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Case-control study on the associations between lifestyle-behavioral risk factors and phlegm-wetness constitution
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J Tradit Chin Med 2014 June 15; 34(3): 286-292 ISSN 0255-2922 © 2014 JTCM. All rights reserved.
CLINICAL STUDY TOPIC
Case-control study on the associations between lifestyle-behavioral risk factors and phlegm-wetness constitution
Yanbo Zhu, Qi Wang, Zhaoyu Dai, Hideki Origasa, Jie Di, Yangyang Wang, Lin Lin, Chunpok Fan aa Yanbo Zhu, Jie Di, Yangyang Wang, School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China Qi Wang, Center for Studies in Constitution Research and Reproductive Sciences of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China Zhaoyu Dai, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist Universit, Hong Kong, China Hideki Origasa, Division of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Toyama School of Medicine, Toyama 930-0194, Japan Lin Lin, Department of Quality Management, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China Chunpok Fan, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China Supported by Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health cognition theory and Constitution Classification from the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) (No. 2011CB505403) Correspondence to: Prof. Yanbo Zhu, School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing100029, China. [email protected] Telephone: +86-10-64286470 Accepted: November 22, 2013
teria of phlegm-wetness type were taken as the case group, and 1380 cases were randomly selected from gentleness type as the control group. Using Chi-square test to compare the differences of lifestyle-behavior composition in each group; single factor and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to compare the relationships of lifestyle-behavioral factors and phlegm-wetness type. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between phlegm-wetness type group and gentleness type group in lifestyle behaviors (dietary habits, tobacco and liquor consumptions, exercise habits, sleeping habits). The results of single factor logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the risk of phlegm-wetness constitution decreased significantly in light diet (odds ratio, OR= 0.68); The risk factors of phlegm-wetness type were fatty food intake (OR=2.36), sleeping early and getting up late (OR=1.87), tobacco smoking (OR=1.83), barbecued food intake (OR=1.68), alcohol drinking (OR=1.63), salty food intake (OR=1.44), sleeping erratically (OR=1.43), less physical activities (OR= 1.42), sweet food intake (OR=1.29), sleeping and getting up late (OR=1.26), and pungent food intake (OR=1.21), respectively. Regardless of the interaction among lifestyle-behavioral factors, the results of the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk factors of phlegm-wetness type were sleeping early and getting up late (OR=1.94), fatty food intake (OR=1.80), tobacco smoking (OR=1.50), sleeping erratically (OR=1.50), barbecued food intake (OR=1.40), sleeping and getting up late (OR= 1.40), less physical activities (OR=1.31), sleeping late and getting up early (OR=1.27), and sweet food intake (OR=1.27), respectively, and the risk of
Abstract OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between different lifestyle-behavioral factors and phlegmwetness type of Traditional Chinese Medicine constitution, so as to provide health management strategies for phlegm-wetness constitution. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with the cases selected from the database of Chinese constitution survey in 9 provinces or municipalities of China. 1380 cases met the diagnostic criJTCM | www. journaltcm. com
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phlegm-wetness type still decreased significantly in light food intake (OR=0.79).
The description of the nine constitution type is shown in Table 1. Phlegm-wetness type, as one of the most common pathological constitutional types in TCM constitution studies, is related to many lifestyle diseases,6-10 such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, stroke, and metabolic syndromes. It is also an important factor that influences the health related quality of life (HRQOL) in general population.11,12 In this research, case-control study was used to explore lifestyle-behavioral risk factors of phlegm-wetness type in TCM constitution, so as to provide healthcare strategies for people with phlegm-wetness constitution.
CONCLUSION: Light diet can decrease the risk of being phlegm-wetness constitution, and bad lifestyle behaviors such as sleeping early and getting up late, sleeping erratically, fatty food, barbecued food or sweet food intake, tobacco and liquor consumptions, and less physical activities can increase the risks of becoming phlegm-wetness constitution. © 2014 JTCM. All rights reserved.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Key words: Life style; Cold-dampness; Data collection; Case-control studies; Medicine, Chinese traditional; Logistic regression analysis
Data sources The cases were selected from the database of Chinese constitution survey in 9 provinces or municipalities of China. It contains the information on Chinese constitution and health condition of 21 948 cases from a survey performed in Jiangsu, Anhui, Gansu, Qinghai, Fujian, Beijing, Jilin, Jiangxi and Henan from December 2005 to January 2007. 1380 cases met the diagnostic criteria of phlegm-wetness constitution (Table 1) were taken as the case group. Based on the distribution of age and gender of the phlegm-wetness constitution group, with a systematic sampling method, 1380 cases were randomly selected from 7187 cases of gentleness constitution in the database as the control group. For more details please refer to references.13
INTRODUCTION The formation and development of constitution depend on prenatal inheritance factors and are also influenced by postnatal environmental factors. Many studies had shown the associations between individual constitution type and factors such as gender, age, diet, work and relax, space, psychology, disease, etc.1-4 Wang's nine classifications of constitution in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for general populations was proved clinically useful and practical from numerous observations in the past few decades.5 The nice categories are gentleness type, Qi-deficiency type, Yang-deficiency type, Yin-deficiency type, phlegm-wetness type, wet-heat type, blood-stasis type, Qi-depression type, and special diathesis type. All of those types are pathological constitution, except the gentleness type.5
Research content The research focused on gender, age, marital status, educational level, lifestyle habits and behaviors, and TCM constitution survey. Lifestyle behavioral habits
Table 1 Descriptions of nine constitution types Description
Constitution type Gentleness Qi-deficiency Yang-deficiency Yin-deficiency Phlegm-wetness Wet-heat Blood-stasis Qi-depression Special diathesis
A healthy constitution type with Yin-Yang balanced, which manifests as full of vitality, no fatigue, good cold and hot tolerance, well sleep, good appetite, mild character, and with less disease in usual. A constitution type of insufficiency of primordial Qi, which manifests as short breath, listless and no desire to speak, low voice, easy to sweat and fatigue, and palpitations in usual. A constitution type of Yang-deficiency, which manifests as intolerance of cold, preference for hot drink and food, loose stool, clear abundant urine, and easy to catch a cold in usual. A constitution type of Yin-fluid deficiency, which manifests as feverish palms and soles, dry mouth and throat, dry eyes, flushing cheek, and dry skin in usual. A constitution type of body fluid stasis and phlegm-wetness aggregation, which manifests as feeling body heaviness, chest distress and excessive phlegm, sticky mouth, and sticky sweating in usual. A constitution type of internal accumulation of damp-heat, which manifests as oily face, likely to suffer from acne, thirsty, bad breath, bitter taste in the mouth, constipated in usual. A constitution type of poor blood circulation, which manifests as oily face, frequent pain and ecchymosis, dry skin, gloomy complexion, and dark eye sockets in usual. A constitution type of depression and stagnation of Qi, which manifests as frequently sigh， distention and pain in chest and hypochondrium, depressive, sensitive and suspicious, and lump in the throat sensation. A constitution type of special diathesis, which manifests as hypersensitiveness, nose running, nasal obstruction, and sneezing.
