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Carbon black
Additivesfor Polymers
September 1994
Ampacet
in the UK
Ampacet has relocated its UK headquarters facility to Telford, Shropshire. (The company was previously based at Basildon in Esseli). The new address is as follows: Ampacet, Jordan House, Hall Park Way, Telford Town Centre, Shropshire, TF3 4NF, UK. Tel: +44-952-293262. Fax: +44-9.522932 70.
E, Cuyakoga
Falls,
Reed Spectrum Industrial Holden Massachusetts, USA.
Park,
Holden,
Ohio,
TECHNICAL BRIEFS
of colour and additive This producer masterbatches has been granted its 6th IS0 9001 accreditation for quality control. All six of the company’s plants are now certified to the standard.
Arco Chemical Co 3801 West Chester Pike, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, USA. Received IS0 9002 certification worldwide headquarters.
Ciha Pigments 205 S. James Street, USA.
Newport,
for
its
Delaware,
Granted IS0 9001 certification for all of its pigments-comprised business by Intertek. Kemira Box 368, Saran&,
Granted IS0 9002 certification for all of its US manufacturing sites and its corporate headquarters by SGS Ltd.
Granted IS0 9001 registration for its headquarters and R & D facility by the Quality Management Institute.
QUALITY ASSURED ACCREDITATION Americhem 225 Broadway 44221, USA.
Lonza Inc 17-17 Route 208, Fair Lawn, New Jersey, USA.
Georgia, USA.
Granted IS0 9001 for its titanium dioxide pigments plant. According to Kemira, this is the first titanium dioxide plant in the USA to receive IS0 9001 certification.
O1994 Elsevier Science Ltd
Carbon black The prime particle size of a carbon black grade determines to a large extent its degree of blackness - known as jetness - in dispersed form. This can be attributed to the effect of surface area: the finer the prime particle, the more surface area in the primary aggregate. Thus, finer prime particles give jetter colour due to the increased surface area available for light absorption. Another property of carbon black is its ability to provide undertone ranging from blue to brown. A blue undertone contributes to the appearance of jetness. A key property of carbon black that controls its performance is the structure of the primary aggregate. A carbon black characterized by primary aggregates composed of many prime particles with considerable branching and chaining is referred to as a high-structure carbon black. On the other hand, if the primary aggregate consists of relatively few prime particles making up a more compact unit, the carbon black is referred to as a lowstructure carbon black. Structure influences the ease with which the carbon black is dispersed into a resin, ink base, or other material. All carbon blacks have oxygen 9
Additivesfor Polymers
September 1994
complexes on their surfaces to varying degrees, depending on the conditions of their manufacture. These surface constituents are collectively referred to as volatile content. In many liquid systems a carbon black with a higher percentage of oxygen complexes has been found to disperse faster and provide greater stability. Thus, some grades have surfaces that have purposely been oxidized by aftertreatment with various agents to increase their volatile content. In plastics, carbon black may serve other functions in addition to providing colour. It for electrostatic provides conductivity dissipation in wire and cable shielding, flooring and electronic products. Carbon black is also the most cost-effective way to provide long-term UV stability to plastics for The masterbatch outdoor applications. technique is often used to ensure consistent, thorough dispersion of carbon black. Specialized high-shear dispersing equipment such as Banbury mixers and twin-screw extruders are used to produce the masterbatch which is ultimately letdown through blending with additional unpigmented resin to reach the required end-use carbon black concentration. Some resin manufacturers and custom compounders also supply resins that contain the required final concentration of carbon black along with other key additives. The Special Blacks Division of Cabot Corp in the USA has produced the following technical papers relating t.o carbon blacks: Smoothness blacks
evaluation
of clean furnace
Recent studies show a strong correlation between insulation shield smoothness and breakdown strength of medium- and highvoltage power cable. This paper investigates the effect of clean carbon blacks on shield interface smoothness. Influence of carbon black agglomerate size and oxygen content on its dispersibility in paint
Water-based acrylic-melamine paints were
10
formulated with carbon black pigments having various oxygen contents. The best dispersions were obtained with carbon blacks having the lower oxygen contents. Effects of carbon conductive coatings
black
properties
on
This study outlines the important carbon black variables that affect the electrical conductivity of coatings. Dispersion aids aqueous systems
for
carbon
blacks
in
This paper discusses the factors affecting the Dispersing Agent Requirement (DAR) and describes a laboratory method for determining it. A selection of anionic and nonionic dispersing agents are evaluated using the DAR method. Quality consistency: the special blacks in the 1990s
challenge
for
Today, masterbatch producers face intense pressure to provide higher performing, more uniform products of world-class quality. As a key raw material, consistent carbon black can make an important contribution to lower masterbatch production costs and increasing quality. Effects of carbon black morphology on masterbatch viscosity and letdown performance The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
performance of the carbon black-filled masterbatch to determine optimal formulation guidelines relative to the morphology and loading of carbon black and its interaction with various polymers. Special carbon blacks for plastics
This paper describes the factors to be considered when selecting the most appropriate carbon black grade for different plastic applications, Contact: Cabot Corp, Special Blacks Division, 157 Concord Road, Billerica, MA 01821, USA. Tel: +I-508-663-3455. Fax: -I-I -508-670- 7035.
