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Cheiromoniliophora elegans gen. et sp. nov. (Hyphomycetes)
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Cheivomoniliophora elegans gen. et sp. nov. (Hyphomycetes) S. S. TZEAN A N D J. L. CHEN Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 10764 ~heiromoniliophoraelegans gen. et sp. nov. (Hyphomycetes). Mycological Research
94
(3): 424-427 (1990)
Cheiromoniliophora elegans gen. et sp. nov. is described, illustrated and compared with the genera Dictyosporium, Pseudodicfyosporium and Cheir~~olyschema, species of which have similar conidial morphology. Key words: Cheiromoniliophora elegans, Cheiroid conidia, Hyphomycetes, Taxonomy.
Conidial ontogeny plays a major role in genus determination in the Hyphomycetes (Bamett & Hunter, 1987; Ellis, 1971, 1976). Such concepts were crucial in the erection of Pseudodic~yosporium and Cheiropolyschema by Maisushima (1971, 1980). ~ s e u ~ o ~ i c ~ y o s p o r i has u m a single species, p. wauense Matsushima (Matsushima, 1971), and is characterized by producing cheiroid conidia solitarily at the apex of repeatedly, irregularly branched, well-developed conidiophores. The cheiroid conidia produced by P. wauense resemble those of Dicfyosporium (Ellis, 1971, 1976). However, there is a marked difference in conidiogenesis and in the conidiogenous cells of these two genera, so they are maintained in spite of the close similarity in conidial morphology. Cheiropolyschema, which also contains a single species, C . formosana Matsushima (Matsushima, 1980), is a similar example. Morphologically, the cheiroid conidia of C . formosana are close to Dictyosporium and Pseudodicfyosporium, but differ in the formation of conidia on catenulate, echinulate, spherical conidiogenous cells. These features are not present in either Dicfyosporium or Pseudodicfyosporium.
During an investigation of Hyphomycetes on fallen, decaying leaves and stems from Taiwan, a fungus isolated in culture, produced cheiroid conidia closely resembling those of Dicfyosporium, Pseudodicfyosporium and Cheiropolyschema. However, they are formed either monoblastically or polyblastically on each of the catenulate, clavate, pyriform, obovoid, spherical or subspherical conidiogenous cells which originate from welldeveloped, irregularly branched conidiophores. Such major differences in ontogeny warrant the introduction of a new generic name to distinguish this fungus from Cheiromyces (Damon, 1950), Cheiromycella (Ellis, 1971), Dicfyosporiurn (Ellis, 1971, 1976), Pseudodicfyosporium (Matsushima, 1971), and related genera (Carmichael ef al., 1980). Description and diagnosis are based on cultures on commeal agar by using Komerup & Wanscher (1978) as the colour standard. Cheir~monilio~hora Tzean & Chen, gen. nov. Hyphomycetes, Deuteromycotina. Conidiophorum semi-macronematoideum, macronematoideum, simplex vel irregulariter ramosum, septatum, raro exiguum constrictio ad septum, laeve vel vermcosum. Cellulae conidiogenae discretae, catenulatae, proximales, clavatae, pyrifonnes ad obovoideae, distales sphaericae, subsphaericae, blasticae. laeves vel aliquando vermcosae, hyalinae ad subhyalinae.
Catena nova ex cellula conidiogena multa regeneratio de existo cellula conidiogena. Conidia holoblastica, acrogena vel pleurogena palmata, in una plana, coalita 2-3 brachiorum, exoriens plus minusve triangularis basilaris cella. Brachium multiseptatum, leviter constrictio ad septum, constans 1-5 cella, brunneum vel atro-brunneum, laeve, pachyparies. Species typica: Cheiromoniliophora elegans Tzean & Chen
Conidiophores semi-macronematous, macronematous, simple or irregularly branched, septate, rarely slightly constricted at septa, smooth or verrucose. Conidiogenous cells discrete, catenulate, proximally clavate, pyriform to obovoid, distally spherical, subspherical, blastic, smooth or occasionally verrucose, hyaline to subhyaline. A new chain of conidiogenous cells may regenerate from pre-existing conidiogenous cells. Conidia acrogenous or pleurogenous, cheiroid, in one plane, composed of 2-3 arms, arising from a more or less triangular basal cell. Arm multiseptate, slightly constriction at septa, consisting of 1-5 cells, brown or dark brown, smooth, thickwalled.