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include dietary habits (sweet food, salty food, light food, fatty food, barbecued food, or pungent food intake), tobacco and liquor consumptions, exercise habits, and sleeping habits. The Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire (CCMQ)14-16 was used to carry out the Chinese constitution survey. The CCMQ consists of 60 items, 9 scales of self-evaluation (i.e.: gentleness type scale, Qi-deficiency type scale, Yang-deficiency type scale, Yin-deficiency type scale, phlegmwetness type scale, wet-heat type scale, blood-stasis type scale, Qi-depression type scale, and special diathesis type scale). Each question was answered by choosing one from the Likert scale on the grade of 5 scales as Never (1), Rarely (2), Sometimes (3), Often (4), and Always (5). In each sub-scale, the points were summed up for each person. Sub-scale summary score was standardized from 0 to 100 by using the formula as (Sum-Lowest score)/(Highest score-Lowest score) multiplied by 100.14-16
cation level. In 1380 cases of gentleness type in the control group, there were 911 males (66.01%) and 469 females (33.99% ). The average age was (37 ± 15) years. There were 470 unmarried (34.06% ), 875 married (63.41%), and 35 (2.54%) others (widowed, divorced, or remarried); 711 people (51.52% ) had received college or higher education, 561 people (40.65%) with junior high or senior high school education background, and 108 people (7.78%) with primary school or lower education level. There were no statistical significance in gender, age, marital status and educational level between the two groups. Comparison of lifestyle-behavioral factors between phlegm-wetness type group and gentleness type group The comparison of lifestyle-behavioral factors between the two groups shows that, the proportion of cases with sweet food, salty food, fatty food, barbecued food or pungent food intake (dietary habits), tobacco and liquor consumption, exercise habits, and sleeping habits in phlegm-wetness type group were significantly higher than those in the gentleness type group, and the proportion of light food intake in the case group was significantly lower than that in the control group (Table 2 and 3).
Determination of TCM constitution According to the scoring method of the CCMQ, the 9 scales scores were calculated, then Discriminate analysis (based on the CCMQ score of 542 cases of typical Chinese medicine constitution which were diagnosed by Chinese medicine constitution experts17) was used to determine each individual constitution (i.e. gentleness type, Qi-deficiency type, Yang-deficiency type, Yin-deficiency type, phlegm-wetness type, wet-heat type, blood-stasis type, Qi-depression type, special diathesis type).
Logistic regression analysis of lifestyle-behavioral factors of phlegm-wetness type The variable assignment is showed in Table 4. The results of single factor and multiple logistic regression analysis are presented in Table 5. The results of the single factor logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of phlegm-wetness type decreased significantly in light food intake (odds ratio, OR=0.68). The risk factors of phlegm-wetness type were fatty food intake (OR=2.36), sleeping early and getting up late (OR= 1.87), tobacco smoking (OR=1.83), barbecued food intake (OR=1.68), alcohol drinking (OR=1.63), salty food intake (OR=1.44), sleeping erratically (OR=1.43), less physical activities (OR=1.42), sweet food intake (OR=1.29), sleeping and getting up late (OR=1.26), and pungent food intake (OR=1.21), respectively. Regardless of the interaction among lifestyle behavioral factors, the results of the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk factors of phlegm-wetness type were sleeping early and getting up late (OR= 1.94), fatty food intake (OR=1.80), tobacco smoking (OR=1.50), sleeping erratically (OR=1.50), barbecued food intake (OR=1.40), sleeping and getting up late (OR=1.40), less physical activities (OR=1.31), sleeping late and getting up early (OR=1.27), and sweet food intake (OR=1.27), respectively, and the risk of phlegmwetness type still decreased significantly in light food intake (OR=0.79).
Statistical methods The statistical analysis was completed with SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Chi-square test was used to compare the differences of lifestyle-behavioral composition between the phlegm-wetness type group and gentleness type group; set phlegm-wetness type as the dependent variable Y (with gentleness type for reference), and lifestyle behavioral factors as the independent variable X, single factor and multiple logistic regression analysis were then used to analyze the relationship between lifestyle-behavioral factors and phlegmwetness type. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significance.
