Brazilian cold chain panorama

Accepted Manuscript

Brazilian cold chain panorama Cirilo Seppi Bresolin , Paulo Smith Schneider , Rogerio Rego , ´ Enio Pedone Bandarra Filho PII: DOI: Reference:

S0140-7007(18)30108-7 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.04.002 JIJR 3942

To appear in:

International Journal of Refrigeration

Received date: Revised date: Accepted date:

18 June 2017 16 March 2018 2 April 2018

Please cite this article as: Cirilo Seppi Bresolin , Paulo Smith Schneider , Rogerio Rego , ´ Enio Pedone Bandarra Filho , Brazilian cold chain panorama, International Journal of Refrigeration (2018), doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.04.002

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT BRAZILIAN COLD CHAIN PANORAMA Cirilo Seppi Bresolin1, Paulo Smith Schneider1, Rogério Rego1, Enio Pedone Bandarra Filho2 1

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica

2

CR IP T

Porto Alegre, RS – Brazil

Universidade Federal de Uberlândia

Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Uberlândia, MG, Brazil

AN US

ABSTRACT

This paper presents an overview of relevant aspects concerning the Brazilian cold chain, such as its infrastructure, energy sources and expenditures, legislation and technology. Some

M

refrigerated products with nationwide relevance were selected to assess the cold chain. Their production and consumption is presented based on available data from the Brazilian Institute

ED

of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). An overview of the cold chain infrastructure is presented and described, followed by the estimation of its required storage capacity and the associated refrigerated fleet size. Energy consumption and system efficiency are assessed for

PT

livestock products based on both the Final and Useful Energy, based on the Brazilian Useful Energy Balance. An overview of the country legislation and government ordinances are

CE

presented, followed by R&D actions and industrial structure. Data assessment shows an expanding of the volumetric capacity, from 5.7 Mm3 in 2010 to 16 .0 Mm3 in 2014, but still

AC

below the required capacity of 54.6 Mm3, calculated in this paper. The 38.5 Mm3 deficit is an opportunity for new industrial investment followed by an effort in quality improvement of the installed infrastructure. Refrigerated vehicle fleet is estimated to be around 7500 vehicles for internal distribution, with a 43% share for long-haul trunks and 57% for short-haul trunks. Electricity drives the cold chain, with 24.5 TJ in 2014. The energy efficiency index indicates an improvement on the cold chain quality due to replacement of old refrigerated systems by new ones. An overview of the Brazilian legislation, composed by a set of laws and

Corresponding author: [email protected]

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT ordinances, shows a relation between different actors, as regulation agencies, heath ministry, industrial and civil sectors, regarding different aspects of the cold chain. Legislation in some cases extends from international restrictions, which can be more rigorous in some cases than the national one.

CR IP T

Keywords: Brazilian cold chain; cold chain energy; cold chain logistics; cold chain efficiency

NOMENCLATURE

Trunk weight (t)

Cs

Food consumption (tonne/month or tonne/year)

D

Vehicle availability (hours)

Df

Density factor (m3/t)

ECi

Reference specific energy consumption for refrigeration (MJ/t)

EEIe

Energy Efficiency Index

F

Refrigerated fleet size (number of vehicles)

FEe,k

Final energy consumption (MJ/year)

mii

Mass of a refrigerated product (t)

Pd

Food production (tonne/year)

Pr

Productivity of a given route (trips/month)

RDCe,k

Refrigeration destination coefficient

RUEe

Refrigeration Useful Energy (MJ/year)

T

Vehicle time cycle (hour)

M

ED

PT

AC

Tr

CE

Tl

AN US

C

Loading time (hour) Turnover rate (1/month or 1/year)

Tt

Trip time (hour)

Tu

Unloading time (hour)

Vlong-s

Annual long-term storage capacity for seasonal agricultural products (m3/year)

Vlong-c

Annual long-term storage capacity for livestock production (m3/year)

Vshort

Monthly short-term capacity (m3/month)

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT greek symbol

j,k

Network efficiency

e

economy sector

i

product

k

energy source

Abbreviations

CR IP T

subindex

Brazilian Association of Refrigerated Storage Industry

ABNT

Brazilian Technical Standards Association

ANVISA

Brazilian National Sanitary Surveillance Agency

ASHRAE

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

CNT

Brazilian National Confederation of Transport

DIPOA

Brazilian Department of Inspection for Animal Origin Products

EMBRAPA

Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation

IBGE

Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics

INMETRO

Brazilian National Institute of Metrology

MAPA

Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Provision

MME

Brazilian Mine and Energy Ministry

NCCD

National Center of Cold Chain Development

OMS

Brazilian ordinances

PROCEL

Brazilian National Program for Electric Energy Conservation

RDC

Brazilian resolutions

UK

M

PT

ED

AC

UEB

CE

SIF

AN US

ABIAF

Brazilian Federal Inspection Service Brazilian Useful Energy Balance United Kingdom

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1. INTRODUCTION

Brazil is known worldwide as a producer of agriculture goods. According to AgroBrasil (2016), 43.8 million tonnes of fruits were harvested and 24 million tonnes of meat were processed in 2016. An increasing and sustained growth is foreseen for the next years, placing the country as the world´s 3rd biggest fruit producer. Despite that position, Brazil is among the 10th greatest agricultural food wasters worldwide, due to transport and distribution

CR IP T

activities. Brazil is the second largest world poultry producer, behind USA, and has the same production level of China, but is the greatest exporter (ABPA, 2015). Also, Brazil is the greatest bovine meat exporter, despite not be the greatest producer, production is in the same level of EUA and Australia, the greatest world producers.

AN US

Harvesting and slaughter interrupt vital processes and triggers deterioration. Neves and Silveira (2010) stated that storage time, temperature, relative humidity and air ventilation lead to food chemical modifications. Among then, temperature control is a key parameter and acts towards the maintenance of food edible characteristics, assuring quality along the supply

M

chain.

ED

Cold chain includes food harvest or slaughter, pre-cooling, processing, transport, storage, distribution, retail and domestic refrigeration, assuring food quality and security (GCCA,

PT

2016).

The Brazilian cold chain experienced a recent strong development due to population growth,

which

CE

social and labor market changes, with an increasing demand of frozen and ready to eat foods, helped

its

consolidation.

Brazilian

agriculture

and

livestock

went

to

AC

internationalization, with an impressive amount of bovine, poultry and porcine meat transport to foreign markets. Although well consolidated for animal and derived products, the Brazilian cold chain was not as structured for fruits and vegetables (Foscaches et al., 2012) with 97% of fruit sold in the internal market. Food loses are a source of waste with energy impacts in the supply chain, demonstrating the need for better cold chain practice (Tanabe and Cortez, 1998). Only 4 over 10 tonnes of food from agricultural sources reach people´s table, accounting for 39 thousand tonnes of wasted food daily (EcoDesenvolvimento, 2013).

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Refrigeration systems demand a substantial energy share of the complete cold chain, especially when fully dedicated cold storage facilities are concerned. Furlan and Marques (2007) reported a 75% expenditure on refrigeration of the monthly energy bill for this kind of infrastructure and highlighted that the overall cold chain efficiency can indicate how well the refrigeration process is performing.

This paper aims to study the Brazilian cold chain for perishable agricultural and livestock

CR IP T

foods. Energy efficiency and demand for refrigerated products is presented, followed by the assessment of bottlenecks in the cold chain, cold storage deficit, as well as the codes for food safety. Research and development of refrigeration in the main research centers and universities are updated.

