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The Effects of Breeding Systems and Stocking Density on Some Blood Parameters of Rock Partridges (Alectoris graeca)
Research Note The Effects of Breeding Systems and Stocking Density on Some Blood Parameters of Rock Partridges (Alectoris graeca) ¨ zbey1 and F. Esen O. O Department of Animal Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Firat, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
Key words: rock partridge, breeding method, stocking density, blood parameter 2007 Poultry Science 86:420–422
is very important among the research that supports clinical findings. Biochemical analysis is used to support a diagnosis, to determine a cure for the disease, or to control the applied cure, to evaluate, and to interpret the results of the research (Ozek et al., 2002). Various studies aiming to increase productivity in partridge breeding, which is becoming more prevalent in Turkey, need to be conducted. Because there is less information available about partridges when compared with other winged animals, studies in partridges will contribute to the development of intensive partridge breeding. The purpose of this study was to determine reference values of some biochemical blood parameters of partridges bred in cage and ground systems. Also, because optimum stocking density in poultry is still subject to discussion, determination of the effects of stocking density on biochemical blood parameters of quails was the objective.
INTRODUCTION Environmental conditions such as care, feeding, and sheltering provided for animals should be taken into consideration to take full advantage of genetic capacities of animals. The structure of cage, ventilation, illumination, heat, and moisture, as well as breeding method and stocking density, are important sheltering conditions for poultry. Placing too many animals in unit area increases stress and disease risk, which results in growth reduction and degradation in meat quality; on the other hand, placing fewer animals than the optimum number causes economic losses (Koc¸ak, 1985). For this reason, optimum stocking density that will not cause low efficiency and will provide economic benefit should be determined (Eris¸ir and Eris¸ir, 2002). Biochemistry has been used for diagnosis and treatment of diseases for a long time. Biochemical analysis of blood
MATERIALS AND METHODS The rock partridge chicks that were used in the study were kept in 4-storey incubators in wk 0 to 4, and then they were kept in 4 × 5 m2 rooms and in 3-storey cages (with storey dimensions of 1 × 1 m2) built especially for
2007 Poultry Science Association Inc. Received August 3, 2006. Accepted September 16, 2006. 1 Corresponding author: [email protected]
420
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Chung Hsing University Library on April 10, 2014
found to have no significant effect on blood AST and ALT levels (P > 0.05). Stocking density of rock partridges was also found to affect significantly the levels of blood total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, ALP, sodium, chlorine, and potassium (P < 0.05), whereas it did not have a significant effect on blood AST and ALT levels (P > 0.05). When the breeding method of the partridges was changed from the ground to the cages and the stocking density was increased, it was observed that the levels of blood total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, glucose, sodium, and chlorine increased, whereas total protein, calcium, phosphorus, ALP, and potassium levels decreased. It was understood that the reactions of partridges toward breeding systems and stocking density were different and passing from ground system to cage system, and the increase in stocking density caused significant changes in blood parameters.
ABSTRACT In this study, the effects of breeding systems and stocking density on some blood parameters of rock partridges [total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), sodium, chlorine, potassium, aspartate amino transferase (AST), and alanine amino transferase (ALT)] were investigated. For this purpose, blood samples of 18-wk-old male rock partridges, which were bred on the ground and in cages with 3 different stocking densities (group I: 15 partridges/m2; group II: 20 partridges/m2; and group III: 25 partridges/m2) were examined. Breeding method of rock partridges was found to have significant effects on blood total protein, (P < 0.05), total cholesterol (P < 0.05), triglyceride (P < 0.01), urea (P < 0.01), glucose (P < 0.05), calcium (P < 0.05), phosphorus (P < 0.01), ALP (P < 0.05), sodium (P < 0.01), chlorine (P < 0.05), and potassium (P < 0.01) levels, whereas it was
RESEARCH NOTE
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effects of breeding method and stocking density on some blood parameters are shown in Table 1. As seen in Table 1, statistically significant differences were found between breeding methods and different stocking densities regarding blood parameter values. Breeding method of the rock partridges was found to have significant effect on the levels of blood total protein, (P < 0.05), total cholesterol (P < 0.05), triglyceride (P < 0.01), urea (P < 0.01), glucose (P < 0.05), calcium (P < 0.05), phosphorus (P < 0.01), ALP (P < 0.05), sodium (P < 0.01), chlorine (P < 0.05), and potassium (P < 0.01), whereas it was found to have no significant effect on blood AST and ALT levels (P > 0.05).