RESULTS General sociodemographic status There were 911 males (66.01% ) and 469 females (33.99%) in the case group. The average age was (37 ± 15) years. Among 1380 cases of phlegm-wetness type, 472 (34.20%) were unmarried, 860 (62.32%) married, and 48 (3.48% ) others (widowed, divorced, or remarried); 749 people (54.28% ) had received college or higher education, 526 people (38.12% ) with junior high or senior high school education background, and 105 people (7.61%) with primary school or lower eduJTCM | www. journaltcm. com
DISCUSSION Lifestyle behaviors are important factors that affect the 288
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Zhu YB et al. / Clinical Study Table 2 Comparison of dietary habits, tobacco and liquor consumptions between the phlegm-wetness type group and gentleness type group [n (%)] Group
n
Salty food intake
Sweet food intake Yes
No
Yes
No
Light food intake
Fatty food intake
Yes
Yes
No
No
Phlegm -wetness type
1380 498 (36.09) 882 (63.91) 249 (18.04) 1131 (81.96) 389 (28.19) 991 (71.81) 337 (24.42) 1043 (75.58)
Gentleness type
1380 420 (30.43) 960 (69.57) 183 (13.26) 1197 (86.74) 504 (36.52) 876 (63.48) 166 (12.03) 1214 (87.97)
χ2 (P) Group
11.95 (0.0005)
9.93 (0.0016) n
Barbecued food intake Yes
No
21.89 (<0.0001)
71.09 (<0.0001)
Smoking
Alcohol drinking
Pungent food intake Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Phlegm -wetness type
1380 253 (18.33) 1127 (81.67) 532 (38.55)
848 (61.45)
388 (28.12) 992 (71.88) 319 (23.12) 1061 (76.88)
Gentleness type
1380 163 (11.81) 1217 (88.19) 471 (34.13)
909 (65.87)
243 (17.61) 1137 (82.39) 215 (15.58) 1165 (84.42)
χ2 (P)
5.83 (0.0158)
22.93 (<0.0001)
43.20 (<0.0001)
25.11 (<0.0001)
Table 3 Comparison of exercise habits and sleeping habits between phlegm-wetness type group and gentleness type group [n (%)] Sleeping habits
Exercise habits Group
n
Often
Sometimes
Less
Sleep and get up early
Sleep and Sleep early and Sleep late and Sleep get up late get up late get up early erratically
Phlegm-wetness type 1380 274 (19.86) 598 (43.33) 508 (36.81) 351 (25.51) 288 (20.93)
75 (5.45)
405 (29.43) 257 (18.68)
1380 411 (29.83) 593 (43.03) 374 (27.14) 499 (36.34) 239 (17.41)
41 (2.99)
404 (29.42) 190 (13.84)
Gentleness type χ2 (P)
50.33 (<0.0001)
47.78(<0.0001)
Table 4 The variable assignment Assignment
Variable
Gentleness type=0, Phlegm-wetness type=1
Constitution type Dietary habits
N=0, Y=1
Tobacco and alcohol consumptions
N=0, Y=1
Exercise habits
Often=0, Sometimes=1, Less=2
Sleeping habits
Sleep and get up early=(0, 0, 0, 0, 0), Sleep and get up late=(0, 1, 0, 0, 0)， Sleep early and get up late=(0, 0, 1, 0, 0), Sleep late and get up early=(0, 0, 0, 1, 0), Sleep erratically=(0, 0, 0, 0, 1)
Notes: N: no; Y: yes.
formation and development of individual constitution. This study explored the characteristics of lifestyle behaviors of people with phlegm-wetness type from dietary habits, tobacco and alcohol consumption, sleeping habits, exercise habits, etc., in order to find the lifestyle-behavioral risk factors of phlegm-wetness type. It would be helpful in health management on phlegmwetness constitution.18,19
four natures (cold, hot, warmth and coolness) and five flavors (sourness, bitterness, sweetness, pungency, saltiness). The long-term dietary habits and relatively fixed dietary patterns can influence the sufficiency or deficiency of Qi, Blood, Yin and Yang via the transportation and transformation function of both the spleen and stomach, and form stable functional trends and constitutional characteristics.1 Rich food diet, smoking and drinking promote the production of dampness and phlegm inside the body, and further to form the phlegm-wetness type constitution characterized by stickiness, turbidity and heaviness of the body. Qian Wu wrote in his famous medical book, the Golden Mirror of Medicine (Yi Zong Jin Jian), that "phlegm is the body fluid transformed from cereal nutrient when it failed to distribute widely and clearly in the body, leaves in the bosom and become what it is. In case of
Diet habits, tobacco and alcohol consumption and phlegm-wetness constitution Based on TCM constitution theory, food is the important source where the human body absorbs nutrition from, and it is indispensable to keep the people alive, maintain body vitality, and also to supply all kinds of physiological functions. Different kind of food contains different nutrients composition, and food has JTCM | www. journaltcm. com
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Zhu YB et al. / Clinical Study Table 5 The relationship between different lifestyle-behavioral factors and phlegm-wetness type in TCM constitution Phlegm-wetness type
Gentleness type Lifestyle-behavioral factors
Dietary habits
Tobacco and liquor consumptions Exercise habits
Sleeping habits
OR
Single factor logistic regression analysis
Multiple logistic regression analysis
OR
95% CI
OR
95% CI
Sweet food intake
1
1.29
1.10-1.52a
1.27
1.08-1.50c
Salty food intake
1
1.44
1.17-1.77b
1..19
0.95-1.48
Light food intake
1
0.68
0.58-0.80b
0.79
0.67-0.94a
Fatty food intake
1
2.36
1.93-2.90b
1.80
1.45-2.24b
Barbecued food intake
1
1.68
1.36-2.07b
1.40
1.11-1.75a
Pungent food intake
1
1.21
1.04-1.41c
0.93
0.78-1.10
Smoking
1
1.83
1..53-2.19b
1.50
1.21-1.85b
Drinking
1
1.63
1.35-1.97b
1.13
0.90-1.41
Low-level physical activities
1
1.42
1.29-1.57b
1.31
1.18-1.45b
Sleep and get up late
1
1.26
1.04-1.52c
1.40
1.12-1.76a
Sleep early and get up late
1
1.87
1.27-2.76b
1.94
1.28-2.95a
Sleep late and get up early
1
1.00
0.85-1.18
1.29
1.05-1.57c
Sleep erratically
1
1.43
1.17-1.76b
1.50
1.18-1.92a
Notes: aP<0.01, bP<0.001, cP<0.05. OR: odds ratio; CI=confidence interval. Multiple logistic regression analysis model: regardless of the interaction among dietary habits, tobacco and liquor consumptions, exercise habits and sleeping habits.