Cheiromoniliophora elegans Tzean & Chen, sp. nov. (Figs 1-9) Coloniae effusae, centrum pulveraceum, brunneolo griseae, margine cinerascentes luteae ad albae, reversae, centrum cinerascentes rubrum, medium brunneolo luteum, margine pallido luteum. Mycelium superficiale, coalitum repens, ramosum, septatum, hyalinum vel subhyalinum, laeve vel venucosum hypha, 0.8-8.4 pm latum. Conidiophorum semi-macronematoideum, macronematoideum, simplex vel irregulariter ramosum, septatum, raro exiguum constrictio ad septum, laeve ve! vermcosum, 10.2-56.0 pm altum, 3.2-6.4 pm latum. Cellulae conidiogenae discretae, catenulatae, proximales clavatae, pyriformes ad obovoideae, distales, sphaericae, subsphaericae, monovel polyblasticae, laeves vel aliquando verrucosae, hyalinae ad subhyalinae, 4.7-24.2 x 4.2-13.6 Mm. Catena nova ex cellula conidiogena, multa regeneratio de existo cellula conidiogena. Conidia acrogena vel pleurogena palmata, in una plana, coalita 2-3 brachiorum, exoriens plus minusve triangularis basilaris cella. Brachium multiseptatum, leviter constrictio ad septum, constans 1-5 cella, brunneum vel atrobrunneum, laeve, pachyparies, usque ad 1.6 pm, 11.2-27.2 x 95-16.8 pm. Holotypus in caulis dejectis, Kukwang, Nantou, Taiwan, R.O.C., 29 Aug. 1986, PPH7, isotypus IMI 334565.
Colonies effuse, centre farinose, brownish grey, margin greyish yellow to white; reverse centre greyish red, middle
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Figs 1-9. Cheiromoniliophora elegans. Fig. 1. Conidial initials spherical, initiated from moniliform conidiogenous cells (arrows). Fig. 2. Conidial initials enlarge, increase in size, and form septum (arrow). Fig. 3. Conidial initials become palm- or U-shaped. Fig. 4. Conidial initials mature in situ and become cheiroid. Figs 5-9. Conidium maturation via single cell to multi-cells by a cell to cell division system. Bars = 10 pm.
brownish yellow, margin light yellow. Mycelium superficial, composed of repent, branched, septate, hyaline or subhyaline, smooth or verrucose hyphae, 0.8-8.4 um wide. Conidiophores semi-macronematous, macronematous, simple or irregularly branched, septate, rarely slightly constricted at septa, smooth
o r verrucose, 10.2-56.0 Pm high, 3.2-6.4 Pm wide. Conidiogenow cells discrete, catenulate, proximally clavate, pyriform t o obovoid, distally spherical, subspherical, mono-, or polyblastic, smooth o r occasionally verrucose, hyaline t o subhyaline, 4.7-24-2 x 4-2-13.6 urn. New chain of conidio-
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Figs 10-12. Comparison of morphological characteristics of Pseudodictyosporium wauense, Fig. 10. Cheiropolyschema formsana. Fig. 11. Cheiromoniliophora elegans. Fig. 12. Figs 10 and I1 redrawn from Matsushima (1971, 1980). Bar = 10 urn.
genous cells may regenerate from pre-existing conidiogenous cells. Conidia holoblastic, acrogenous or pleurogenous, cheiroid, in one plane, composed of 2-3 arms, arising from a more or less triangular basal cell. Arm multiseptate, slightly constricted at septa, consisting of 1-5 cells, brown or dark brown, smooth, thick-walled, up to 1.6 pm, 11.2-27.2 x 9 5 - 1 6 8 ym. Conidia are produced from conidiogenous cells laterally or apically, at one or two loci and are at first spherical or subspherical in shape. Later they develop a transverse septum, and then become further divided by an oblique or longitudinal septum to become multicellular and more or less U-shaped. The conidia mature in sifu, in one plane and become obovoid, consisting of what appear as 2-3 compressed arms, each arm composed of 1-5 cells, arising from a triangular basal cell.
