously reported for chickens. Blood glucose levels in young and old partridge appear to be twice that for chickens, whereas cholesterol and lactic dehydrogenase levels were much lower in chickens. (Key words: partridge, plasma proteins, plasma minerals, aging)
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Males, 7 yr Males, 1 yr Females, 7 yr Females, 1 yr
NS = Not significant.
2
1
M F
M F
Sex
NS
*** NS
NS
*** NS
NS NS NS
± .07 ± .01 ± .06 ±.05
.73 .60 .79 .76
± .01 +.01 ± .01 ± .01
.20 .19 .22 .24
.18 .15 .36 .27
± .02 ± .03 ± .06 ±.03
Beta
Globulins Alpha 2
Alpha 1
12.5 13.1
14.4 19.6
Calcium
3.3 3.8
7.1 6.9
Phosphorus
153 152
153 158
Sodium /
n-
5.6 5.4
5.1 5.6
\
Potassium
193 187
100 92
Cholesterol
TABLE 3. Comparison between the blood chemistry of partridges and c
**
NS
*
NS NS
NS 1
±.1 ± .1 ±.1 ± .2
2.9 2.7 3.1 2.7
4.2 ± 3.9 ± 4.8 ± 4.4 ±
.2 .2 .2 .2
Albumin
Total protein
GOT = Glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase; LDH = lactic dehydrogenase.
M = Male; F = female.
Present study (partridge: combined ages)
Altman and Dittmer (1974) (chicken: 6 months old)
Reference
***P<.001.
**P<.01.
*P<.05.
1
7 vs. 1 yr Males vs. females Age within sexes
Comparisons:
n
Sex and age
TABLE 2. Comparison of protein electrophoresis for aged and young pa
rom http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on May 27, 2015
RESEARCH NOTE
(enzymatic method, Roeschlau et al., 1974); uric acid (phospho-tungstate method, Caraway, 1955); total protein (Buiret et al., 1950); and protein electrophoresis (agarose method, Corning Instruction Manual). The 12 aged birds were then necropsied to determine the general health of the birds used in this study. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using the two sample t test for determining significance between means as described by Dixon and Massey (1957).
The data on the blood chemistry of aged and young partridge are presented in Table 1. No significant differences were observed in the plasma calcium, phosphrous, alkaline phosphatase, or lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels between young and aged partridges. With aging, plasma sodium was reduced and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) increased significantly (P<.001). A signfiicant increase also occurred with aging in plasma potassium, glucose (P<.05), plasma cholesterol, and uric acid (P<.01). Males had a significantly lower (P<.001) LDH than females. Other blood parameters were not significantly influenced by the sex of birds. Some significant differences (P<.01) were observed between the age groups of males for sodium, cholesterol, and GOT; and within females for uric acid. Serum sodium decreased while cholesterol, GOT, and uric acid levels increased with age of the bird. Plasma albumin was significantly higher in aged males and females than in young birds (Table 2). No significant differences were observed for any of the other plasma protein components with aging. Also, no significant differences were found for any blood components within sexes. Females had significantly (P<.001) higher levels of 1 or 2 alpha-globulin, gamma-globulin, fibrinogen, and albumin/globulin ratio than males. DISCUSSION
A comparison between the blood chemistry of partridge and for chickens from data previously published (Altman and Dittmer, 1974) is shown in Table 3. Data for the partridges were combined for the different age groups. Marked differences were found in the normal blood
chemistry of young chickens and partridge for calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, glucose, and LDH. Chickens had higher levels of calcium, phosphorus, and GOT in the blood than partridges. Levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, LDH, and alakaline phosphatase were considerably higher in partridges than in chickens. Balasch et al. (1973) also reported higher levels of glucose in 2- to 3-year-old nonlaying partridges. As the partridges were not starved before blood was drawn, a higher level of blood glucose is expected for fed birds. An increase in GOT can be associated with liver disease as well as alterations in cell metabolism of many tissues, and it is not a liverspecific enzyme. But if the histopathology also suggests liver damage, then an increase in GOT is logically expected. Cornelius et al. (1959) have reported a value of 370 ml GOT in 6month-old chickens, but the literature values range between 88 to 208 jug/ml (Mitruka and Rawnsley, 1977). The high GOT value in older birds may confirm the necropsy findings of some liver damage in the 7-year-old partridges. REFERENCES Altman, P. L., and D. S. Dittmer, 1974. Biology Data Book. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., Washington, DC. Balasch, J., L. Palacios, S. Musquera, J. Palomeque, M. Jimenez and M. Alemany, 1973. Comparative hematological values of several galliformes. Poultry Sci. 52:1531-1534. Bergmeyer, H. U., P. Scheibe, and A. E. Wahlefeld, 1978. Optimization of methods for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine amino-transferase. Clin. Chem. 24:58-73. Caraway, W. T., 1955. Determination of uric acid in serum by carbonate method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 25:840-845. Cornelius, C. E., ] . A. Bishop, J. Switzer, and E. A. Rhode, 1959. Serum and tissue transaminase activities in domestic animals. Cornell Vet. 49:116. Corning Instruction Manual, Corning Medical, Corning Glass Works, Medfield, MA. de la Heurga, J., and H. Popper, 1950. Estimation of serum gamma globulin concentration by turbidimetry. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 3 5:459-465. Dixon, W. S., and F. J. Massey, 1957. Introduction to Statistical Analysis. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Hausamen, T. U., R. Helger, W. Rick, and W. Gross, 1967. Optimal conditions for the determination of serum alkaline phosphatase by a new kinetic method. Clin. Chem. Acta 15:241-245. Kaneko, J. J., and C. E. Cornelius, ed., 1970. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, NY. Lowry, O. G.,and J. A. Lopez, 1946. The determination of inorganic phosphate in the presence of
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on May 27, 2015
RESULTS
2495
2496
WOODARD ET AL.
labile, phosphate esters. J. Biol. Chem. 162:421 — 114-117. 428. Roeschlau, P., E. Bernt, and W. Gruber, 1974. EnzyMitruka, B. J., and H. M. Rawnsley, 1977. Clinical matic determination of total cholesterol in Biochemical and Hematological Reference Values serum. Z. Klin. Chem. Klin, Biochem. 12:226. in Normal Experimental Animals. Masson Pub. Trinder, P., 1969. Determination of glucose in blood Morin, L. G., 1947. Direct colorimetric o-cresophusing glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen thalein complexone. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 6 1 : acceptor. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 6:24—27.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on May 27, 2015
1983 Poultry Science 62:2492-2496 INTRODUCTION Information o n t h e blood chemistry of s o m e birds was compiled b y A l t m a n and D i t t m a r ( 1 9 7 4 ) . Clinical biochemical and hematological reference values in n o r m a l chickens have been compiled b y Mitruka and Rawnsley ( 1 9 7 7 ) and also provide hematological values for pigeons, d u c k s , t u r k e y s , and quail. S o m e additional information is available on various b l o o d p a r a m e t e r s and p r o t e i n c o m p o n e n t s for partridges (Balasch et al, 1973) and o t h e r gallinaceous birds. This information is i m p o r t a n t in order to draw a n y rapid conclusions a b o u t t h e effect of any stress on these birds. Moderate m o r t a l i t y is generally e n c o u n t e r e d after partridges reach 5 years of age. No information is available o n t h e effect of aging o n t h e blood chemistry of p o u l t r y in general and of partridge in particular. T h e present s t u d y a t t e m p t s to establish s o m e baseline values o n b l o o d chemistry of y o u n g and old partridges and also reports on t h e necropsy findings of aged birds.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Red legged partridge (Alectoris cbukar) used in this s t u d y were from a closed p o p u l a t i o n maintained at Davis since 1 9 6 5 . T h e birds were fed a commercial chicken breeder diet through-