dietary irregularities, infantile dyspepsia or eating too much rich food, and spleen and stomach cannot transport and transform well, if Yin is predominant, there is fluid retention in human body, and if Yang is predominant, phlegm instead".20 Zijiu Jin (an experienced Chinese medicine doctor of the time, thought that "there must be dampness and phlegm in spleen and stomach if one likes to eat fatty foods and strong taste dishes".21 Some scholars studied the relationship between phlegm-dampness and alcohol and tobacco. They believed that "liquor is strong and hot and promotes dampness",22 if "drinks a lot, there will be more dampness and heat in the stomach.".23 Also, they thought that "cigarette with the dryness- heat property can invade and damage the lung Yin easily. Lung is the upper source of water, any damage in lung results in dysfunctions of its diffusion and downbearing, and then leads to water metabolic disorder, thus phlegm and dampness appear".24 Single factor logistic regression analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis revealed the similar results in generally, but some relevant high impact factors taking into the model and OR value changed. The risk of being phlegm-wetness type constitution decreased significantly in light food diet. Some dietary habits as well as tobacco and liquor consumptions increased the risk of becoming phlegm-wetness type, i.e. fatty food intake (OR=2.36), tobacco smoking (OR=1.83), barbecued food intake (OR=1.68), alcohol drinking (OR=1.63), etc. were with higher correlations. The results conformed the understanding of JTCM | www. journaltcm. com
TCM on phlegm-wetness type constitution, and also were consistent with some research outcomes in recent years.25-27 Sleeping habits, exercise habits and phlegm-wetness constitution Excessive ease is also one of the main factors associated with phlegm-wetness type. About 2000 years ago, it was recorded in the Chapter 23 Xuan Ming Wu Qi of the Su Wen (Basic questions) that "It damages Qi to lie in bed for too long and it does harm muscles to sit for a long time".28 Simiao Sun, a famous Traditional Chinese Medicine doctor of the Sui and Tang dynasty wrote in Qian Jin Yao Fang, section of Dao Lin Yang Xing that "it results in many diseases to lie in bed right after full meals".29 Bad living habits such as sedentary lifestyle, less physical activities and irregular sleeping, etc. can easily cause the poor circulation of Qi and blood, leading to the spleen and stomach dysfunctions. Furthermore, it will produce phlegm for a long time, and then make the body constitution gradually become phlegm-wetness type with the accumulation of damp and phlegm. The results of single factor logistic regression analysis in the present study shows that, sleeping habits such as sleeping early and getting up late (OR=1.87), sleeping erratically (OR=1.43), sleeping and getting up late (OR=1.26), and less physical activities (OR=1.42) can significantly increase the risk of becoming phlegm-wetness type. Further multiple logistic regression analysis reveals the similar results that 290
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sleeping habits of sleeping early and getting up late, sleeping erratically, sleeping and getting up late, sleeping late and get up early increase the risk of becoming phlegm-wetness type by 94%, 50%, 40% and 29%, respectively, and less physical activities increases the risk of phlegm-wetness type by 31%.
3
4
Strategies for health management according to lifestyle-behavior factors of phlegm-wetness Constitution Constitution is relatively stable in individual characteristics, but can also be adjusted.30,31 According to the risk factors of phlegm-wetness type, it is suggested that the health management of phlegm-wetness constitution as follows. People should pay attention to their lifestyle behaviors in dietary habits, tobacco and liquor consumption, sleeping habits, and exercise habits so as to keep good physical conditions. Firstly, take the light diet as a principle. More fruits and vegetables but low fat and less sweet, salty, sticky, greasy, barbecued and pungent food are preferred. Besides, based on Chinese medical theory, dampness is easy to stagnate and transform into heat. When it happens, people are suggested to choose food with sweet flavor and cold nature, sweet flavor and neutral nature, bitter flavor and cold nature, and bland flavor in order to eliminate dampness and clear out heat. Secondly, people should give up tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking. Thirdly, good sleeping habits such as early to bed and early to rise, sleep on time and regularly should be developed. And finally, regular physical exercises is advocated according to one's specific situation. The suitable physical activities for most people are walking, jogging, ball sports, swimming, mountain hiking, etc. Practice of Ba Duan Jin (Eight-section Brocade) or other forms of Qigong are also good choices that can relax tendons and promote the movement of Qi. In summary, this research found that light diet decreases the risk of the formation and development of phlegm-wetness constitution; and bad lifestyle behaviors such as sleeping early and getting up late, sleeping erratically (sleep habits), fatty food, barbecued food and sweet food intake (dietary habits), tobacco and liquor consumptions, and less physical activities (exercise habits) increase the risk of becoming phlegm-wetness type. Therefore, the health management of phlegm-wetness constitution should be based on one's lifestyle-behavioral characteristics, and targeted lifestyle behavior intervention strategies should be adopted.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
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CLINICAL STUDY TOPIC
Case-control study on the associations between lifestyle-behavioral risk factors and phlegm-wetness constitution
Yanbo Zhu, Qi Wang, Zhaoyu Dai, Hideki Origasa, Jie Di, Yangyang Wang, Lin Lin, Chunpok Fan aa Yanbo Zhu, Jie Di, Yangyang Wang, School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China Qi Wang, Center for Studies in Constitution Research and Reproductive Sciences of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China Zhaoyu Dai, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist Universit, Hong Kong, China Hideki Origasa, Division of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Toyama School of Medicine, Toyama 930-0194, Japan Lin Lin, Department of Quality Management, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China Chunpok Fan, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China Supported by Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health cognition theory and Constitution Classification from the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) (No. 2011CB505403) Correspondence to: Prof. Yanbo Zhu, School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing100029, China. [email protected] Telephone: +86-10-64286470 Accepted: November 22, 2013