Stocking density of rock partridges was also found to affect significantly the levels of blood total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, ALP, sodium, chlorine, and potassium (P < 0.05), but it did not affect blood AST and ALT levels significantly (P > 0.05). When the effects of breeding method and stocking density were taken into consideration, the results of the present study were in agreement with the reports of previous studies (Balasch et al., 1973; Rico et al., 1977; Woodard et al., 1983; C ¸ etin and Tuncel, 1995; Eris¸ir and Eris¸ir, 2002; Ozek, 2002; Rodriguez et al., 2004). When a comparison was made without considering the effects of the procedures applied here, the levels of blood parameter determined in this study were similar to the previous reports (Bell and Freeman, 1971; Balasch et al., 1973). Blood glucose levels in partridges, as stated by Woodard et al. (1983) and Balasch et al. (1973), are higher than glucose levels of other poultry mentioned in some sources such as chicken (Altıntas¸ and Fidancı, 1993), Japanese quail (Meredov, 1999), and broilers (Meluzzi et al., 1993). The blood glucose levels of partridges comply with those of pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), peacock (Pavo cristatus), and guinea chicken (Numida meleagris) and are higher than domestic poultry (Balasch et al., 1973). As bait consumption decreases by the increased stocking density, the production and intake of purines derived from glutamic acid and glycine could be lessened, which may reduce the amount of uric acid. Problems during purine synthesis may cause immune deficiencies and increase sensitivity toward diseases. The relation between stress and diseases is well known (Tufft and Nockles, 1991); besides it was shown in some studies that some stress factors weaken the immune system of animals, their lymphatic tissues and organs are regressed (Tufft and Nockles, 1991), and as a result they become sensitive toward pathogens (Fillion et al., 1984; Tufft and Nockles, 1991). It was observed that stocking density affected blood parameters, and this effect was significant between the parameters of ground and cage systems. Stocking density can cause stress in partridges, which may be responsible for the significant differences in blood parameters. Likewise, significant changes were observed in cage system, which causes more stress when compared with the ground system. Significant increases in blood glucose level, which is the best biochemical indicator of stress, were observed in cage system in parallel with the increase in stocking density when compared with the ground system. The value of uric acid, which decreases owing to the decrease in unit area per animal, may be used as an important indicator in determining the frequency of optimum placing area. Purines in diet might decrease because of the decrease in feed consumption caused by the stocking density, and consequently less production of purines, which derive from feed in the diet, may occur, and the level of uric acid may therefore decrease. The metabolic condition of an individual or a group in any time can be evaluated by comparing with its biochemical reference values at normal conditions. For this reason,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Chung Hsing University Library on April 10, 2014
partridge chicks in wk 5 to 16. The stocking density on the ground was 750 cm2/partridge; the stocking densities in cages were 400, 500, and 600 cm2/partridge, respectively; and the trial was repeated 3 times. Each group had 4 subgroups. The chukar chicks were fed on starter diets from hatch to 4 wk of age, and they were fed growing diets from 5 to 16 wk of age. The CP level of initial rations was 24%, ME level was 2,800 kcal/kg; CP level of growing rations was 22%, ME level was 3,000 kcal/kg. In the study, feeding was made ad libitum, and the environment was continuously illuminated. Ten partridges from each cage with different stocking densities were slaughtered and their blood was taken to investigate blood parameters. Blood samples were taken by cutting the neck veins of partridges and spilling their blood into previously labeled sterile tubes. Serum was separated by centrifugation at 3,000 × g for 10 min and stored at −20°C until the time of analysis. The biochemical value analysis of the