AN US

2. BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURAL AND LIVESTOCK COLD-CHAIN

The Brazilian cold chain displays similar characteristics in respect to other countries, starting in the rural area, where fresh raw food is harvested or slaughtered. Depending on the food

M

characteristics, it can go directly to long-term storage or to processing facilities, where it is boned or cleaned before storage. In the latter case, the processing facility is built together

ED

with the long-term storage. The long-term storage facility is a warehouse composed by single or multi-temperature rooms, where the food can be stored for weeks or months. To arrive in the consumer centers, it is transported mainly by road on long haul trucks from the long term

PT

to short term cooled warehouses. In the short-term warehouses, the food stays for days, before distribution to retail. Distribution transport is characterized by multi-drop trips and

CE

short-haul trucks. In retail, food is sold in refrigerated displays. The food chain ends in the home refrigerator or freezer before being prepared and consumed. Figure 1 displays the main

AC

characteristics of the Brazilian cold chain. Figure 1 – Brazilian cold chain structure

A group of refrigerated products was selected to assess the cold chain, identified as consumed nationwide, which avoids regional particularities, and their items are part of a more reliable cold chain infrastructure, with reliable data about production and consumption. Data concerning food production are presented in tables 1 to 3, whereas their consumption is

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT displayed in tables 3 to 6. Products were classified according to three storage temperature levels (ASHRAE, 2010) as frozen (≤-18 oC), chilled (0 oC to 10 oC) and mild chilled (10 oC a 20 oC). Table 1 - Annual production of frozen (≤-18 oC) products per geographical region

CR IP T

(103 tonne/year), based on 2015 data (IBGE, 2016).

Table 2 - Annual production of chilled (0 oC to 10 oC) products per geographic region (103 tonne/year), based on 2006 data (IBGE, 2016).

AN US

Table 3 - Annual production of mild chilled (10 oC to 20 oC) products per geographic region (103 tonne/year), based on 2006 data (IBGE, 2016).

The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, IBGE, diffuses data through its digital

M

platform SIDRA (IBGE, 2016). Although accessed in 2016, information came from separate documents and initiatives, like data for fruits and vegetables (2006), Family Budget (2008)

ED

and animal protein (2015). The southern region is the biggest producer of poultry and frozen food by extension. The southeast region is responsible for about 70% of all chilled food

PT

production, composed of vegetables. Finally, the northeast region appears as the production leader for fruit. Annual production data was used further in this text to estimate long-term

CE

storage capacity.

Annual consumption is summarized in tables 4 to 6, and represents the acquired food mainly

AC

in urban centers on a monthly basis. Data were classified in respect to the same five Brazilian geographic regions, and were as well used to estimate the size of refrigerated vehicles fleet and short-term storage.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 4- Monthly frozen (≤-18 oC) food acquisition (103 tonne/month) per geographic region. (IBGE, 2010) Table 5- Monthly chilled (0 oC to 10 oC) food acquisition (tonne/month) per geographic region. (IBGE, 2010) Table 6 - Monthly mild chilled (10 oC a 20 oC) food acquisition (103 tonne/month) per

CR IP T

geographic region. (IBGE, 2010)

Food acquisition was calculated as the product of the most consumed food products sensitive to temperature variations by the regional per capita consumption, and grouped according to three temperature ranges. All data were collected from the Research Report for Familiar

AN US

Budget (IBGE, 2010)

Southeast region appears as the biggest consumer of all kind of food, as it displays the highest population density and welfare. Imbalance between production and consumption regions leads to transportation issues, as products demand long distance transport in order to

M

connect these regions, mainly through land roadways. Some of these products, in particular from animal origin, are exported, and logistic includes trains and ports. Long-term storage

ED

allows for market regulating of agricultural seasonal products. In another hand, animal products are year round continuously produced, demanding less long-term storage. Although

PT

outdated, the report is the latest available source at the time the present paper was submitted.

CE

The historical production of animal refrigerated products is presented on Fig. 2.

AC

Figure 2– Brazilian annual animal food production from 2006 to 2014 in 106 tonne per year (IBGE, 2016)

All animal derived goods presented a steady overall growth along the period, driven by the economic scenario. These data were on the base of the assessment of the cold chain energy consumption and efficiency. Data sources for both agriculture and livestock goods are not uniform, as small production products display scarce information, unlike mass consumption goods.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3. BRAZILIAN COLD CHAIN INFRASTRUCTURE 3.1. Overview Brazilian refrigerating storage capacity for 2010 was around 5.71 million m3, with 95.05% dedicated to rental (GCCA, 2016). After five years, it reached 16.05 million m3 in large facilities, built under high verticalization, with pallet structures, fork-lift and multitemperature storage rooms, enabling cooling, refrigeration, acclimatization and drying

CR IP T

operations. According to the Brazilian Association of Refrigerating Storage Industry (ABIAF, 2011), that network has been developed ahead of the national legislation. This behavior allowed agricultural and livestock products to access more rigorous foreign markets, in opposition to the internal distribution. The impressive amount of food exported to

AN US

countries with different and more stringent legislation helped to raise internal standards.

The National Center of Cold Chain Development (NCCD, 2015) defined the fundamental structures for food supply, called long-term storage, short-term storage and refrigerated transport, to prevent breaks within the cold chain. Long-term storage is characterized by bulk volumes for long time storage periods, meant to smooth lean production periods, usually

M

placed nearby production areas. Short-term storage is conceived to fast handling of products, and facilities are built near retail centers, acting as distribution hubs, avoiding the break of the

ED

cold chain. Short-term storage periods for biological products range from 1 to 6 weeks.

PT

The placement of Brazil with respect to other countries is presented in Table 7.

CE

Table 7 - Annual refrigerated volumetric capacity (106 m³), volume to inhabitant ratio

AC

(m³/inh) and annual grow rate (%) for selected countries (GCCA, 2016)

Besides the huge difference in capacity among these countries, it is worth noticing that Brazil displayed the highest growing tendency, with a 29.5% annual rate, from 2010 to 2014. Although impressive, it is still observed a deficit in the refrigeration capacity. The refrigerated capacity to population ratio for developed countries is around 0.30, and hence according to this the Brazilian installed capacity should be of 60.12 x 106 m3, based on the national population of about 200.4 million inhabitants.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3.2. Agricultural and livestock losses

Agricultural and livestock food losses are defined as the amount that does not reach human consumption (Fehr and Romão, 2001). Losses along the cold chain can be in respect to quantity, measured in tonnes of product, and quality, reflected by the reduction in the product original proprieties (Tanabe and Cortez , 1998). Both account for the amount of product that does not arrive to the final consumer, usually identified as waste. Although there is a lack of

CR IP T

data regarding losses in general, estimates of waste occurrence are at 10% for fruits and vegetables at harvest, 50% during handling and transportation, 30% in distribution centers and 10% in markets (Soares, 2010).

Temperature control along the cold chain is the main reported reason to explain losses.

AN US

Foscaches et al. (2012) assessed fruit and vegetable packaging, storage and transport for eight cities in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. That survey was done in location through direct interview with 215 retailers and sellers. The study found that more than 75% of fruit and vegetable transport was performed in open trucks or covered by canvas, causing waste and

M

contamination. Refrigeration was only reported for long distance transport on hot days for some chosen goods. Food storage displayed the same situation, as only a few retailers and

ED

sellers invested in refrigerated facilities, using the solution of high turnover rates to avoid spoliage, as storage losses were found to be 4% to 8%. Cerqueira-Pereira (2009) studied mechanical and biological injuries for papaya submitted to two package and transportation

PT

systems. One was based on cardboard boxes onboard of refrigerated transport, and the other with wood or plastic boxes on open or covered trucks. Fruits were better preserved by the

CE

first system, with less waste and better taste when consumed. It was pointed out that the

AC

refrigerated transport systems are mainly used for external market trading.