teria of phlegm-wetness type were taken as the case group, and 1380 cases were randomly selected from gentleness type as the control group. Using Chi-square test to compare the differences of lifestyle-behavior composition in each group; single factor and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to compare the relationships of lifestyle-behavioral factors and phlegm-wetness type. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between phlegm-wetness type group and gentleness type group in lifestyle behaviors (dietary habits, tobacco and liquor consumptions, exercise habits, sleeping habits). The results of single factor logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the risk of phlegm-wetness constitution decreased significantly in light diet (odds ratio, OR= 0.68); The risk factors of phlegm-wetness type were fatty food intake (OR=2.36), sleeping early and getting up late (OR=1.87), tobacco smoking (OR=1.83), barbecued food intake (OR=1.68), alcohol drinking (OR=1.63), salty food intake (OR=1.44), sleeping erratically (OR=1.43), less physical activities (OR= 1.42), sweet food intake (OR=1.29), sleeping and getting up late (OR=1.26), and pungent food intake (OR=1.21), respectively. Regardless of the interaction among lifestyle-behavioral factors, the results of the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk factors of phlegm-wetness type were sleeping early and getting up late (OR=1.94), fatty food intake (OR=1.80), tobacco smoking (OR=1.50), sleeping erratically (OR=1.50), barbecued food intake (OR=1.40), sleeping and getting up late (OR= 1.40), less physical activities (OR=1.31), sleeping late and getting up early (OR=1.27), and sweet food intake (OR=1.27), respectively, and the risk of
Abstract OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationships between different lifestyle-behavioral factors and phlegmwetness type of Traditional Chinese Medicine constitution, so as to provide health management strategies for phlegm-wetness constitution. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with the cases selected from the database of Chinese constitution survey in 9 provinces or municipalities of China. 1380 cases met the diagnostic criJTCM | www. journaltcm. com
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phlegm-wetness type still decreased significantly in light food intake (OR=0.79).
The description of the nine constitution type is shown in Table 1. Phlegm-wetness type, as one of the most common pathological constitutional types in TCM constitution studies, is related to many lifestyle diseases,6-10 such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, stroke, and metabolic syndromes. It is also an important factor that influences the health related quality of life (HRQOL) in general population.11,12 In this research, case-control study was used to explore lifestyle-behavioral risk factors of phlegm-wetness type in TCM constitution, so as to provide healthcare strategies for people with phlegm-wetness constitution.
CONCLUSION: Light diet can decrease the risk of being phlegm-wetness constitution, and bad lifestyle behaviors such as sleeping early and getting up late, sleeping erratically, fatty food, barbecued food or sweet food intake, tobacco and liquor consumptions, and less physical activities can increase the risks of becoming phlegm-wetness constitution. © 2014 JTCM. All rights reserved.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Key words: Life style; Cold-dampness; Data collection; Case-control studies; Medicine, Chinese traditional; Logistic regression analysis
Data sources The cases were selected from the database of Chinese constitution survey in 9 provinces or municipalities of China. It contains the information on Chinese constitution and health condition of 21 948 cases from a survey performed in Jiangsu, Anhui, Gansu, Qinghai, Fujian, Beijing, Jilin, Jiangxi and Henan from December 2005 to January 2007. 1380 cases met the diagnostic criteria of phlegm-wetness constitution (Table 1) were taken as the case group. Based on the distribution of age and gender of the phlegm-wetness constitution group, with a systematic sampling method, 1380 cases were randomly selected from 7187 cases of gentleness constitution in the database as the control group. For more details please refer to references.13
INTRODUCTION The formation and development of constitution depend on prenatal inheritance factors and are also influenced by postnatal environmental factors. Many studies had shown the associations between individual constitution type and factors such as gender, age, diet, work and relax, space, psychology, disease, etc.1-4 Wang's nine classifications of constitution in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for general populations was proved clinically useful and practical from numerous observations in the past few decades.5 The nice categories are gentleness type, Qi-deficiency type, Yang-deficiency type, Yin-deficiency type, phlegm-wetness type, wet-heat type, blood-stasis type, Qi-depression type, and special diathesis type. All of those types are pathological constitution, except the gentleness type.5
Research content The research focused on gender, age, marital status, educational level, lifestyle habits and behaviors, and TCM constitution survey. Lifestyle behavioral habits
Table 1 Descriptions of nine constitution types Description
Constitution type Gentleness Qi-deficiency Yang-deficiency Yin-deficiency Phlegm-wetness Wet-heat Blood-stasis Qi-depression Special diathesis
A healthy constitution type with Yin-Yang balanced, which manifests as full of vitality, no fatigue, good cold and hot tolerance, well sleep, good appetite, mild character, and with less disease in usual. A constitution type of insufficiency of primordial Qi, which manifests as short breath, listless and no desire to speak, low voice, easy to sweat and fatigue, and palpitations in usual. A constitution type of Yang-deficiency, which manifests as intolerance of cold, preference for hot drink and food, loose stool, clear abundant urine, and easy to catch a cold in usual. A constitution type of Yin-fluid deficiency, which manifests as feverish palms and soles, dry mouth and throat, dry eyes, flushing cheek, and dry skin in usual. A constitution type of body fluid stasis and phlegm-wetness aggregation, which manifests as feeling body heaviness, chest distress and excessive phlegm, sticky mouth, and sticky sweating in usual. A constitution type of internal accumulation of damp-heat, which manifests as oily face, likely to suffer from acne, thirsty, bad breath, bitter taste in the mouth, constipated in usual. A constitution type of poor blood circulation, which manifests as oily face, frequent pain and ecchymosis, dry skin, gloomy complexion, and dark eye sockets in usual. A constitution type of depression and stagnation of Qi, which manifests as frequently sigh， distention and pain in chest and hypochondrium, depressive, sensitive and suspicious, and lump in the throat sensation. A constitution type of special diathesis, which manifests as hypersensitiveness, nose running, nasal obstruction, and sneezing.