serum was measured by using Technicon DAX 72 autoanalyser at the Fırat Medical Center Biochemical Labs, University of Fırat, Turkey. The following methods were used to measure blood parameters: Biu¨ret method for total protein according to Gornall et al. (1949); colorimetric enzymatic method for triglyceride [glycerol-3-phosphate-oxidase paraamino phenazone (Trinder, 1969)]; colorimetric enzymatic method for cholesterol [cholesterol-oxidize paraminophenazone (Roeschlau et al., 1974)]; uricase method for uric acid (Trinder, 1969); glucoseoxidase method for glucose (Trinder, 1969); O-cresolphtalein method for calcium (Ray Sarckar and Chauhan, 1967); molybdenum method for phosphorus (Peyenet and Pouillot, 1972); and colorimetric method for ALP, Na, and K (Jenway Flame Fotometerde, Corning Medical Manuel) and Cl (Davis and Lewis, 1980). Effects of breeding with ground method and stocking density on blood parameters were determined by multifactorial variance analysis in SSPS 11.0 version package program (Minitab, 1990). When the F-values were significant, Duncan’s multiple range test was performed. Results were considered as significant when P-values were less than 0.05.
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¨ ZBEY AND ESEN O
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Table 1. The values of some blood parameters obtained in different breeding methods and different stocking densities1 Cage Parameter
Ground
Group I
Group II
Group III
SD
Ground × cage
4.43 182.54 71.45 2.96 299.57 9.53 6.38 342.27 154.59 114.53 9.54 137.19 15.68
4.37 188.21 82.10 3.12 304.12 9.48 6.07 341.23 169.42 115.54 9.06 137.78 15.72
4.25 197.78 94.31 3.32 318.42 9.17 5.34 313.24 174.65 119.31 8.47 138.21 15.99
4.11 212.91 102.34 3.54 343.65 8.73 4.87 308.45 188.47 123.91 7.43 139.12 16.04
* * * * * * * * * * * — —
* * ** ** * * ** * ** * ** — —
1 AST = Aspartate amino transferase; ALT = alanine amino transferase; ALP = alkaline phosphatase; SD = stocking density. Ground: 750 cm2/partridge; Group I: 600 cm2/partridge; Group II: 500 cm2/partridge; Group III: 400 cm2/partridge. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; —P > 0.05.
the biochemical reference values of rock partridges should be determined. To determine these values, the effects of various factors on their blood parameters should be investigated. The number of studies on this subject is very limited; also, research on partridge breeding in Turkey is very new, which makes this study more important because it is going to be a reference for production and future studies. It was understood that the reaction of partridges to breeding systems and stocking density was metabolically different. It was concluded that passing from ground system to cage system, and the increase in stocking density caused stress in animals, which resulted in significant changes in blood parameters.
REFERENCES Altıntas¸, A., and U. R. Fidancı. 1993. Evcil Hayvanlarda ve I˙nsanda Kanın Biyokimyasal Normal Degˇerleri. Ankara Unv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 40:173–186. Balasch, J., L. Palacios, S. Musquera, J. Palomeque, M. Jimenez, and M. Alemany. 1973. Comparative hematological values of several galliformes. Poult. Sci. 52:1531–1534. Bell, D. J., and B. M. Freeman. 1971. Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl. Academic Press, New York, NY. C ¸ etin, M., and P. Tuncel. 1995. Effects of population density on biochemical blood parameters of broiler chicks. Tu¨rk J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 19:369–373. Davis, J. E., and J. W. Lewis. 1980. Principles of Instrumentation. Gradwohl’s Clin. Lab. Methods and Diagnosis. The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, Toronto, London. Eris¸ir, M., and Z. Eris¸ir. 2002. Changes in some biochemical blood parameters of quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with increasing stocking density. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 26:491–496. Fillion, L. G., P. G. Willson, H. Bielefeldt-Ohmann, L. A. Babuik, and R. G. Thomson. 1984. The possible role of stress in the induction of pneumonic pasteurellosis. Can. J. Comp. Med. 48:268–274. Gornall, A. C., C. L. Bardavil, and M. M. David. 1949. Determination of Serum Protein by Means of The Biu¨ret Reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 177:751–756.