3.3. Required storage capacity

The present study adopted the NCCD (2015) methodology to estimate the actual cold chain long and short-term storage and transport capacity, in respect to regional population, grouped according to three temperature ranges. Long-term storage capacity was differentiated between two categories: seasonal and constant products.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Annual long-term storage capacity for seasonal agricultural products Vlong-s (m3/year) was estimated by Eq. (1). (

)

(1)

with Pd the annual production (tonne/year), Cs the monthly urban consumption (tonne/month), and Df the density factor (m3/tonne). Pd is taken from tables 1 to 3, Cs from

CR IP T

tables 4 to 6, and Df was assumed to be 3.4 m3/t (NCCD, 2015).

Annual long-term storage capacity for livestock production Vlong-c (m3/year) can be assumed as practically constant all year around, as animal production is self-equilibrate with

AN US

consumption and exports, and expressed by Eq. (2).

(2)

Pd is the annual animal production and taken from Table (1), Df was assumed to be the same

M

from seasonal long-term storage (3.4 m3/t), and Tr is the turnover rate (1/year). Foscaches et al. (2012) suggested an annual Tr of 24/year for frozen animal products, based on a

ED

fortnightly period.

(3)

CE

PT

The monthly short-term capacity Vshort (m3/month) was calculated by Eq. (3)

which is similar to Eq. (2), with Cs the monthly urban consumption from tables 4 to 6

AC

(tonne/month), the same density factor Df (m3/tonne), and Tr the turnover rate (1/month). Foscaches et al. (2012) stated that short-storage time may vary according to product, season and refrigeration infrastructure, and their turnover rates may range from 2.36 days to 6.24 days, depending on how perishable the fruit or vegetable is in a non-refrigerated scenario. For a refrigerated scenario, those turnover rates can be of 7 days for fruits and vegetables, or 4.39/month. That number may vary depending on selling time, regional consumption, and distribution frequency. Storage time was chosen here in a conservative way, towards a larger total cooling volume, and the result varies linearly with this parameter.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Some seasonal products have a different treatment due to their production particularities. Potato is harvested three times a year, and its refrigerated capacity was taken as a third of the total production. Brazil is the world's largest producer of oranges, with 70% of this representing 85% of global juice consumption (Dos Santos, et al., 2013). Orange long-term storage capacity was calculated for the complementary 30% of production. Table 8 organizes the cold chain refrigerated storage capacity by region, estimated by the methodology

CR IP T

previously presented. Table 8 – Calculated required short and long-term refrigerated storage capacity (103 m3) per Brazilian geographic region.

AN US

Calculated required capacity was expressed in volume per region and assumes different sizes of facilities. Long-term storage foreshadows regional production volumes whereas short-term storage follows monthly consumption fluctuation. Brazil’s current total installed capacity of 16 x 103 m3, is equivalent to 29.4% of that estimated to be required with an actual deficit of 38,542 x 103 m3. Mello et al. (2011) stated that the deficit was partially a result of fruits and

M

vegetables not completely integrate the cold chain with the authors highlighting the potential

ED

opportunity for capacity growth, mainly with banana, pineapple and orange storage.

Required long-term storage capacity is mainly due to livestock production, to be stored for at

PT

least a year long. Storage capacity per inhabitant was estimated in the present work to be

CE

0.27m3/inh, close to the one for developed countries.

3.4. Required number of vehicles

AC

Agricultural and livestock perishable products must be transported under controlled temperature along a complex chain connecting processing units, refrigerated storage facilities, distribution and retail centers. The transport interfaces (load and unload) represent the highest risk in breaking the cold chain, due to temperature variation induced by door handling (Silva, 2010). Novaes (2007) defined refrigerated transport as either a full truck load or a less that a truck. The former occurs during large-scale refrigerated facilities supply, when trucks are fully loaded and unloaded only once. The latter is related to retail center

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT supply, when trucks are partially unloaded at each stop, and requires careful temperature control.

Road transport handles 61.8% of goods transport, followed by 19.5% by railway, 13.8% on river or maritime transport and 4.9%, by plane (CNT, 2017). Unfortunately specification of the refrigerated cargo share for each mode was not provided, but stated that road transport is preferable for perishable products as it consists of a long time established infrastructure.

CR IP T

Railway refrigerated transport is mainly dedicated for livestock exporting, connecting producers to maritime ports (Marino, 2010). Air transport share is quite small, but recently some terminals are investing in refrigerated warehouses, like the Viracopos airport (Campinas), with 21,000 m3, suggesting the market viability (Tecnologística Online, 2014). Ships and boats are rarely employed for the internal market, with data also being scarce, but

AN US

they are still used for exportation.

Fleet size can be determined by three different approaches: (i) as a route problem (Novaes et al., 2015); (ii) as a mathematical problem independent of routing or vehicles scheduling; (iii)

M

based on the vehicle time cycle (Stringher, 2004).

ED

The methodology based on the vehicle time cycle was chosen due to its simplicity. Urban demand for refrigerated products was the starting point to estimate the required number of refrigerated vehicles to support the cold chain, based on three estimations: the vehicle time

PT

cycle itself and the route productivity, leading to the fleet size. Vehicle time cycle T was

(4)

AC

CE

estimated by the loading and unloading period of a single vehicle, given by

where Tl is the loading time, Tt is the trip time (accounted twice to cover both ways travel, if equal), and Tu is the unloading time. Trip time Tt was estimated by Eq. (5):

̅

(5)

with RD the route distance (km), calculated as the distance between the rural and urban areas for each region, estimated as the mean radius of the circle centered on a rural area that

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT reaches the nearest urban area, and ̅ the average speed of 60 km/h. The productivity of a given route Pr is the number of monthly trips, evaluated by

(6)

where D is the availability in hours of one vehicle, assumed 8h per day or 240h per month.

CR IP T

Table 9 presents the values calculated by those equations that allowed estimating the transport fleet per region.

Table 9 – Main parameters for the estimation of refrigerated fleet size per region.

AN US

The size of the refrigerated fleet F, in number of vehicles, can be estimated by

(7)

where Cs is taken from tables 4 to 6 and C is the trunk weight. Refrigerated food must be

M

transported throughout long distances, from rural areas to distribution and supply centers, and retail stores in urban centers. Long-distance transportation was assumed to be performed by

ED

29 tonne capacity vehicles (long-haul), and supply centers to retail stores transportation by 16 tonne capacity vehicles (short-haul). Table 10 presents the estimated number of refrigerated

PT

vehicles F from Eq. (7).

CE

Table 10 – Estimated number of refrigerated vehicles per geographic region.

AC

The total number of refrigerated vehicles F for internal distribution of perishable foods was estimated to be 7459, with 3202 long-haul trucks (43%) and 4257 short-haul trucks (57%)

That estimation does not include transportation by refrigerated containers, or export through ports. Based on these restrictions, internal distribution fleet size may be updated, but requires further investigation.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 4. ENERGY Energy is a key factor for supporting cold chain infrastructure growth. It is worth noting that facilities fully dedicated to food freezing allocate about 75% of their energy bill solely on cold generation (Furlan and Marques, 2007). Energy consumption was addressed by EstradaFlores and Platt (2007) in a detailed way for the Australian cold chain, by identifying energy consumption along food chain links and steps, from farm gate to household refrigerator. Such

CR IP T

methodology isn't easily transposed to the Brazilian cold chain due to the lack of available data. An Alternative option is presented here, which was based on governmental data about energy use for refrigeration in the food sector, which is a less detailed assessment.