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include dietary habits (sweet food, salty food, light food, fatty food, barbecued food, or pungent food intake), tobacco and liquor consumptions, exercise habits, and sleeping habits. The Constitution in Chinese Medicine Questionnaire (CCMQ)14-16 was used to carry out the Chinese constitution survey. The CCMQ consists of 60 items, 9 scales of self-evaluation (i.e.: gentleness type scale, Qi-deficiency type scale, Yang-deficiency type scale, Yin-deficiency type scale, phlegmwetness type scale, wet-heat type scale, blood-stasis type scale, Qi-depression type scale, and special diathesis type scale). Each question was answered by choosing one from the Likert scale on the grade of 5 scales as Never (1), Rarely (2), Sometimes (3), Often (4), and Always (5). In each sub-scale, the points were summed up for each person. Sub-scale summary score was standardized from 0 to 100 by using the formula as (Sum-Lowest score)/(Highest score-Lowest score) multiplied by 100.14-16
cation level. In 1380 cases of gentleness type in the control group, there were 911 males (66.01%) and 469 females (33.99% ). The average age was (37 ± 15) years. There were 470 unmarried (34.06% ), 875 married (63.41%), and 35 (2.54%) others (widowed, divorced, or remarried); 711 people (51.52% ) had received college or higher education, 561 people (40.65%) with junior high or senior high school education background, and 108 people (7.78%) with primary school or lower education level. There were no statistical significance in gender, age, marital status and educational level between the two groups. Comparison of lifestyle-behavioral factors between phlegm-wetness type group and gentleness type group The comparison of lifestyle-behavioral factors between the two groups shows that, the proportion of cases with sweet food, salty food, fatty food, barbecued food or pungent food intake (dietary habits), tobacco and liquor consumption, exercise habits, and sleeping habits in phlegm-wetness type group were significantly higher than those in the gentleness type group, and the proportion of light food intake in the case group was significantly lower than that in the control group (Table 2 and 3).
Determination of TCM constitution According to the scoring method of the CCMQ, the 9 scales scores were calculated, then Discriminate analysis (based on the CCMQ score of 542 cases of typical Chinese medicine constitution which were diagnosed by Chinese medicine constitution experts17) was used to determine each individual constitution (i.e. gentleness type, Qi-deficiency type, Yang-deficiency type, Yin-deficiency type, phlegm-wetness type, wet-heat type, blood-stasis type, Qi-depression type, special diathesis type).
Logistic regression analysis of lifestyle-behavioral factors of phlegm-wetness type The variable assignment is showed in Table 4. The results of single factor and multiple logistic regression analysis are presented in Table 5. The results of the single factor logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of phlegm-wetness type decreased significantly in light food intake (odds ratio, OR=0.68). The risk factors of phlegm-wetness type were fatty food intake (OR=2.36), sleeping early and getting up late (OR= 1.87), tobacco smoking (OR=1.83), barbecued food intake (OR=1.68), alcohol drinking (OR=1.63), salty food intake (OR=1.44), sleeping erratically (OR=1.43), less physical activities (OR=1.42), sweet food intake (OR=1.29), sleeping and getting up late (OR=1.26), and pungent food intake (OR=1.21), respectively. Regardless of the interaction among lifestyle behavioral factors, the results of the multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk factors of phlegm-wetness type were sleeping early and getting up late (OR= 1.94), fatty food intake (OR=1.80), tobacco smoking (OR=1.50), sleeping erratically (OR=1.50), barbecued food intake (OR=1.40), sleeping and getting up late (OR=1.40), less physical activities (OR=1.31), sleeping late and getting up early (OR=1.27), and sweet food intake (OR=1.27), respectively, and the risk of phlegmwetness type still decreased significantly in light food intake (OR=0.79).
Statistical methods The statistical analysis was completed with SPSS 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Chi-square test was used to compare the differences of lifestyle-behavioral composition between the phlegm-wetness type group and gentleness type group; set phlegm-wetness type as the dependent variable Y (with gentleness type for reference), and lifestyle behavioral factors as the independent variable X, single factor and multiple logistic regression analysis were then used to analyze the relationship between lifestyle-behavioral factors and phlegmwetness type. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significance.