Specimens examined: on fallen, decaying stem, Kukwang, Nantou, Taiwan, R.O.C., 29 Aug. 1986,holotype PPH7 (dried culture) and ex-
typus PPH7E (living culture), deposited in the Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. PPH7E also deposited in Culture Collection and Research Center (CCRC 32238),Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. Isotypes in herb. NY, New York Botanical Garden, U.S.A., herb. IMI 334565 England. The gross morphology and morphogenesis of the cheiroid conidia of Cheiromoniliophora elegans are close to those of Pseudodictyosporium wauense, but differ in several features. The length is shorter and branching of the conidiophores is sparser in C. elegans than in P. wauense. The ovate basal cell in the conidiophore in P. wauense is not present in C. elegans. The conidiogenous cells bear a solitary, terminal conidium, whereas in C . elegans, the conidiogenous cells are of a distinct shape, mostly spherical, subspherical or monilioid, and are markedly distinct from the tubular conidiophores. Each conidiogenous cell is fertile, either monoblastic or polyblastic, producing
Short Communications conidia apically or laterally (cf. Figs 10-12). Sometimes, a long chain of conidiogenous cells can be regenerated from preexisting conidiogenous cells. Conidia of Cheiromoniliophora elegans and Cheiropolyscherna forrnosana are cheiroid and similar but the latter are echinulate, in contrast to the former which are smooth. The conidiophores in Cheiropolyschema forrnosana are semi-micronematous and mostly mononematous and the conidiogenous cells are spherical, verrucose, catenulate, consisting of 1-5 cells, 3.5-5.5 pm diam, monotretic and acrogenous. The conidiophores in Cheiromoniliophora elegans however are often macronematous, irregularly branched, smooth, occasionally verrucose, mono- or polyblastic and although the conidiogenous cells are also catenulate, the proximal ones are clavate, pyriform to obovoid and the distal ones are spherical to subspherical. Conidia are acrogenous or pleurogenous, 11.2-27.2 x 9.5-16.8 pm. The distinctions between Cheiromoniliophora, Pseudodictyosporium and Cheiropolyschema are illustrated in Figs 10-12. The conidia of Cheiromoniliophora elegans are flattened in one plane and stromata or sporodochia are absent. In addition the differences in ontogeny and conidiogenous cells separate the genus from Cheiromyces (Damon, 1950), Cheiromycella, Dicfyosporium (Ellis, 1971), and related genera of fungi (Carmichael et al., 1980). (Received for publication 26 May 1989)
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This work was supported by National Science Council, R.O.C., grant NSC-78-0409-B002-06. The authors are indebted to Dr Emory G. Simmons, for comments on and reviewing of the manuscript, and to Dr J. C. Liao for preparation of the Latin diagnosis. . -
REFERENCES BARNETT, H. L. & HUNTER, B. B. (1987). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi, 4th edn. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. CARMICHAEL, J. W., KENDRICK, W. B., CONNERS, I. L. & SIGLER, L. (1980). Genera of Hyphomycefes. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: The University of Alberta Press. DAMON, S. C. (1950). A taxonomic consideration of two cheirosporous genera, Cheiromyces and Pedilospora. Mycologia 42, 554-562. ELLIS, M. B. (1971). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Kew, Surrey, England: CAB International Mycological Institute. ELLIS, M.B. (1976). More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Kew, Surrey, England: CAB Intemational Mycological Institute. KORNERUP, A. & WANSCHER, L. H. (1978). Mefhuen Handbook of Colour. London: Eyre Methuen Led. MATSUSHIMA, T. (1971). Microfungi of the Solomon Islands and Papua-New Guinea. Kobe, Japan: Matsushima. MATSUSHIMA, T. (1980). Saprophytic microfungi from Taiwan. Part I. Hyphomycetes. Kobe, Japan: Matsushima.
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Cheivomoniliophora elegans gen. et sp. nov. (Hyphomycetes) S. S. TZEAN A N D J. L. CHEN Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 10764 ~heiromoniliophoraelegans gen. et sp. nov. (Hyphomycetes). Mycological Research
94
(3): 424-427 (1990)
Cheiromoniliophora elegans gen. et sp. nov. is described, illustrated and compared with the genera Dictyosporium, Pseudodicfyosporium and Cheir~~olyschema, species of which have similar conidial morphology. Key words: Cheiromoniliophora elegans, Cheiroid conidia, Hyphomycetes, Taxonomy.