The energy consumption for refrigerated transport was not addressed, but one can infer that a

AN US

great amount of refrigerated food is moved through roads, by data from fleet size. Tassou et al., (2009) studied transport refrigeration in the UK, analyzing technologies and energy consumption, as well as alternatives to reduce greenhouse gases emission. With a much warmer climate, the Brazilian scenario can potentially offer a great deal of opportunities for reduction of greenhouse emissions and energy savings. Marquez et al. (2010) presented an

M

assessment methodology for greenhouse gas emission by food transport in Victoria, Australia. Their methodology is based on detailed parameters and an important amount of

ED

data, with geographical location of stores, producers and transport routes. Once more, a major difficulty for assessing Brazilian cold chain aspects is the lack of available data, and for

CE

methodology.

PT

refrigerated transportation it is no different, which makes it difficult to apply such a

4.1. Final and Useful Energy

AC

The Brazilian Useful Energy Balance UEB (MME, 2005) identifies the energy consumption profile of economy sectors as industry, food, transport, residential, public services and energy generation. Seven final uses were classified: motor power, process heat, direct heat, refrigeration, lighting and electrochemical. The same document proposed an energy assessment of the cold chain based on the Refrigeration Useful Energy RUEe (MJ), on annual basis and per economy sector e, as follows:

(8)

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

where RDCe,k is the refrigeration destination coefficient, e,k is the network efficiency supplied by an energy source k (electricity, natural gas, wood, fuel oil, coal), and FEe,k is the final energy consumption (MJ). Table 11 presents the energy sources employed to produce cold with their respective destination coefficients and efficiencies, regarding the food sector. Table 11 - Refrigeration Destination Coefficient RDCe,k and Energy Efficiency e,k for the

CR IP T

food economy sector (MEE, 2005).

UEB defined the destination coefficient RDCe,k as the ratio of energy used by refrigeration in respect to total energy from a given source. Efficiency e,k represents the ratio of shaft work

AN US

to total energy from a given source, and measures the lost energy of refrigeration processes. It is not similar to COP (Coefficient of Performance) or any overall cycle efficiency, as it concerns the delivered energy after a conversion process.

Energy Efficiency Index EEIe (Phylipsen, 1996) per economy sector e is based on the

M

physical production and is calculated by the ratio of useful energy consumption from a given

ED

economy sector e to a reference energy consumption level, as follows:

(9)

PT

∑

where mii (tonne) is the mass of a refrigerated product, taken from Tab. 7, and ECi is the

CE

reference specific energy consumption for refrigeration of a specific product i (MJ/tonne). The summation in the Eq. (9) is due to product specific requirements regarding its energy

AC

use. The reference specific energy consumption ECi, by product is presented in Tab. 12, for the base year of 2005.

Table 12 - Reference Specific Energy Consumption for Refrigeration ECi, for 2005. (Rocha, et al., 2010)

Fruits and vegetables were leaved out due to their little energetic demand.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Figure 3 presents the final energy consumption FEe,k per economy sector e per energy source k (MME, 2016)

Figure 3 - Evolution of the Final Energy Consumption FEe,k per economy sector e per energy source k food economy sector by energy source in 103 TJ. The refrigeration energy consumption during food processing comes mainly from vapor

CR IP T

compression refrigeration cycles, with electricity as the main energy source, followed by fuel oil and diesel (Rocha, et al., 2010), in a smaller scale. The share of electricity has been increasing along time in a factor of 3.

Figure 4 presents the historical values for the Refrigeration Useful Energy RUEe in respect to

AN US

the energy source input.

Figure 4- Annual evolution of the Refrigeration Useful Energy RUEe per energy source in 103 TJ.

M

The consumption of useful energy during the assessed period reached a stable level from 2010, but displayed changes on its energy share. Electricity grew about 26% and fuel oil

ED

decreased by about 64%, suggesting that new electricity driven warehouses were introduced over this time period. The energy consumption per refrigerated products is presented in Fig.

PT

5.

CE

Figure 5- Annual energy consumption per refrigerated product in TJ. (IBGE,2016)

AC

The Energy Efficiency Index EEI (Eq. 9) is a metric to assess technological performance of refrigeration machines and facilities. Fig. 6 displays its evolution from 2006 to 2014.

Figure 6 - Energy Efficiency Index EEI evolution for processing refrigerated products. This parameter indicates a positive tendency for smaller values, and shows an overall improving performance for the sector. The 2010 peak was an atypical year in cattle slathering, when production dropped followed by the reduction of the required refrigeration. Besides that, EEI decreased during the period, with an overall reduction of 14%, as the result

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT of the use of new and more efficient technologies for cold generation. The same tendency can be observed in countries as France, Germany, Holland and United Kingdom (Ramirez, et al., 2006).

4.2. Household Refrigerators

The Brazilian Energy Conservation Policy was enforced by Federal Law 10.295 since 2013,

CR IP T

who established levels of performance for household appliances. Thereafter, the National Program for Electric Energy Conservation PROCEL (www.procelinfo.com.br) started to assign labels on electric devices according to grade of energy performance. Household refrigerators were the first to be labeled, due to their impact in the total domestic energy consumption. According to Cardoso et al. (2010), a single-door refrigerator consumed 491.3

AN US

kWh annually in 1990, dropped to 270.4 kWh in 2005, and it can be taken as stable since then (Eletrobras, 2015). These same authors calculated that the use of more efficient refrigerators saved 1397 GWh in electricity from 1995 to 2005, as a result of the mentioned law, which stimulated the industry to develop more efficiency appliances. Since 2005, no

M

legislation upgrade has been issued, leading to a stable scenario in developing of more

ED

efficiency refrigerators.

5. CODES, STANDARDS AND LEGISLATION

PT

A set of ordinances, regulations and standards compose the Brazilian legislation concerning the cold chain, published by different governmental organizations that manage the handling

CE

of perishable food products. This characteristic unveils the necessity of specific legislation for each cold chain product and processes. The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and

AC

Provision MAPA acts in the governance and regulation of activities related to the agricultural sector. The Department of Inspection for Animal Origin Products DIPOA, under its control and is responsible to write the directives for inspection actions. The Federal Inspection Service SIF, linked to DIPOA, assures the quality of animal products destined for local and foreign markets, as well as imported ones. The National Sanitary Surveillance Agency ANVISA acts in the inspection of places in the food sector and it is responsible to write and publish codes concerning activities of the food sector.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 5.1. Codes, Standard and Legislation Analysis

The Resolution 10 (DOU, 1984) states that perishable foods should have labels that indicate the temperature conditions for preservation during the transport, retail and consumer steps, classified as cooled (temperatures down to 10oC), and frozen (temperatures down -8oC). Table 13 shows the resolutions and ordinance ruling on perishable products and its main

CR IP T

characteristics. Table 13 – Brazilian ordinances (OMS) and resolutions (RDC) concerning the cold chain

Ordinance CVS 5 (DOE, 2013) standardized the essential requirements for good practices

AN US

and operational procedures for commerce and service food manipulation. Table 14 displays temperature limits according to selected food types.