RESULTS General sociodemographic status There were 911 males (66.01% ) and 469 females (33.99%) in the case group. The average age was (37 ± 15) years. Among 1380 cases of phlegm-wetness type, 472 (34.20%) were unmarried, 860 (62.32%) married, and 48 (3.48% ) others (widowed, divorced, or remarried); 749 people (54.28% ) had received college or higher education, 526 people (38.12% ) with junior high or senior high school education background, and 105 people (7.61%) with primary school or lower eduJTCM | www. journaltcm. com
DISCUSSION Lifestyle behaviors are important factors that affect the 288
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Zhu YB et al. / Clinical Study Table 2 Comparison of dietary habits, tobacco and liquor consumptions between the phlegm-wetness type group and gentleness type group [n (%)] Group
n
Salty food intake
Sweet food intake Yes
No
Yes
No
Light food intake
Fatty food intake
Yes
Yes
No
No
Phlegm -wetness type
1380 498 (36.09) 882 (63.91) 249 (18.04) 1131 (81.96) 389 (28.19) 991 (71.81) 337 (24.42) 1043 (75.58)
Gentleness type
1380 420 (30.43) 960 (69.57) 183 (13.26) 1197 (86.74) 504 (36.52) 876 (63.48) 166 (12.03) 1214 (87.97)
χ2 (P) Group
11.95 (0.0005)
9.93 (0.0016) n
Barbecued food intake Yes
No
21.89 (<0.0001)
71.09 (<0.0001)
Smoking
Alcohol drinking
Pungent food intake Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Phlegm -wetness type
1380 253 (18.33) 1127 (81.67) 532 (38.55)
848 (61.45)
388 (28.12) 992 (71.88) 319 (23.12) 1061 (76.88)
Gentleness type
1380 163 (11.81) 1217 (88.19) 471 (34.13)
909 (65.87)
243 (17.61) 1137 (82.39) 215 (15.58) 1165 (84.42)
χ2 (P)
5.83 (0.0158)
22.93 (<0.0001)
43.20 (<0.0001)
25.11 (<0.0001)
Table 3 Comparison of exercise habits and sleeping habits between phlegm-wetness type group and gentleness type group [n (%)] Sleeping habits
Exercise habits Group
n
Often
Sometimes
Less
Sleep and get up early
Sleep and Sleep early and Sleep late and Sleep get up late get up late get up early erratically
Phlegm-wetness type 1380 274 (19.86) 598 (43.33) 508 (36.81) 351 (25.51) 288 (20.93)
75 (5.45)
405 (29.43) 257 (18.68)
1380 411 (29.83) 593 (43.03) 374 (27.14) 499 (36.34) 239 (17.41)
41 (2.99)
404 (29.42) 190 (13.84)
Gentleness type χ2 (P)
50.33 (<0.0001)
47.78(<0.0001)
Table 4 The variable assignment Assignment
Variable
Gentleness type=0, Phlegm-wetness type=1
Constitution type Dietary habits
N=0, Y=1
Tobacco and alcohol consumptions
N=0, Y=1
Exercise habits
Often=0, Sometimes=1, Less=2
Sleeping habits
Sleep and get up early=(0, 0, 0, 0, 0), Sleep and get up late=(0, 1, 0, 0, 0)， Sleep early and get up late=(0, 0, 1, 0, 0), Sleep late and get up early=(0, 0, 0, 1, 0), Sleep erratically=(0, 0, 0, 0, 1)
Notes: N: no; Y: yes.
formation and development of individual constitution. This study explored the characteristics of lifestyle behaviors of people with phlegm-wetness type from dietary habits, tobacco and alcohol consumption, sleeping habits, exercise habits, etc., in order to find the lifestyle-behavioral risk factors of phlegm-wetness type. It would be helpful in health management on phlegmwetness constitution.18,19
four natures (cold, hot, warmth and coolness) and five flavors (sourness, bitterness, sweetness, pungency, saltiness). The long-term dietary habits and relatively fixed dietary patterns can influence the sufficiency or deficiency of Qi, Blood, Yin and Yang via the transportation and transformation function of both the spleen and stomach, and form stable functional trends and constitutional characteristics.1 Rich food diet, smoking and drinking promote the production of dampness and phlegm inside the body, and further to form the phlegm-wetness type constitution characterized by stickiness, turbidity and heaviness of the body. Qian Wu wrote in his famous medical book, the Golden Mirror of Medicine (Yi Zong Jin Jian), that "phlegm is the body fluid transformed from cereal nutrient when it failed to distribute widely and clearly in the body, leaves in the bosom and become what it is. In case of
Diet habits, tobacco and alcohol consumption and phlegm-wetness constitution Based on TCM constitution theory, food is the important source where the human body absorbs nutrition from, and it is indispensable to keep the people alive, maintain body vitality, and also to supply all kinds of physiological functions. Different kind of food contains different nutrients composition, and food has JTCM | www. journaltcm. com
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Zhu YB et al. / Clinical Study Table 5 The relationship between different lifestyle-behavioral factors and phlegm-wetness type in TCM constitution Phlegm-wetness type
Gentleness type Lifestyle-behavioral factors
Dietary habits
Tobacco and liquor consumptions Exercise habits
Sleeping habits
OR
Single factor logistic regression analysis
Multiple logistic regression analysis
OR
95% CI
OR
95% CI
Sweet food intake
1
1.29
1.10-1.52a
1.27
1.08-1.50c
Salty food intake
1
1.44
1.17-1.77b
1..19
0.95-1.48
Light food intake
1
0.68
0.58-0.80b
0.79
0.67-0.94a
Fatty food intake
1
2.36
1.93-2.90b
1.80
1.45-2.24b
Barbecued food intake
1
1.68
1.36-2.07b
1.40
1.11-1.75a
Pungent food intake
1
1.21
1.04-1.41c
0.93
0.78-1.10
Smoking
1
1.83
1..53-2.19b
1.50
1.21-1.85b
Drinking
1
1.63
1.35-1.97b
1.13
0.90-1.41
Low-level physical activities
1
1.42
1.29-1.57b
1.31
1.18-1.45b
Sleep and get up late
1
1.26
1.04-1.52c
1.40
1.12-1.76a
Sleep early and get up late
1
1.87
1.27-2.76b
1.94
1.28-2.95a
Sleep late and get up early
1
1.00
0.85-1.18
1.29
1.05-1.57c
Sleep erratically
1
1.43
1.17-1.76b
1.50
1.18-1.92a
Notes: aP<0.01, bP<0.001, cP<0.05. OR: odds ratio; CI=confidence interval. Multiple logistic regression analysis model: regardless of the interaction among dietary habits, tobacco and liquor consumptions, exercise habits and sleeping habits.