Koc¸ak, C ¸ . 1985. Bıldırcın Uretimi. Eg˘e Zootekni Dem. Yay. 1, Bilgehan Basımevi, Bornova, I˙zmir. Minitab. 1990. Minitab Reference Manuel (release 9.1). Minitab Inc. State College, PA. Meluzzi, A., G. Primiceri, R. Giordani, and G. Fabris. 1993. Determination of blood constituents reference values in broilers. Poult. Sci. 71:337–345. Meredov, I. 1999. Normal ve Sıcak C ¸ evrede Barındırılan Damızlık Bıldırcınlarda Rasyon Protein ve Total Ku¨ku¨rtlu¨ Amino Asit Seviyesinin Performans, Yumurta ve Kemik Karakterleri ve ¨ . Fen. Bil. Enst. Doktora Kuluc¸ka C ¸ ıkıs¸ Kabiliyetine Etkisi. S. U Tezi, Konya. Ozek, K., O. Yazgan, and Y. Bahtiyarca. 2002. Effects of protein and energy levels in the diet and sex on several blood parameters of chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar). Tavukc¸uluk Aras¸tırma Dergisi, 6. 4:39–45. Peyenet, J., and J. C. Pouillot. 1972. Etude critique d’une dosage du phosphore sans deproteinsation. Page 57 in Organisation des laboratoires. Biologie prospective, L’ Expansion Scientifique Francaise, Paris, France. Ray Sarckar, B. C., and U. P. S. Chauhan. 1967. A new method for determining micro quantities of calcium in biological materials. Anal. Biol. 20:155–166. Rico, A. G., J. P. Braun, P. Benard, and V. Burgat-Sacaze. 1977. Biometrie, hematologie, biochimie plasmatique, enzymologie plasmatique et tissulaire de la perdix rouge (Alectoris rufa). Annales de Recherche Veterinaire 8:251–256. Rodriguez, P., F. S. Tortosa, J. Millan, and C. Gortazar. 2004. Plasma chemistry reference values from captive red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa). Br. Poult. Sci. 45:565–567. Roeschlau, P., E. Bernt, and W. Gruber. 1974. Enzymatic determination of total cholesterol in serum. Z. Klin. Chem. Klin. Biochem. 12:226. Trinder, P. 1969. Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 6:24–27. Tufft, L. S., and C. F. Nockles. 1991. The effects of stress, Escherichia coli, dietary EDTA, and their interaction on tissue trace elements in chicks. Poult. Sci. 70:2439–2449. Woodard, A. E., P. Vohra, and B. Mayeda. 1983. Blood parameters of one-year-old and seven-year-old partridges (Alectoris chukar). Poult. Sci. 62:2492–2496.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Chung Hsing University Library on April 10, 2014
Total protein (mg/dL) Total cholesterol (mg/dL) Triglycerides (mg/dL) Urea (mg/dL) Glucose (mg/dL) Ca (mg/dL) P (mg/dL) ALP (mg/dL) Na (mEq/L) Cl (mEq/L) K (mEq/L) AST (U/L) ALT (U/L)
P-value
Key words: rock partridge, breeding method, stocking density, blood parameter 2007 Poultry Science 86:420–422
is very important among the research that supports clinical findings. Biochemical analysis is used to support a diagnosis, to determine a cure for the disease, or to control the applied cure, to evaluate, and to interpret the results of the research (Ozek et al., 2002). Various studies aiming to increase productivity in partridge breeding, which is becoming more prevalent in Turkey, need to be conducted. Because there is less information available about partridges when compared with other winged animals, studies in partridges will contribute to the development of intensive partridge breeding. The purpose of this study was to determine reference values of some biochemical blood parameters of partridges bred in cage and ground systems. Also, because optimum stocking density in poultry is still subject to discussion, determination of the effects of stocking density on biochemical blood parameters of quails was the objective.