M

Table 14 – Recommended temperatures and shelf life according to CVS 5 (DOE, 2013).

Beyond the regulation agencies, the Brazilian Technical Standards Association delivered the

ED

NBR14701 (ABNT, 2001), with the standards for cooled and frozen foods transport. According to that standard, the transport temperature of cooled products should range from 0 oC to 5 oC, and -18 oC for frozen products, with a special allowance of -15 oC for short

PT

periods of time. Truck indoor environment temperature must be stabilized 15 minutes before load, and a recording temperature log obtained along the trip. According to ABIAF, the

CE

actual temperature range goes from -25 oC to -30 oC, lower than recommended range by NBR14701. That compensation practice avoids losses from mishandling of the refrigerated

AC

equipment by operators and by rough transport conditions on Brazilian roads.

The resolution RDC 216 (DOU, 2004) established good practice procedures along the cold chain. It deals with equipment performance and maintenance for food preservation in refrigerators, cold stores and displays. It also specifies procedures for pre-storage, pre-freeze, defrost and cooling. The RDC 216 prescribed temperature control and logging requirements during all processing steps of perishable products, like storage, transport, distribution and retail. Together with that resolution, RDC 275 (DOU, 2002) defined the applications of Standard Operation Procedures and presented a checklist to be assessed by RDC 216.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point, addressed by the Ordinance OMS 1428 (DOU, 1993) highlighted how an unbroken cool chain positively affects critical points, by reducing risks of rejection and inadequacy to legal requisites. The Ordinance OMS 326 (DOU, 1997), acted in the cold chain initial steps (harvest, slaughter, processing and transport), and prescribed suitable conditions to avoid product deterioration, and disposed

legislation is presented in Figure 7. Figure 7 – Brazilian legislation concerning the cold chain.

CR IP T

about aspects of food transportation. A schematic overview of the formerly mentioned

AN US

It is worth noticing that Brazilian legislation does not impose or suggest limits for fruits and vegetables.

M

5.2. Supermarkets

Supermarkets and retail stores must follow Resolution 10 (DOU, 1984), which states that all

ED

frozen products must be kept under -8 oC in refrigerated displays. The National Institute of Metrology (INMETRO, 2005) conducted research seeking to verify if stores were following this legislation, and sampled 31 stores in 7 states. Temperature of horizontal opening freezers

PT

were acquired for every store, with sensors placed over the products, the most critical point in the temperature, and distributed in 30 points along the freezer length. Results indicated that

CE

27 over 31 stores did not adhere to legislation, with temperatures above -8 oC. That was a serious threat to consumer’s health, with risks of bacterial proliferations and waste of energy,

AC

as all the frozen food, in this condition, should be destroyed. Excess of products in the displays was also observed, causing the products to be exposed to higher temperatures. Lack of technical knowledge and misuse of the refrigerated displays indicated that supermarkets could be a weak link in the Brazilian cold chain.

6. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Growth of the Brazilian agricultural sector, and its cold chain, was boosted by EMBRAPA, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (www.embrapa.br/en/), linked to the

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply MAPA. Its original mission was to develop a genuinely Brazilian model of tropical agriculture and livestock to overcome the barriers that limited the production of food, fiber, and fuel in the country. Efforts in R&D lead Brazilian agriculture to be one of the most efficient and sustainable on the planet, and shifted the condition of basic food importer to one of the world's largest food producer and exporter. Projects and services are focused on sustainable actions for both large and small-

CR IP T

scale production, and its integration to markets, via the nationwide cold chain.

Academic research on agricultural sciences was formerly acknowledged to start at the Federal University of Viçosa (www.portal.ufv.br), in the early 1960’s, with the beginning of the graduate activities in the country. After that, academic and R&D cold chain research disseminated through many graduate activities around Brazil, with a strong connection to

AN US

EMBRAPA. Research axes on agricultural sciences are complemented and supported by many academic groups on thermal and food sciences, interested on food preservation, equipment and system development and energy efficiency (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (ufrgs.br/leta); University of the Sinos River Valley (unisinos.br/); Federal University

M

of Uberlandia (lest.mecanica.ufu.br/); Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (mec.puc-rio.br/); Pontifical Catholic University of Parana (pucpr.br/educacao/lst/); Federal of

Santa

(riogrande.ifrs.edu.br/)

Catarina

(polo.ufsc.br/);

Federal

Institute

of

Rio

Grande

ED

University

PT

7. INDUSTRY AND SERVICES

CE

Equipment, system and auxiliary services are provided with an important support from companies based on site. Equipment such as compressors, heat exchangers, refrigeration fluids, control devices, and other auxiliary inputs are easily found on the internal market,

AC

avoiding the dependency of international markets. Country based technology is developed continuously, no matter the origin of the companies’ capital, like Güntner GmbH & Co (guentner.com.br/), MADEF (madef.com.br/), BITZER (bitzer.de/br), Johson Controls (sabroe.com), and DANFOSS (danfoss.com.br). On top of the equipment supply chain there is well-developed knowledge on assembling of complex systems of wide capacity of refrigeration, starting with small refrigeration system for domestic and retail stores, up to complete freezing chambers. It is worth noticing that Brazil is words biggest producer of hermetic compressors, with the leadership of EMBRACO (embraco.com).

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

8. CONCLUSION

The purpose of this work was to give a wide panorama of the cold chain steps for agricultural and livestock products, addressing the infrastructure for cold storage, transport, energy

CR IP T

consumption and legislation.

The Brazilian cold infrastructure achieved considerable development, expanding its volumetric capacity from 5.7 Mm3 in 2010 to 16 .0 Mm3 in 2014, below the required capacity of 54.6 Mm3. The estimated deficit of 38.5 Mm3 is an opportunity for new industrial investment followed by an effort in quality improvement of the installed infrastructure. The

AN US

present review estimated the fleet of refrigerated vehicles to be around 7500 vehicles for internal distribution, with a 43% share for long-haul trunks and 57% for short-haul trunks.

Refrigeration processes are mainly electricity driven, and its weight is continuously growing, with 24.5 TJ in 2014, in comparison to 0.15 TJ from fuel oil. The Energy Efficiency Index –

M

EEI displayed a 12.2% decrease along the assessed period. Its absolute variation overpasses consumption and production indexes, pointing out a sensible improvement in refrigeration

ED

system efficiency. Household refrigerators also displayed an efficiency improvement, starting in 1990 from an annually consumption of 491 kWh per equipment to reach 270 kWh in 2005,

PT

due to the introduction of legislation establishing levels of performance. A policy with increasing restrictions could bring better performance of specific consumption of household

CE

refrigerators.

Brazilian cold chain is not submitted to a unified legislation, but it counts on different

AC

governmental organizations that help controlling its quality through ordinances and resolutions acts. As a major world player, Brazil is subjected to foreign legislation as well, witch finally forces and conducts to a more adequate quality level of its cold chain. Imposed restrictions coming from foreign legislation helped to improve the national standards. Transport temperature was found to range from -25 oC to -30 oC, below the average set point of -18 oC, recommended by NBR 14701. Ordinance 326 does not take into account commerce and retail, which is covered by ordinances 216 and 275. RIISPOA acts over

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT livestock products and grant the SIF label for foods under federal supervision. Fruits and vegetables, otherwise, do not find specific legislation support, regarding specific temperature and humidity bounds to avoid injuries and loses along the cold chain.

Brazilian research and development owes to EMBRAPA the country high quality and nationwide development. From the industrial side, the country is capable to supply its cold

CR IP T

chain with technological solutions and services.