Conidial ontogeny plays a major role in genus determination in the Hyphomycetes (Bamett & Hunter, 1987; Ellis, 1971, 1976). Such concepts were crucial in the erection of Pseudodic~yosporium and Cheiropolyschema by Maisushima (1971, 1980). ~ s e u ~ o ~ i c ~ y o s p o r i has u m a single species, p. wauense Matsushima (Matsushima, 1971), and is characterized by producing cheiroid conidia solitarily at the apex of repeatedly, irregularly branched, well-developed conidiophores. The cheiroid conidia produced by P. wauense resemble those of Dicfyosporium (Ellis, 1971, 1976). However, there is a marked difference in conidiogenesis and in the conidiogenous cells of these two genera, so they are maintained in spite of the close similarity in conidial morphology. Cheiropolyschema, which also contains a single species, C . formosana Matsushima (Matsushima, 1980), is a similar example. Morphologically, the cheiroid conidia of C . formosana are close to Dictyosporium and Pseudodicfyosporium, but differ in the formation of conidia on catenulate, echinulate, spherical conidiogenous cells. These features are not present in either Dicfyosporium or Pseudodicfyosporium.
During an investigation of Hyphomycetes on fallen, decaying leaves and stems from Taiwan, a fungus isolated in culture, produced cheiroid conidia closely resembling those of Dicfyosporium, Pseudodicfyosporium and Cheiropolyschema. However, they are formed either monoblastically or polyblastically on each of the catenulate, clavate, pyriform, obovoid, spherical or subspherical conidiogenous cells which originate from welldeveloped, irregularly branched conidiophores. Such major differences in ontogeny warrant the introduction of a new generic name to distinguish this fungus from Cheiromyces (Damon, 1950), Cheiromycella (Ellis, 1971), Dicfyosporiurn (Ellis, 1971, 1976), Pseudodicfyosporium (Matsushima, 1971), and related genera (Carmichael ef al., 1980). Description and diagnosis are based on cultures on commeal agar by using Komerup & Wanscher (1978) as the colour standard. Cheir~monilio~hora Tzean & Chen, gen. nov. Hyphomycetes, Deuteromycotina. Conidiophorum semi-macronematoideum, macronematoideum, simplex vel irregulariter ramosum, septatum, raro exiguum constrictio ad septum, laeve vel vermcosum. Cellulae conidiogenae discretae, catenulatae, proximales, clavatae, pyrifonnes ad obovoideae, distales sphaericae, subsphaericae, blasticae. laeves vel aliquando vermcosae, hyalinae ad subhyalinae.
Catena nova ex cellula conidiogena multa regeneratio de existo cellula conidiogena. Conidia holoblastica, acrogena vel pleurogena palmata, in una plana, coalita 2-3 brachiorum, exoriens plus minusve triangularis basilaris cella. Brachium multiseptatum, leviter constrictio ad septum, constans 1-5 cella, brunneum vel atro-brunneum, laeve, pachyparies. Species typica: Cheiromoniliophora elegans Tzean & Chen
Conidiophores semi-macronematous, macronematous, simple or irregularly branched, septate, rarely slightly constricted at septa, smooth or verrucose. Conidiogenous cells discrete, catenulate, proximally clavate, pyriform to obovoid, distally spherical, subspherical, blastic, smooth or occasionally verrucose, hyaline to subhyaline. A new chain of conidiogenous cells may regenerate from pre-existing conidiogenous cells. Conidia acrogenous or pleurogenous, cheiroid, in one plane, composed of 2-3 arms, arising from a more or less triangular basal cell. Arm multiseptate, slightly constriction at septa, consisting of 1-5 cells, brown or dark brown, smooth, thickwalled.
Cheiromoniliophora elegans Tzean & Chen, sp. nov. (Figs 1-9) Coloniae effusae, centrum pulveraceum, brunneolo griseae, margine cinerascentes luteae ad albae, reversae, centrum cinerascentes rubrum, medium brunneolo luteum, margine pallido luteum. Mycelium superficiale, coalitum repens, ramosum, septatum, hyalinum vel subhyalinum, laeve vel venucosum hypha, 0.8-8.4 pm latum. Conidiophorum semi-macronematoideum, macronematoideum, simplex vel irregulariter ramosum, septatum, raro exiguum constrictio ad septum, laeve ve! vermcosum, 10.2-56.0 pm altum, 3.2-6.4 pm latum. Cellulae conidiogenae discretae, catenulatae, proximales clavatae, pyriformes ad obovoideae, distales, sphaericae, subsphaericae, monovel polyblasticae, laeves vel aliquando verrucosae, hyalinae ad subhyalinae, 4.7-24.2 x 4.2-13.6 Mm. Catena nova ex cellula conidiogena, multa regeneratio de existo cellula conidiogena. Conidia acrogena vel pleurogena palmata, in una plana, coalita 2-3 brachiorum, exoriens plus minusve triangularis basilaris cella. Brachium multiseptatum, leviter constrictio ad septum, constans 1-5 cella, brunneum vel atrobrunneum, laeve, pachyparies, usque ad 1.6 pm, 11.2-27.2 x 95-16.8 pm. Holotypus in caulis dejectis, Kukwang, Nantou, Taiwan, R.O.C., 29 Aug. 1986, PPH7, isotypus IMI 334565.