INTRODUCTION Environmental conditions such as care, feeding, and sheltering provided for animals should be taken into consideration to take full advantage of genetic capacities of animals. The structure of cage, ventilation, illumination, heat, and moisture, as well as breeding method and stocking density, are important sheltering conditions for poultry. Placing too many animals in unit area increases stress and disease risk, which results in growth reduction and degradation in meat quality; on the other hand, placing fewer animals than the optimum number causes economic losses (Koc¸ak, 1985). For this reason, optimum stocking density that will not cause low efficiency and will provide economic benefit should be determined (Eris¸ir and Eris¸ir, 2002). Biochemistry has been used for diagnosis and treatment of diseases for a long time. Biochemical analysis of blood
MATERIALS AND METHODS The rock partridge chicks that were used in the study were kept in 4-storey incubators in wk 0 to 4, and then they were kept in 4 × 5 m2 rooms and in 3-storey cages (with storey dimensions of 1 × 1 m2) built especially for
2007 Poultry Science Association Inc. Received August 3, 2006. Accepted September 16, 2006. 1 Corresponding author: [email protected]
420
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Chung Hsing University Library on April 10, 2014
found to have no significant effect on blood AST and ALT levels (P > 0.05). Stocking density of rock partridges was also found to affect significantly the levels of blood total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, ALP, sodium, chlorine, and potassium (P < 0.05), whereas it did not have a significant effect on blood AST and ALT levels (P > 0.05). When the breeding method of the partridges was changed from the ground to the cages and the stocking density was increased, it was observed that the levels of blood total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, glucose, sodium, and chlorine increased, whereas total protein, calcium, phosphorus, ALP, and potassium levels decreased. It was understood that the reactions of partridges toward breeding systems and stocking density were different and passing from ground system to cage system, and the increase in stocking density caused significant changes in blood parameters.
ABSTRACT In this study, the effects of breeding systems and stocking density on some blood parameters of rock partridges [total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), sodium, chlorine, potassium, aspartate amino transferase (AST), and alanine amino transferase (ALT)] were investigated. For this purpose, blood samples of 18-wk-old male rock partridges, which were bred on the ground and in cages with 3 different stocking densities (group I: 15 partridges/m2; group II: 20 partridges/m2; and group III: 25 partridges/m2) were examined. Breeding method of rock partridges was found to have significant effects on blood total protein, (P < 0.05), total cholesterol (P < 0.05), triglyceride (P < 0.01), urea (P < 0.01), glucose (P < 0.05), calcium (P < 0.05), phosphorus (P < 0.01), ALP (P < 0.05), sodium (P < 0.01), chlorine (P < 0.05), and potassium (P < 0.01) levels, whereas it was
RESEARCH NOTE
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effects of breeding method and stocking density on some blood parameters are shown in Table 1. As seen in Table 1, statistically significant differences were found between breeding methods and different stocking densities regarding blood parameter values. Breeding method of the rock partridges was found to have significant effect on the levels of blood total protein, (P < 0.05), total cholesterol (P < 0.05), triglyceride (P < 0.01), urea (P < 0.01), glucose (P < 0.05), calcium (P < 0.05), phosphorus (P < 0.01), ALP (P < 0.05), sodium (P < 0.01), chlorine (P < 0.05), and potassium (P < 0.01), whereas it was found to have no significant effect on blood AST and ALT levels (P > 0.05).