Cold chain is intrinsically part of any food sector, and the perception of its importance becomes clear when someone look to the size of it, in absolute numbers and in respect of the weight on nation economy. Brazil is a first sector player with international relevance, and its economy deeply dependents on the quality and performance of the whole chain of products.

AN US

Data show improvements along time, but there is still a long way to go concerning infrastructure and legislation, as pointed out in this review. From a more optimistic point of view, the country answered the challenge of becoming so expressive in the sector in a

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

M

positive sense, by developing national and tailored technologies.

ED

Smith Schneider acknowledges the research grant from CNPq – Brazilian National Council

AC

CE

PT

for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-PQ 305357/2013-1).

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT REFERENCES

ABIAF - Associação Brasileira de Industria de Armazenagem Frigorífica, 2011. Rede Brasileira de Armazéns Frigoríficos de Uso Público. (Online) Available at: www.abiaf.org.br (Accessed March 25th, 2016)

ABNT - Associação Brasileira de Norma Técnicas, 2001. NBR 14701 - Transporte de

CR IP T

produtos alimentícios refrigerados - Procedimentos e critérios de temperatura. Rio de Janeiro.

ABPA- Associação Brasileira de Proteína Animal, 2015. Relatório Anual 2015, São Paulo. (Online) Available at: http://abpa-br.com.br/setores/avicultura/publicacoes/relatorios-anuais

AN US

(Accessed March 25th, 2016)

AgroBrasil, 2016. Balanço Brasileiro do Agronegócio 2015/2016. Revista AgroBrasil. (Online) Available at:

http://www.editoragazeta.com.br/wpcontent/uploads/2017/02/AGROBRASIL_2016.pdf

M

(Accessed March 25th, 2016)

ED

ASHRAE - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 2010, Handbook of Refrigeration. Atlanta

PT

Cardoso, R. B., Nogueira, L. A. H., Haddad, J., 2010. Economic feasibility for acquisition of

CE

efficient refrigerators in Brazil. Applied Energy, 87, p. 28–37.

Cerqueira-Pereira, E. C., 2009, Caracterização e comparação de sistemas de embalagem e

AC

transporte de mamão 'Solo' destinado ao mercado nacional. Ph.d Thesis, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba. Available at: www.teses.usp.br (Accessed November 20th, 2017)

CNT, 2017, Confederação Nacional do Transporte. Atlas do Transporte.

Available at:

http://www.cnt.org.br/Paginas/atlas-do-transporte. (Accessed November 20th, 2017)

DOE - Diário Oficial do Estado de São Paulo, 2013, nº 73, Portaria CVS no. 5 Poder Executivo, April 19th.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Dos Santos, R. M., Näas, I. D. A., Neto, M. M., Vendrametto, O., 2013. An overview on the brazilian orange juice production chain. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 35(1), pp. 218255.

DOU - Diário Oficial da União, 1984. Resolução CISA/MA/MS nº 10, Ministério da Saúde,

CR IP T

August 1st. DOU - Diário Oficial da União, 1993, Portaria no. 1428. Ministério da Saúde, December 2nd DOU – Diário Oficial da União, 1997, Portaria no. 326, Ministério da Saúde, July 30th

AN US

DOU - Diário Oficial da União, 2002. Resolução RDC no. 275. Ministério da Saúde, October 22th.

DOU – Diário Oficial da União, 2004. Resolução RDC no. 216,. Ministério da Saúde,

M

September 16th

ED

EcoDesenvolcimento, 2013. Brasil pode aumentar produção s reduzindo perdas. (Online) Available at: http://www.ecodesenvolvimento.org/posts/2013/junho/brasil-pode-aumentar-

PT

producao-so-reduzindo-perdas?tag=rrr

Eletrobrás, 2015. Resultados Procel 2015. Available at:

CE

http://www.procelinfo.com.br/resultadosprocel2015/docs/rel_procel2015_web.pdf.

AC

(Accessed April 5th, 2017)

Fehr, M., Romão, D. C., 2001. Measurement of fruit and vegetable losses in Brazil: A case study. Environment Development and Sustainability, 3(3), pp. 253-263.

Foscaches, C. A. L., Sproesser, R. L., Quevedo-Silva, F., Lima-Filho, D. d. O., 2012. o stica de

rutas

e umes e

erduras (

armazenamento e transporte em pe uenas cidades 42(2), pp. 37-46.

um estudo so re em ala em rasileiras

nforma es

con micas

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Furlan, E. F., Marques, D., 2007. Refrigeração x Energia elétrica

e ista ri or fico

pp. 30-35.

GCCA, 2016. Global Cold Chain Alliance. (Online) Available at: http://www.gcca.org/about-us/the-cold- chain/ (Accessed March 25th, 2016).

IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 2010. Pesquisa de

r amentos

CR IP T

Familiares - Aquisição alimentar domiciliar per capita, Rio de Janeiro. Available at: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv47307.pdf (Accessed April 25th, 2016)

IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 2016. SIDRA - Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática. (Online)

AN US

Available at: http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br (Accessed May 10th, 2016).

INMETRO – Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, 2005. Freezeres de Supermercado II. (Online) Available at:

November 21th,

M

http://www.inmetro.gov.br/consumidor/produtos/freezeres.asp (Accessed

ED

2016).

Marino, S., 2010. Revista Tecnologística. (Online) Available at:

PT

https://issuu.com/publicare/docs/178_setembro-2010 (Accessed November 5th, 2017).

Marquez, L., Higgings, A., Estrada-Flores, S., 2010. Understanding Victoria's Fruit and

CE

Vegetable Freight Movements, s.l.: Victorian Eco-Innovation Lab, Victorian Eco-Innovation

AC

Lab, The University of Melbourne.

Mello, G. C. d. S., Julião, L., Tapetti, R., 2011. HortiFruti Brasil. (Online) Available at: http://www.hfbrasil.org.br/br/revista/acessar/capa/cadeia-de-frio-garantia-mais-longa-esaudavel-aos-hortifrutis.aspx (Accessed April 2016).

MME - Ministério de Minas e Energia, 2005. Balanço de Energia Útil 2005, Brasília. (Online) Available at: http://www.feng.pucrs.br/~eberson/ (Accessed May 25th, 2016)

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT MME - Ministério de Minas e Energia, 2016. Balanço Energético Nacional, Brasília.(Online) Available

at:

http://www.epe.gov.br/pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/Balanco-

Energetico-Nacional-2016 (Accessed May 1st, 2017) NCCD – National Center for Cold Chain Development, 2015. All India Cold Chain Infrastructure Capacity Assessment of Status and Gap.

(Online) Available at:

CR IP T

http://www.nccd.gov.in/PDF/CCSG_Final%20Report_Web.pdf (Accessed May 01th, 2016)

Neves Filho, L. de C., Silveira Jr., V., 2010. Alguns aspectos no transporte refrigerado. Revista tecnologistica, 176 pgs. 60-71

Novaes, A. G., 2007. Logística e Gerenciamento da Cadeia de Distribuição. Rio de Janeiro:

AN US

Elsevier.

Novaes, A. G., Lima Jr., O. F., Carvalho, C. C. D., Bez, E. T., 2015. Thermal Performance of Refrigerated Vehicles in the Distribution of Perishable Food. Pesquisa Operacional, 35, pp.

M

251-284.

