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Cade oil rectified (juniper tar)
Fragrance raw materials monographs
733
CADE OIL RECTIFIED (JUNIPER TAR)
Description and physical properties: A dark red-brown, clear, viscous liquid. The main constituents of cade oil are d-cadinene and l-cadinol (Guenther, 1952). Preparation: By destructive distillation of the chopped wood of Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Fam. Pinaceae) (FenarolFs Handbook of Flavor ln#redients, 1971). Uses: In public use before the 1920s. Use in fragrances in the USA amounts to less than 1090 Ib/yr. Concentration in final product (~): Usual Maximum
Soap
Detergent
Creams, lotions
Perfume
0.01 0.05
0.001 0.005
0.003 0.02
0.04 0.2
Status The Council of Europe (1974) included cade in the list of flavouring substances temporarily admitted for use, possibly with a limitation on the active principle in the final product. Oil of cade or juniper tar has been used as a dermatological medicament, as a keratolytic and antipruritic agent (Merck Index, 1968; National Formulary, 1970). Biological data
Acute toxicity. Both the acute oral LDso value in rats and the acute dermal LDso value in rabbits exceeded 5 g/kg (Wohl, 1974). The acute oral LDso of juniper tar to rats was found to be 8014 mg/kg (B~r & Griepentrog, 1967; Jenner, Hagan, Taylor, Cook & Fitzhugh, 1964). Toxic signs included depression and gastro-intestinal irritation (Jenner et al. 1964). Irritation. Cade oil applied undiluted to the backs of hairless mice was not irritating.(Urbach & Forbes, 1974). Applied full strength to intact or abraded rabbit skin for 24 hr under occlusion, it was not irritating (Wohl, 1974). Tested at 2 ~ in petrolatum, it produced no irritation after a 48-hr closed-patch test on human subjects (Kligrnan, 1974). Sensitization. A maximization test (Kligman, 1966; Kligman & Epstein, 1975) was carried out on 25 volunteers. The material was tested at a concentration of 2 ~ in petrolatum and produced no sensitization reactions (Kligman, 1974). Cade oil is reported to have slight local activity as an allergen (Sax, 1968). Phototoxicity. No phototoxic effects were reported for undiluted cade oil on hairless mice and swine (Urbach & Forbes, 1974). Micro-oroanisms. Juniper tar oil alone or combined with olive oil (1:1) showed some in vitro antibacterial activity against Micrococcus citreus, Bacillus brevis and M. pyooenes, but not against Salmonella typhosa and Proteus morgani (Maruzzella & Henry, 1958). Vapour of cade oil (rectified, USP) showed antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium avium, but not against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis, Streptococcus fecalis or S. typhosa (Maruzzella & Sicurella, 1960). Juniper tar oil exhibited in vitro antifungal activity against 13 out of 15 fungi tested (Maruzzella & Liguori, 1958). Cade oil (rectified, USP) showed slight inhibitory activity against three wood-destroying fungi (Maruzzella, Scrandis, Scrandis & Grabon, 1960). References B~ir, F. u. Griepentrog, F. (1967). Die Situation in der gesundheitlichen Beurteilung der Aromatisierungsmittel fiir Lebensmittel. Medizin Erni~hr. 8, 244. Council of Europe (1974). Natural Flavouring Substances, Their Sources, and Added Artificial Flavouring Substances. Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field. List N (1), Series 2, no. 250, p. 75. Strasbourg. Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients (1971). Edited by T. E. Furia and N. Bellanca. p. 57. Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Guenther, E. (1952). The Essential Oils. Vol. VI. p. 384. D. Van Nostrand, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey. Jenner, P. M., Hagan, E. C., Taylor, Jean M., Cook, E. L. & Fitzhugh, O. G. (1964). Food flavourings and compounds of related structure. I. Acute oral toxicity. Fd Cosmet. Toxicol. 2, 327.
734
D . L . J . OPDYKE
Kligman, A. M. (1966). The identification of contact allergens by human assay. IIl. The maximization test. A procedure for screening and rating contact sensitizers, d. invest. Derm. 47, 393. Kligman, A. M. (1974). Report to RIFM, 12 August. Kligman, A. M. & Epstein, W. (1975). Updating the maximization test for identifying contact allergens. Comact Dermatitis 1, 231. Maruzzella, J. C. & Liguori, L. (1958). The in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils. J. Am. pharm. Ass. 47, 250. Maruzzella, J. C. & Henry, P. A. (1958). The in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils and oil combinations. J. Am. pharm. Ass. 47, 294. Maruzzella. J. C. & Sicurella, N. A. (1960). Antibacterial activity of essential oil vapors. J. Am. pharm. Ass. 49, 692. Maruzzella, J. C., Scrandis, D. A., Scrandis, J. B. & Grabon, G. (1960). Action of odoriferous organic chemicals and essential oils on wood-destroying fungi. PI. Dis. Reptr 44, 789. Merck Index (1968). An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs. 8th ed., p. 596. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey. National Formulary (1970). 13th ed. Prepared by the National Formulary Board. p. 387. American Pharmaceulical Association. Washington. D.C. Sax, N. I. (1968). Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 3rd ed., p. 515. Reinhold Book Corporation. New York. Urbach, F. & Forbes, P. D. (1974). Report to RIFM, 17 July. Wohl, A. J. (1974). Report to RIFM, 15 May.