o u t their adult life. T h e 12 birds h a t c h e d in J a n u a r y 1975 and t h e 12 birds h a t c h e d in March 1981 were designated as 7-year-old (aged) and 1-year-old (young) birds, respectively, in this s t u d y . T h e birds w e r e k e p t in wire cages within a c h a m b e r with t e m p e r a t u r e and light controlled. T h e birds were exposed t o 10 h r of light per d a y at 20 lx intensity. For d e t e r m i n a t i o n of blood parameters, 2 ml of b l o o d were drawn in a heparinized syringe from t h e jugular vein of a total of 6 males and 6 females from each age g r o u p . Samples were o b t a i n e d from 2 birds of each sex from each age group b e t w e e n 0 8 0 0 t o 0 9 0 0 h r on three successive days. T h e females of b o t h age groups were n o t in laying condition. Feed was n o t w i t h d r a w n before removal of blood. Plasma removed after centrifugation was sent t o a commercial medical l a b o r a t o r y for b l o o d analysis. T h e d e t e r m i n e d parameters in plasma were calcium ( c o m p l e x o n e m e t h o d , Morin, 1 9 4 7 ) ; s o d i u m and potassium (flame p h o t o m e try, Corning Medical Manual, Model 4 5 0 ) ; alkaline p h o s p h a t e (kinetic m e t h o d , Hausamen et al., 1 9 6 7 ) ; glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase (kinetic m e t h o d , Bergmeyer et al., 1 9 7 8 ) ; p h o s p h o r u s ( m o l y b d a t e m e t h o d , L o w r y et al., 1 9 4 6 ) ; glucose (glucoseoxidase m e t h o d , Trinder, 1 9 6 9 ) ; cholesterol
2492
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on May 27, 2015
ABSTRACT Several blood parameters were determined for 12 1-year-old and 12 7-year-old partridges to establish base line values on blood chemistry of this species. After taking blood samples, the 7-year-old birds were killed and necropsied for gross examination. With aging, there was a significant increase in plasma glucose, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), potassium, cholesterol, uric acid, and albumin. Males generally had a significantly lower lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) than females. The 7-year-old males had a significantly higher plasma cholesterol and GOT than 1-year-old males. There were no differences in plasma potassium, sodium, and calcium between partridges and data previously reported for chickens. Blood glucose levels in young and old partridge appear to be twice that for chickens, whereas cholesterol and lactic dehydrogenase levels were much lower in chickens. (Key words: partridge, plasma proteins, plasma minerals, aging)
RESEARCH NOTE
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T-t
U/ml)
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Males, 7 yr Males, 1 yr Females, 7 yr Females, 1 yr
NS = Not significant.
2
1
M F
M F
Sex
NS
*** NS
NS
*** NS
NS NS NS
± .07 ± .01 ± .06 ±.05
.73 .60 .79 .76
± .01 +.01 ± .01 ± .01
.20 .19 .22 .24
.18 .15 .36 .27
± .02 ± .03 ± .06 ±.03
Beta
Globulins Alpha 2
Alpha 1
12.5 13.1
14.4 19.6
Calcium
3.3 3.8
7.1 6.9
Phosphorus
153 152
153 158
Sodium /
n-
5.6 5.4
5.1 5.6
\
Potassium
193 187
100 92
Cholesterol
TABLE 3. Comparison between the blood chemistry of partridges and c
**
NS
*
NS NS
NS 1
±.1 ± .1 ±.1 ± .2
2.9 2.7 3.1 2.7
4.2 ± 3.9 ± 4.8 ± 4.4 ±
.2 .2 .2 .2
Albumin
Total protein
GOT = Glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase; LDH = lactic dehydrogenase.
M = Male; F = female.
Present study (partridge: combined ages)
Altman and Dittmer (1974) (chicken: 6 months old)
Reference
***P<.001.
**P<.01.
*P<.05.
1
7 vs. 1 yr Males vs. females Age within sexes
Comparisons:
n
Sex and age
TABLE 2. Comparison of protein electrophoresis for aged and young pa
rom http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on May 27, 2015
RESEARCH NOTE
(enzymatic method, Roeschlau et al., 1974); uric acid (phospho-tungstate method, Caraway, 1955); total protein (Buiret et al., 1950); and protein electrophoresis (agarose method, Corning Instruction Manual). The 12 aged birds were then necropsied to determine the general health of the birds used in this study. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using the two sample t test for determining significance between means as described by Dixon and Massey (1957).