ED

Phylipsen, G. J. M., Nyboer, J., Oliver, J. T., Pape, A., Worrell, E., Blok, K., 1996, Methodologies for International Comparisons of Industrial Energy Efficiency, Proceedings of the Workshop on April 1-2, Vancouver BC, Utrecht, Department of Science, Technology and

PT

Society, Utrecht University.

CE

Ramirez, C. A., Patel, M., Block, K., 2006. How much energy to process one pound of meat? A comparison of energy use and specific energy consumption in the meat industry of four

AC

European countries. Energy, Volume 31, pp. 2047–2063.

Rocha, C. R, Bajay, S. V., Gorla, F. D, 2010, Oportunidades de Eficiência Energética para a Indústria: Relatório Setorial: alimentos e bebidas. CNI – Confederação Nacional da Indústria, Brasília. ISBN 978-85-7957-007-0 il a

da

A

est o da adeia do frio uma an lise de fatores lo sticos., Master

Dissertation, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, Rio de Janeiro

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Soares, A. G., 2010. Desperdício de Alimentos no rasil um desafio pol tico e social a ser vencido, EMBRAPA – Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Rio de Janeiro. Stringher, F. G., 2004. Designação de

otas

istri ui o de inha ranca Master dissertation

ara

rota

edicada em uma

ni ersidade de

o aulo

ede de

o aulo

no Brasil. Procedings of Mercofrio 98, pp. 1-5.

CR IP T

Tanabe, C. S., Cortez , L. A. B., 1998. Perspectivas da cadeia do frio para frutas e hortali as

Tassou, S. A., De-Lille, G., Ge, Y. T., 2009. Food transport refrigeration – Approaches to

Engineering, 29 , pp. 1467–1477.

Tecnologística Online, 2014. Available at:

AN US

reduce energy consumption and environmental impacts of road transport. Applied Thermal

http://www.tecnologistica.com.br/portal/noticias/66566/viracopos-investe-em-seu-complexo-

AC

CE

PT

ED

M

frigorifico-/ (Accessed November 5th, 2017).

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Urban area

Harvest Slaughter

Long term storage

Processing Freeze ( 18oC) Chill (0 to 10 oC) Mild Chill (10 to 20 oC)

Short term storage

Long haul truck transport

AC

CE

PT

ED

M

AN US

Figure 1 – Brazilian cold chain structure

Distribution transport

Retail

CR IP T

Rural area

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

3.4 3.35 3.3 3.25

3.15 3.1 3.05 3 2.95 2.9 2.85 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2012

AN US

Year

2011

CR IP T

IEE

3.2

2013

2014

2015

AC

CE

PT

ED

M

Figure 2 - Energy Efficiency Index EEI evolution for processing refrigerated products.

Processing

Storage

M

Harvest Slaughter

AN US

CR IP T

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Transport Distribution

ED

RIISPOA (Animal products) Ordinance MS 1428

PT

Resolution RDC 216 Resolution RDC 275

AC

CE

Ordinance MS 326 NBR 14701

Figure 3 – Brazilian legislation concerning the cold chain.

Retail

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

14.00 12.00

8.00 Poultry

6.00

CR IP T

106 tonne

10.00

Meat

4.00

Porcine

2.00 Year

AN US

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Figure 4- Brazilian annual animal food production from 2006 to 2014 in 106 tonne per year

AC

CE

PT

ED

M

(IBGE, 2016)

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

CR IP T

100 80

EE + FO

60

EE - Electricity 40

FO - Fuel Oil

20

AN US

FEek Final Energy Consumption (10³ TJ)

120

0

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

M

Year

Figure 5 - Evolution of the Final Energy Consumption FEe,k per economy sector e per energy

AC

CE

PT

ED

source k food economy sector by energy source in 103 TJ.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

30

CR IP T

20

EE + FO

15

EE - Electricity FO - Fuel Oil

10

AN US

RUE – Refrigeration Useful Energy (10³ TJ)

25

5

0

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

M

Year

Figure 6- Annual Evolution of the Refrigeration Useful Energy RUEe per energy source in

AC

CE

PT

ED

103 TJ.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

9000

7000 6000 5000

Total

4000

Poultry

CR IP T

Energy consumption (TJ)

8000

Meat

3000

Porcine

2000 1000

AN US

0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year

AC

CE

PT

ED

M

Figure 7- Annual energy consumption per refrigerated product in TJ. (IBGE,2016)

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 4 - Annual production of frozen (≤-18 oC) products per geographical region (103 tonne/year), based on 2015 data (IBGE, 2016). Northeast 528.05 723.03

Southeast 2,588.21 1,598.20

Southern 7,765.70 794.31

Midwest 2,009.08 2,829.30

--

--

--

--

29.29 --1,280.37 5.3%

608.45 --4,794.87 20.0%

2,296.16 --10,856.17 45.3%

493.94 --5,332.32 22.3%

CR IP T

Northern 165.32 1,519.70 -2.25 --1,687.27 7.0%

AN US

Product Poultry Meat Fishery Porcine Viscera Frozen Food Total per region Ratio

ED

Northeast 55.84 116.03 20.15 1.87 65.40 69.52 68.67 19.70 3.61 1,086.62

AC

CE

PT

Product Northern Lettuce 10.34 Potato 0.46 Sugar-beet 0.06 Broccoli 0.05 Onion 0.34 Carrot 0.15 Chuchu 0.64 Kale 4.32 Cauliflower 0.76 Orange 110.49 Apple Melon 1.60 Cabbage 1.29 Mandarine 3.50 Tomato 2.75 Grape 0.31 Total/region 137.06 Ratio 0.76%

M

Table 5 - Annual production of chilled (0 oC to 10 oC) products per geographic region (103 tonne/year), based on 2006 data (IBGE, 2016).

480.66 25.49 23.52 126.38 106.38 2,269.85 12.53%

Southeast 401.11 533.52 67.42 60.03 146.40 87.56 147.64 56.09 79.85 10,494.32 5.95 0.54 246.08 233.62 161.15 83.84 12,805.09 70.69%

Southern 74.30 383.10 77.20 25.92 452.92 103.22 34.41 8.10 53.96 416.41 639.98 16.94 106.40 86.33 23.06 61.12 2,563.37 14.15%

Midwest 34.75 48.22 12.32 3.79 10.65 16.54 18.70 5.35 3.61 67.75 0.28 37.85 8.16 69.54 1.05 338.57 1.87%

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Table 6 - Annual production of mild chilled (10 oC to 20 oC) products per geographic region (103 tonne/year), based on 2006 data (IBGE, 2016).