Stocking density of rock partridges was also found to affect significantly the levels of blood total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, ALP, sodium, chlorine, and potassium (P < 0.05), but it did not affect blood AST and ALT levels significantly (P > 0.05). When the effects of breeding method and stocking density were taken into consideration, the results of the present study were in agreement with the reports of previous studies (Balasch et al., 1973; Rico et al., 1977; Woodard et al., 1983; C ¸ etin and Tuncel, 1995; Eris¸ir and Eris¸ir, 2002; Ozek, 2002; Rodriguez et al., 2004). When a comparison was made without considering the effects of the procedures applied here, the levels of blood parameter determined in this study were similar to the previous reports (Bell and Freeman, 1971; Balasch et al., 1973). Blood glucose levels in partridges, as stated by Woodard et al. (1983) and Balasch et al. (1973), are higher than glucose levels of other poultry mentioned in some sources such as chicken (Altıntas¸ and Fidancı, 1993), Japanese quail (Meredov, 1999), and broilers (Meluzzi et al., 1993). The blood glucose levels of partridges comply with those of pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), peacock (Pavo cristatus), and guinea chicken (Numida meleagris) and are higher than domestic poultry (Balasch et al., 1973). As bait consumption decreases by the increased stocking density, the production and intake of purines derived from glutamic acid and glycine could be lessened, which may reduce the amount of uric acid. Problems during purine synthesis may cause immune deficiencies and increase sensitivity toward diseases. The relation between stress and diseases is well known (Tufft and Nockles, 1991); besides it was shown in some studies that some stress factors weaken the immune system of animals, their lymphatic tissues and organs are regressed (Tufft and Nockles, 1991), and as a result they become sensitive toward pathogens (Fillion et al., 1984; Tufft and Nockles, 1991). It was observed that stocking density affected blood parameters, and this effect was significant between the parameters of ground and cage systems. Stocking density can cause stress in partridges, which may be responsible for the significant differences in blood parameters. Likewise, significant changes were observed in cage system, which causes more stress when compared with the ground system. Significant increases in blood glucose level, which is the best biochemical indicator of stress, were observed in cage system in parallel with the increase in stocking density when compared with the ground system. The value of uric acid, which decreases owing to the decrease in unit area per animal, may be used as an important indicator in determining the frequency of optimum placing area. Purines in diet might decrease because of the decrease in feed consumption caused by the stocking density, and consequently less production of purines, which derive from feed in the diet, may occur, and the level of uric acid may therefore decrease. The metabolic condition of an individual or a group in any time can be evaluated by comparing with its biochemical reference values at normal conditions. For this reason,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Chung Hsing University Library on April 10, 2014
partridge chicks in wk 5 to 16. The stocking density on the ground was 750 cm2/partridge; the stocking densities in cages were 400, 500, and 600 cm2/partridge, respectively; and the trial was repeated 3 times. Each group had 4 subgroups. The chukar chicks were fed on starter diets from hatch to 4 wk of age, and they were fed growing diets from 5 to 16 wk of age. The CP level of initial rations was 24%, ME level was 2,800 kcal/kg; CP level of growing rations was 22%, ME level was 3,000 kcal/kg. In the study, feeding was made ad libitum, and the environment was continuously illuminated. Ten partridges from each cage with different stocking densities were slaughtered and their blood was taken to investigate blood parameters. Blood samples were taken by cutting the neck veins of partridges and spilling their blood into previously labeled sterile tubes. Serum was separated by centrifugation at 3,000 × g for 10 min and stored at −20°C until the time of analysis. The biochemical value analysis of the serum was measured by using Technicon DAX 72 autoanalyser at the Fırat Medical Center Biochemical Labs, University of Fırat, Turkey. The following methods were used to measure blood parameters: Biu¨ret method for total protein according to Gornall et al. (1949); colorimetric enzymatic method for triglyceride [glycerol-3-phosphate-oxidase paraamino phenazone (Trinder, 1969)]; colorimetric enzymatic method for cholesterol [cholesterol-oxidize paraminophenazone (Roeschlau et al., 1974)]; uricase method for uric acid (Trinder, 1969); glucoseoxidase method for glucose (Trinder, 1969); O-cresolphtalein method for calcium (Ray Sarckar and Chauhan, 1967); molybdenum method for phosphorus (Peyenet and Pouillot, 1972); and colorimetric method for ALP, Na, and K (Jenway Flame Fotometerde, Corning Medical Manuel) and Cl (Davis and Lewis, 1980). Effects of breeding with ground method and stocking density on blood parameters were determined by multifactorial variance analysis in SSPS 11.0 version package program (Minitab, 1990). When the F-values were significant, Duncan’s multiple range test was performed. Results were considered as significant when P-values were less than 0.05.