The data on the blood chemistry of aged and young partridge are presented in Table 1. No significant differences were observed in the plasma calcium, phosphrous, alkaline phosphatase, or lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels between young and aged partridges. With aging, plasma sodium was reduced and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) increased significantly (P<.001). A signfiicant increase also occurred with aging in plasma potassium, glucose (P<.05), plasma cholesterol, and uric acid (P<.01). Males had a significantly lower (P<.001) LDH than females. Other blood parameters were not significantly influenced by the sex of birds. Some significant differences (P<.01) were observed between the age groups of males for sodium, cholesterol, and GOT; and within females for uric acid. Serum sodium decreased while cholesterol, GOT, and uric acid levels increased with age of the bird. Plasma albumin was significantly higher in aged males and females than in young birds (Table 2). No significant differences were observed for any of the other plasma protein components with aging. Also, no significant differences were found for any blood components within sexes. Females had significantly (P<.001) higher levels of 1 or 2 alpha-globulin, gamma-globulin, fibrinogen, and albumin/globulin ratio than males. DISCUSSION
A comparison between the blood chemistry of partridge and for chickens from data previously published (Altman and Dittmer, 1974) is shown in Table 3. Data for the partridges were combined for the different age groups. Marked differences were found in the normal blood
chemistry of young chickens and partridge for calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, glucose, and LDH. Chickens had higher levels of calcium, phosphorus, and GOT in the blood than partridges. Levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, LDH, and alakaline phosphatase were considerably higher in partridges than in chickens. Balasch et al. (1973) also reported higher levels of glucose in 2- to 3-year-old nonlaying partridges. As the partridges were not starved before blood was drawn, a higher level of blood glucose is expected for fed birds. An increase in GOT can be associated with liver disease as well as alterations in cell metabolism of many tissues, and it is not a liverspecific enzyme. But if the histopathology also suggests liver damage, then an increase in GOT is logically expected. Cornelius et al. (1959) have reported a value of 370 ml GOT in 6month-old chickens, but the literature values range between 88 to 208 jug/ml (Mitruka and Rawnsley, 1977). The high GOT value in older birds may confirm the necropsy findings of some liver damage in the 7-year-old partridges. REFERENCES Altman, P. L., and D. S. Dittmer, 1974. Biology Data Book. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., Washington, DC. Balasch, J., L. Palacios, S. Musquera, J. Palomeque, M. Jimenez and M. Alemany, 1973. Comparative hematological values of several galliformes. Poultry Sci. 52:1531-1534. Bergmeyer, H. U., P. Scheibe, and A. E. Wahlefeld, 1978. Optimization of methods for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine amino-transferase. Clin. Chem. 24:58-73. Caraway, W. T., 1955. Determination of uric acid in serum by carbonate method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 25:840-845. Cornelius, C. E., ] . A. Bishop, J. Switzer, and E. A. Rhode, 1959. Serum and tissue transaminase activities in domestic animals. Cornell Vet. 49:116. Corning Instruction Manual, Corning Medical, Corning Glass Works, Medfield, MA. de la Heurga, J., and H. Popper, 1950. Estimation of serum gamma globulin concentration by turbidimetry. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 3 5:459-465. Dixon, W. S., and F. J. Massey, 1957. Introduction to Statistical Analysis. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Hausamen, T. U., R. Helger, W. Rick, and W. Gross, 1967. Optimal conditions for the determination of serum alkaline phosphatase by a new kinetic method. Clin. Chem. Acta 15:241-245. Kaneko, J. J., and C. E. Cornelius, ed., 1970. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York, NY. Lowry, O. G.,and J. A. Lopez, 1946. The determination of inorganic phosphate in the presence of
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on May 27, 2015
RESULTS
2495
2496
WOODARD ET AL.
labile, phosphate esters. J. Biol. Chem. 162:421 — 114-117. 428. Roeschlau, P., E. Bernt, and W. Gruber, 1974. EnzyMitruka, B. J., and H. M. Rawnsley, 1977. Clinical matic determination of total cholesterol in Biochemical and Hematological Reference Values serum. Z. Klin. Chem. Klin, Biochem. 12:226. in Normal Experimental Animals. Masson Pub. Trinder, P., 1969. Determination of glucose in blood Morin, L. G., 1947. Direct colorimetric o-cresophusing glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen thalein complexone. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 6 1 : acceptor. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 6:24—27.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on May 27, 2015