ED PT CE AC

Southeast 475.99 -1,170.23 54.47 278.70 200.60 151.07 216.62 148.77 2,696.44 27.89%

Southern 13.89 -880.31 50.06 5.17 0.23 2.11 676.98 36.20 1,664.95 17.22%

Midwest 79.87 -100.13 6.38 3.31 3.01 3.53 226.78 11.96 434.96 4.50%

CR IP T

Northeast 708.00 -1,879.83 184.65 65.08 250.95 276.62 560.82 77.80 4,003.75 41.41%

AN US

Northern 429.35 -137.81 1.56 10.42 19.69 2.10 265.72 2.03 868.68 8.98%

M

Product Pineapple Pumpkin Banana Sweet-potato Lemon Papaya Mango Watermelon Red Pepper Total per region Ratio

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 4- Monthly frozen (≤-18 oC) food acquisition (103 tonne/month) per geographic region. (IBGE, 2010)

Northeast 53.95 39.70 18.44 4.61 3.83 0.03 120.57 26.43%

Southeast 66.24 70.64 12.14 13.02 3.08 0.64 165.77 36.33%

Southern 28.05 34.43 3.20 10.10 1.01 0.20 76.99 16.88%

M ED PT CE AC

Midwest 10.66 14.90 1.66 2.22 0.55 0.03 30.02 6.58%

CR IP T

Northern 21.73 18.53 19.25 2.01 1.35 0.01 62.89 13.78%

AN US

Product Poultry Meat Fishery Porcine Viscera Frozen Food Total per region Ratio per region

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 5- Monthly chilled (0 oC to 10 oC) food acquisition (tonne/month) per geographic region. (IBGE, 2010)

ED PT CE AC

Southeast 6,589 24,948 2,653 1,329 17,877 10,118 5,183 2,953 1,282 38,766 13,942 2,830 5,559 8,100 26,954 4,959 174,042 45.80%

Southern 3,217 15,380 1,749 534 8,216 3,336 1,863 600 644 12,390 6,856 1,125 4,320 5,085 12,059 2,054 79,426 20.90%

Midwest 1,015 3,078 816 109 2,569 1,715 627 320 154 5,637 2,152 522 1,276 1,055 6,247 579 27,870 7.33%

CR IP T

Northeast 1,349 10,539 1,055 63 12,144 5,286 2,994 364 74 14,957 5,272 1,679 2,170 1,672 18,203 2,526 80,348 21.14%

AN US

Northern 451 1,733 373 32 3,552 912 205 273 49 3,287 1,433 216 931 486 4,047 360 18,341 4.83%

M

Product Lettuce Potato Sugar-beet Broccoli Onion Carrot Chuchu Kale Cauliflower Orange Apple Melon Cabbage Mandarine Tomato Grape Total per region Ratio per region

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 6 - Monthly mild chilled (10 oC a 20 oC) food acquisition (103 tonne/ month) per geographic region. (IBGE, 2010)

Northeast 6.9 4.6 29.6 4.1 1.2 5.7 4.0 14.4 3.0 73.5 28.90%

Southeast 7.9 7.3 43.5 1.9 4.9 13.8 6.3 14.7 3.2 103.4 40.69%

Southern 3.0 2.1 19.5 1.9 0.7 6.1 2.0 8.3 0.9 44.6 17.55%

M ED PT CE AC

Midwest 1.3 1.4 6.5 0.5 0.6 1.7 0.5 4.2 0.4 17.0 6.68%

CR IP T

Northern 1.1 0.9 6.2 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.6 4.4 0.5 15.7 6.18%

AN US

Product Pineapple Pumpkin Banana Sweet-potato Lemon Papaya Mango Watermelon RedPepper Total per region Ratio per region

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 7 – Annual refrigerated volumetric capacity (106 m³), volume to inhabitant ratio (m³/inh) and annual grow rate (%) for selected countries (GCCA, 2016)

m³ / inh.

105 107 61 34 22 6

106 m³

0.09 0.35 0.05 0.27 0.26 0.03

131 115 76 33 24 16

Annual Grow Rate (2010-2014)

m³ / inh. 0.11 0.36 0.06 0.26 0.30 0.08

AC

CE

PT

ED

M

AN US

India USA China Japan Germany Brazil

106 m³

2014

5.6% 1.7% 5.5% -1.1% 2.4% 29.5%

CR IP T

2010 Country

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 8 – Calculated required short and long-term refrigerated storage capacity (103 m3) per Brazilian geographic region Short-term capacity (103 m3)

Long-term capacity (103 m3)

≤ -18 oC 0 oC to 10 oC 10 oC to 20 oC ≤ -18 oC 0 oC to 10 oC 10 oC to 20 oC 107

14

12

478

93

2,386

Northeast

205

62

57

363

3,119

10,803

Southeast

282

135

80

1,359

14,128

5,244

South

131

62

35

3,076

Midwest

51

22

13

1,511

776

294

197

6,786

Total

1,267

CR IP T

Northen

5,251

4,338

258

919

22,849

23,689

53,325

AC

CE

PT

ED

M

AN US

54,592

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 9 – Main parameters for the estimation of refrigerated fleet size per region. Full truck load

Less than truck load

Northern Northeast Southeast South Mideast Northern Northeast Southeast South Mideast

RD (km) Eq.(5)

470

480

400

330

470

150

150

150

150

150

Eq.(4)

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

Tu (h)

Eq.(4)

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

Tt (h)

Eq.(4)

7.8

8.0

6.7

5.5

7.8

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

T (h)

Eq.(4)

22.2

22.5

19.8

17.5

22.2

15.0

15.0

15.0

15.0

15.0

Pr

Eq.(6)

11.0

11.0

13.0

14.0

11.0

16.0

16.0

16.0

16.0

16.0

AC

CE

PT

ED

M

AN US

CR IP T

Tl (h)

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 10 – Estimated number of refrigerated vehicles F per geographic region. Long-haul truck 309 887 1,263 505 238 3,202

Short-haul truck 379 1,072 1,731 785 292 4,257 7,459

AC

CE

PT

ED

M

AN US

CR IP T

Region Northern Northeast Southeast Southern Midwest Partial Total

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 11 - Refrigeration Destination Coefficient RDCe,k and Energy Efficiency e,k for the food economy sector MME(2005). RDCe,k 0.335 0.035

e,k 0.75 0.71

AC

CE

PT

ED

M

AN US

CR IP T

Energy Source Electricity Fuel Oil

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 12 - Reference Specific Energy Consumption for Refrigeration ECi, for 2005. (Rocha, et al., 2010) ECi 291 327 409

MJ/tonne of boned carcass MJ/tonne of carcass MJ/tonne of carcass

AC

CE

PT

ED

M

AN US

CR IP T

Product Meat Porcine Poultry

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 13 – Brazilian ordinances (OMS) and resolutions (RDC) concerning the cold chain OMS No 1.428, Nov 26th 1993

OMS No 326, July 30th 1997

sta lishes the “ uidelines to ood Practices for roduction and er ices in ood ector” Appro es the “Technical e ulation to anitary nspections in oods” and the “Technical

sta lishes the “Hy iene-Sanitary Conditions and Production Good

regulation for Establishment of Identification

roducers/ ndustrializers”

and Quality ( Q’s for er ices and roducts in ood ector”

CR IP T

Practices for Food

Covers processing, storage and transport.

AN US

Assess the effectiveness of processes,

installations and control in the processing step.

RDC No 216, Sept 15th 2004

M

RDC No 275, Oct 21th 2002 sta lishes the “Technical re ulation for

sta lishes the “Technical re ulation of

tandard perational roceedin s (

ood ractices for ood er ices”

ED

’s ”

and the “ ist of erification to ood a rication applied to all food services.

PT

ractices”

Verifies if the cold network is proper to the

CE

required volume and different kinds of foods, as well as, the existence of temperature control

AC

during the processing, storage and transport

Covers, processing, storage, transport, distribution and retail display.

ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 14 – Recommended temperatures and shelf life according to CVS 5 (CVS, 2013). Cooled Products All meat and derived raw products Milk and dairy Fruits, vegetables, juices and pulps Fish and derives raw products

Recommended temperature Up to 4 °C Up to 7 °C Up to 5 °C Up to 2 °C -5 to 0 °C -10 to -6 °C -18 to -11 °C < -18 °C

AC

CE

PT

ED

M

AN US

CR IP T

Frozen

Shelf life 3 days 5 days 3 days 3 days 10 days 20 days 30 days 90 days