dietary irregularities, infantile dyspepsia or eating too much rich food, and spleen and stomach cannot transport and transform well, if Yin is predominant, there is fluid retention in human body, and if Yang is predominant, phlegm instead".20 Zijiu Jin (an experienced Chinese medicine doctor of the time, thought that "there must be dampness and phlegm in spleen and stomach if one likes to eat fatty foods and strong taste dishes".21 Some scholars studied the relationship between phlegm-dampness and alcohol and tobacco. They believed that "liquor is strong and hot and promotes dampness",22 if "drinks a lot, there will be more dampness and heat in the stomach.".23 Also, they thought that "cigarette with the dryness- heat property can invade and damage the lung Yin easily. Lung is the upper source of water, any damage in lung results in dysfunctions of its diffusion and downbearing, and then leads to water metabolic disorder, thus phlegm and dampness appear".24 Single factor logistic regression analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis revealed the similar results in generally, but some relevant high impact factors taking into the model and OR value changed. The risk of being phlegm-wetness type constitution decreased significantly in light food diet. Some dietary habits as well as tobacco and liquor consumptions increased the risk of becoming phlegm-wetness type, i.e. fatty food intake (OR=2.36), tobacco smoking (OR=1.83), barbecued food intake (OR=1.68), alcohol drinking (OR=1.63), etc. were with higher correlations. The results conformed the understanding of JTCM | www. journaltcm. com
TCM on phlegm-wetness type constitution, and also were consistent with some research outcomes in recent years.25-27 Sleeping habits, exercise habits and phlegm-wetness constitution Excessive ease is also one of the main factors associated with phlegm-wetness type. About 2000 years ago, it was recorded in the Chapter 23 Xuan Ming Wu Qi of the Su Wen (Basic questions) that "It damages Qi to lie in bed for too long and it does harm muscles to sit for a long time".28 Simiao Sun, a famous Traditional Chinese Medicine doctor of the Sui and Tang dynasty wrote in Qian Jin Yao Fang, section of Dao Lin Yang Xing that "it results in many diseases to lie in bed right after full meals".29 Bad living habits such as sedentary lifestyle, less physical activities and irregular sleeping, etc. can easily cause the poor circulation of Qi and blood, leading to the spleen and stomach dysfunctions. Furthermore, it will produce phlegm for a long time, and then make the body constitution gradually become phlegm-wetness type with the accumulation of damp and phlegm. The results of single factor logistic regression analysis in the present study shows that, sleeping habits such as sleeping early and getting up late (OR=1.87), sleeping erratically (OR=1.43), sleeping and getting up late (OR=1.26), and less physical activities (OR=1.42) can significantly increase the risk of becoming phlegm-wetness type. Further multiple logistic regression analysis reveals the similar results that 290
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sleeping habits of sleeping early and getting up late, sleeping erratically, sleeping and getting up late, sleeping late and get up early increase the risk of becoming phlegm-wetness type by 94%, 50%, 40% and 29%, respectively, and less physical activities increases the risk of phlegm-wetness type by 31%.
3
4
Strategies for health management according to lifestyle-behavior factors of phlegm-wetness Constitution Constitution is relatively stable in individual characteristics, but can also be adjusted.30,31 According to the risk factors of phlegm-wetness type, it is suggested that the health management of phlegm-wetness constitution as follows. People should pay attention to their lifestyle behaviors in dietary habits, tobacco and liquor consumption, sleeping habits, and exercise habits so as to keep good physical conditions. Firstly, take the light diet as a principle. More fruits and vegetables but low fat and less sweet, salty, sticky, greasy, barbecued and pungent food are preferred. Besides, based on Chinese medical theory, dampness is easy to stagnate and transform into heat. When it happens, people are suggested to choose food with sweet flavor and cold nature, sweet flavor and neutral nature, bitter flavor and cold nature, and bland flavor in order to eliminate dampness and clear out heat. Secondly, people should give up tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking. Thirdly, good sleeping habits such as early to bed and early to rise, sleep on time and regularly should be developed. And finally, regular physical exercises is advocated according to one's specific situation. The suitable physical activities for most people are walking, jogging, ball sports, swimming, mountain hiking, etc. Practice of Ba Duan Jin (Eight-section Brocade) or other forms of Qigong are also good choices that can relax tendons and promote the movement of Qi. In summary, this research found that light diet decreases the risk of the formation and development of phlegm-wetness constitution; and bad lifestyle behaviors such as sleeping early and getting up late, sleeping erratically (sleep habits), fatty food, barbecued food and sweet food intake (dietary habits), tobacco and liquor consumptions, and less physical activities (exercise habits) increase the risk of becoming phlegm-wetness type. Therefore, the health management of phlegm-wetness constitution should be based on one's lifestyle-behavioral characteristics, and targeted lifestyle behavior intervention strategies should be adopted.
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
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June 15, 2014 | Volume 34 | Issue 3 |