O1994 Elsevier Science Ltd
September 1994
Ampacet
in the UK
Ampacet has relocated its UK headquarters facility to Telford, Shropshire. (The company was previously based at Basildon in Esseli). The new address is as follows: Ampacet, Jordan House, Hall Park Way, Telford Town Centre, Shropshire, TF3 4NF, UK. Tel: +44-952-293262. Fax: +44-9.522932 70.
E, Cuyakoga
Falls,
Reed Spectrum Industrial Holden Massachusetts, USA.
Park,
Holden,
Ohio,
TECHNICAL BRIEFS
of colour and additive This producer masterbatches has been granted its 6th IS0 9001 accreditation for quality control. All six of the company’s plants are now certified to the standard.
Arco Chemical Co 3801 West Chester Pike, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, USA. Received IS0 9002 certification worldwide headquarters.
Ciha Pigments 205 S. James Street, USA.
Newport,
for
its
Delaware,
Granted IS0 9001 certification for all of its pigments-comprised business by Intertek. Kemira Box 368, Saran&,
Granted IS0 9002 certification for all of its US manufacturing sites and its corporate headquarters by SGS Ltd.
Granted IS0 9001 registration for its headquarters and R & D facility by the Quality Management Institute.
QUALITY ASSURED ACCREDITATION Americhem 225 Broadway 44221, USA.
Lonza Inc 17-17 Route 208, Fair Lawn, New Jersey, USA.
Georgia, USA.
Granted IS0 9001 for its titanium dioxide pigments plant. According to Kemira, this is the first titanium dioxide plant in the USA to receive IS0 9001 certification.
O1994 Elsevier Science Ltd
Carbon black The prime particle size of a carbon black grade determines to a large extent its degree of blackness - known as jetness - in dispersed form. This can be attributed to the effect of surface area: the finer the prime particle, the more surface area in the primary aggregate. Thus, finer prime particles give jetter colour due to the increased surface area available for light absorption. Another property of carbon black is its ability to provide undertone ranging from blue to brown. A blue undertone contributes to the appearance of jetness. A key property of carbon black that controls its performance is the structure of the primary aggregate. A carbon black characterized by primary aggregates composed of many prime particles with considerable branching and chaining is referred to as a high-structure carbon black. On the other hand, if the primary aggregate consists of relatively few prime particles making up a more compact unit, the carbon black is referred to as a lowstructure carbon black. Structure influences the ease with which the carbon black is dispersed into a resin, ink base, or other material. All carbon blacks have oxygen 9
Additivesfor Polymers
September 1994
complexes on their surfaces to varying degrees, depending on the conditions of their manufacture. These surface constituents are collectively referred to as volatile content. In many liquid systems a carbon black with a higher percentage of oxygen complexes has been found to disperse faster and provide greater stability. Thus, some grades have surfaces that have purposely been oxidized by aftertreatment with various agents to increase their volatile content. In plastics, carbon black may serve other functions in addition to providing colour. It for electrostatic provides conductivity dissipation in wire and cable shielding, flooring and electronic products. Carbon black is also the most cost-effective way to provide long-term UV stability to plastics for The masterbatch outdoor applications. technique is often used to ensure consistent, thorough dispersion of carbon black. Specialized high-shear dispersing equipment such as Banbury mixers and twin-screw extruders are used to produce the masterbatch which is ultimately letdown through blending with additional unpigmented resin to reach the required end-use carbon black concentration. Some resin manufacturers and custom compounders also supply resins that contain the required final concentration of carbon black along with other key additives. The Special Blacks Division of Cabot Corp in the USA has produced the following technical papers relating t.o carbon blacks: Smoothness blacks
evaluation
of clean furnace
Recent studies show a strong correlation between insulation shield smoothness and breakdown strength of medium- and highvoltage power cable. This paper investigates the effect of clean carbon blacks on shield interface smoothness. Influence of carbon black agglomerate size and oxygen content on its dispersibility in paint
Water-based acrylic-melamine paints were
10
formulated with carbon black pigments having various oxygen contents. The best dispersions were obtained with carbon blacks having the lower oxygen contents. Effects of carbon conductive coatings
black
properties
on
This study outlines the important carbon black variables that affect the electrical conductivity of coatings. Dispersion aids aqueous systems
for
carbon
blacks
in
This paper discusses the factors affecting the Dispersing Agent Requirement (DAR) and describes a laboratory method for determining it. A selection of anionic and nonionic dispersing agents are evaluated using the DAR method. Quality consistency: the special blacks in the 1990s
challenge
for
Today, masterbatch producers face intense pressure to provide higher performing, more uniform products of world-class quality. As a key raw material, consistent carbon black can make an important contribution to lower masterbatch production costs and increasing quality. Effects of carbon black morphology on masterbatch viscosity and letdown performance The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
performance of the carbon black-filled masterbatch to determine optimal formulation guidelines relative to the morphology and loading of carbon black and its interaction with various polymers. Special carbon blacks for plastics
This paper describes the factors to be considered when selecting the most appropriate carbon black grade for different plastic applications, Contact: Cabot Corp, Special Blacks Division, 157 Concord Road, Billerica, MA 01821, USA. Tel: +I-508-663-3455. Fax: -I-I -508-670- 7035.
O1994 Elsevier Science Ltd