733
CADE OIL RECTIFIED (JUNIPER TAR)
Description and physical properties: A dark red-brown, clear, viscous liquid. The main constituents of cade oil are d-cadinene and l-cadinol (Guenther, 1952). Preparation: By destructive distillation of the chopped wood of Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Fam. Pinaceae) (FenarolFs Handbook of Flavor ln#redients, 1971). Uses: In public use before the 1920s. Use in fragrances in the USA amounts to less than 1090 Ib/yr. Concentration in final product (~): Usual Maximum
Soap
Detergent
Creams, lotions
Perfume
0.01 0.05
0.001 0.005
0.003 0.02
0.04 0.2
Status The Council of Europe (1974) included cade in the list of flavouring substances temporarily admitted for use, possibly with a limitation on the active principle in the final product. Oil of cade or juniper tar has been used as a dermatological medicament, as a keratolytic and antipruritic agent (Merck Index, 1968; National Formulary, 1970). Biological data
Acute toxicity. Both the acute oral LDso value in rats and the acute dermal LDso value in rabbits exceeded 5 g/kg (Wohl, 1974). The acute oral LDso of juniper tar to rats was found to be 8014 mg/kg (B~r & Griepentrog, 1967; Jenner, Hagan, Taylor, Cook & Fitzhugh, 1964). Toxic signs included depression and gastro-intestinal irritation (Jenner et al. 1964). Irritation. Cade oil applied undiluted to the backs of hairless mice was not irritating.(Urbach & Forbes, 1974). Applied full strength to intact or abraded rabbit skin for 24 hr under occlusion, it was not irritating (Wohl, 1974). Tested at 2 ~ in petrolatum, it produced no irritation after a 48-hr closed-patch test on human subjects (Kligrnan, 1974). Sensitization. A maximization test (Kligman, 1966; Kligman & Epstein, 1975) was carried out on 25 volunteers. The material was tested at a concentration of 2 ~ in petrolatum and produced no sensitization reactions (Kligman, 1974). Cade oil is reported to have slight local activity as an allergen (Sax, 1968). Phototoxicity. No phototoxic effects were reported for undiluted cade oil on hairless mice and swine (Urbach & Forbes, 1974). Micro-oroanisms. Juniper tar oil alone or combined with olive oil (1:1) showed some in vitro antibacterial activity against Micrococcus citreus, Bacillus brevis and M. pyooenes, but not against Salmonella typhosa and Proteus morgani (Maruzzella & Henry, 1958). Vapour of cade oil (rectified, USP) showed antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium avium, but not against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis, Streptococcus fecalis or S. typhosa (Maruzzella & Sicurella, 1960). Juniper tar oil exhibited in vitro antifungal activity against 13 out of 15 fungi tested (Maruzzella & Liguori, 1958). Cade oil (rectified, USP) showed slight inhibitory activity against three wood-destroying fungi (Maruzzella, Scrandis, Scrandis & Grabon, 1960). References B~ir, F. u. Griepentrog, F. (1967). Die Situation in der gesundheitlichen Beurteilung der Aromatisierungsmittel fiir Lebensmittel. Medizin Erni~hr. 8, 244. Council of Europe (1974). Natural Flavouring Substances, Their Sources, and Added Artificial Flavouring Substances. Partial Agreement in the Social and Public Health Field. List N (1), Series 2, no. 250, p. 75. Strasbourg. Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients (1971). Edited by T. E. Furia and N. Bellanca. p. 57. Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Guenther, E. (1952). The Essential Oils. Vol. VI. p. 384. D. Van Nostrand, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey. Jenner, P. M., Hagan, E. C., Taylor, Jean M., Cook, E. L. & Fitzhugh, O. G. (1964). Food flavourings and compounds of related structure. I. Acute oral toxicity. Fd Cosmet. Toxicol. 2, 327.
734
D . L . J . OPDYKE
Kligman, A. M. (1966). The identification of contact allergens by human assay. IIl. The maximization test. A procedure for screening and rating contact sensitizers, d. invest. Derm. 47, 393. Kligman, A. M. (1974). Report to RIFM, 12 August. Kligman, A. M. & Epstein, W. (1975). Updating the maximization test for identifying contact allergens. Comact Dermatitis 1, 231. Maruzzella, J. C. & Liguori, L. (1958). The in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils. J. Am. pharm. Ass. 47, 250. Maruzzella, J. C. & Henry, P. A. (1958). The in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils and oil combinations. J. Am. pharm. Ass. 47, 294. Maruzzella. J. C. & Sicurella, N. A. (1960). Antibacterial activity of essential oil vapors. J. Am. pharm. Ass. 49, 692. Maruzzella, J. C., Scrandis, D. A., Scrandis, J. B. & Grabon, G. (1960). Action of odoriferous organic chemicals and essential oils on wood-destroying fungi. PI. Dis. Reptr 44, 789. Merck Index (1968). An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs. 8th ed., p. 596. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey. National Formulary (1970). 13th ed. Prepared by the National Formulary Board. p. 387. American Pharmaceulical Association. Washington. D.C. Sax, N. I. (1968). Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 3rd ed., p. 515. Reinhold Book Corporation. New York. Urbach, F. & Forbes, P. D. (1974). Report to RIFM, 17 July. Wohl, A. J. (1974). Report to RIFM, 15 May.