421
¨ ZBEY AND ESEN O
422
Table 1. The values of some blood parameters obtained in different breeding methods and different stocking densities1 Cage Parameter
Ground
Group I
Group II
Group III
SD
Ground × cage
4.43 182.54 71.45 2.96 299.57 9.53 6.38 342.27 154.59 114.53 9.54 137.19 15.68
4.37 188.21 82.10 3.12 304.12 9.48 6.07 341.23 169.42 115.54 9.06 137.78 15.72
4.25 197.78 94.31 3.32 318.42 9.17 5.34 313.24 174.65 119.31 8.47 138.21 15.99
4.11 212.91 102.34 3.54 343.65 8.73 4.87 308.45 188.47 123.91 7.43 139.12 16.04
* * * * * * * * * * * — —
* * ** ** * * ** * ** * ** — —
1 AST = Aspartate amino transferase; ALT = alanine amino transferase; ALP = alkaline phosphatase; SD = stocking density. Ground: 750 cm2/partridge; Group I: 600 cm2/partridge; Group II: 500 cm2/partridge; Group III: 400 cm2/partridge. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; —P > 0.05.
the biochemical reference values of rock partridges should be determined. To determine these values, the effects of various factors on their blood parameters should be investigated. The number of studies on this subject is very limited; also, research on partridge breeding in Turkey is very new, which makes this study more important because it is going to be a reference for production and future studies. It was understood that the reaction of partridges to breeding systems and stocking density was metabolically different. It was concluded that passing from ground system to cage system, and the increase in stocking density caused stress in animals, which resulted in significant changes in blood parameters.
REFERENCES Altıntas¸, A., and U. R. Fidancı. 1993. Evcil Hayvanlarda ve I˙nsanda Kanın Biyokimyasal Normal Degˇerleri. Ankara Unv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 40:173–186. Balasch, J., L. Palacios, S. Musquera, J. Palomeque, M. Jimenez, and M. Alemany. 1973. Comparative hematological values of several galliformes. Poult. Sci. 52:1531–1534. Bell, D. J., and B. M. Freeman. 1971. Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl. Academic Press, New York, NY. C ¸ etin, M., and P. Tuncel. 1995. Effects of population density on biochemical blood parameters of broiler chicks. Tu¨rk J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 19:369–373. Davis, J. E., and J. W. Lewis. 1980. Principles of Instrumentation. Gradwohl’s Clin. Lab. Methods and Diagnosis. The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, Toronto, London. Eris¸ir, M., and Z. Eris¸ir. 2002. Changes in some biochemical blood parameters of quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with increasing stocking density. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 26:491–496. Fillion, L. G., P. G. Willson, H. Bielefeldt-Ohmann, L. A. Babuik, and R. G. Thomson. 1984. The possible role of stress in the induction of pneumonic pasteurellosis. Can. J. Comp. Med. 48:268–274. Gornall, A. C., C. L. Bardavil, and M. M. David. 1949. Determination of Serum Protein by Means of The Biu¨ret Reaction. J. Biol. Chem. 177:751–756.
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Total protein (mg/dL) Total cholesterol (mg/dL) Triglycerides (mg/dL) Urea (mg/dL) Glucose (mg/dL) Ca (mg/dL) P (mg/dL) ALP (mg/dL) Na (mEq/L) Cl (mEq/L) K (mEq/L) AST (U/L) ALT (U/L)
P-value