Colonies effuse, centre farinose, brownish grey, margin greyish yellow to white; reverse centre greyish red, middle
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Figs 1-9. Cheiromoniliophora elegans. Fig. 1. Conidial initials spherical, initiated from moniliform conidiogenous cells (arrows). Fig. 2. Conidial initials enlarge, increase in size, and form septum (arrow). Fig. 3. Conidial initials become palm- or U-shaped. Fig. 4. Conidial initials mature in situ and become cheiroid. Figs 5-9. Conidium maturation via single cell to multi-cells by a cell to cell division system. Bars = 10 pm.
brownish yellow, margin light yellow. Mycelium superficial, composed of repent, branched, septate, hyaline or subhyaline, smooth or verrucose hyphae, 0.8-8.4 um wide. Conidiophores semi-macronematous, macronematous, simple or irregularly branched, septate, rarely slightly constricted at septa, smooth
o r verrucose, 10.2-56.0 Pm high, 3.2-6.4 Pm wide. Conidiogenow cells discrete, catenulate, proximally clavate, pyriform t o obovoid, distally spherical, subspherical, mono-, or polyblastic, smooth o r occasionally verrucose, hyaline t o subhyaline, 4.7-24-2 x 4-2-13.6 urn. New chain of conidio-
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Figs 10-12. Comparison of morphological characteristics of Pseudodictyosporium wauense, Fig. 10. Cheiropolyschema formsana. Fig. 11. Cheiromoniliophora elegans. Fig. 12. Figs 10 and I1 redrawn from Matsushima (1971, 1980). Bar = 10 urn.
genous cells may regenerate from pre-existing conidiogenous cells. Conidia holoblastic, acrogenous or pleurogenous, cheiroid, in one plane, composed of 2-3 arms, arising from a more or less triangular basal cell. Arm multiseptate, slightly constricted at septa, consisting of 1-5 cells, brown or dark brown, smooth, thick-walled, up to 1.6 pm, 11.2-27.2 x 9 5 - 1 6 8 ym. Conidia are produced from conidiogenous cells laterally or apically, at one or two loci and are at first spherical or subspherical in shape. Later they develop a transverse septum, and then become further divided by an oblique or longitudinal septum to become multicellular and more or less U-shaped. The conidia mature in sifu, in one plane and become obovoid, consisting of what appear as 2-3 compressed arms, each arm composed of 1-5 cells, arising from a triangular basal cell.
Specimens examined: on fallen, decaying stem, Kukwang, Nantou, Taiwan, R.O.C., 29 Aug. 1986,holotype PPH7 (dried culture) and ex-
typus PPH7E (living culture), deposited in the Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. PPH7E also deposited in Culture Collection and Research Center (CCRC 32238),Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C. Isotypes in herb. NY, New York Botanical Garden, U.S.A., herb. IMI 334565 England. The gross morphology and morphogenesis of the cheiroid conidia of Cheiromoniliophora elegans are close to those of Pseudodictyosporium wauense, but differ in several features. The length is shorter and branching of the conidiophores is sparser in C. elegans than in P. wauense. The ovate basal cell in the conidiophore in P. wauense is not present in C. elegans. The conidiogenous cells bear a solitary, terminal conidium, whereas in C . elegans, the conidiogenous cells are of a distinct shape, mostly spherical, subspherical or monilioid, and are markedly distinct from the tubular conidiophores. Each conidiogenous cell is fertile, either monoblastic or polyblastic, producing
Short Communications conidia apically or laterally (cf. Figs 10-12). Sometimes, a long chain of conidiogenous cells can be regenerated from preexisting conidiogenous cells. Conidia of Cheiromoniliophora elegans and Cheiropolyscherna forrnosana are cheiroid and similar but the latter are echinulate, in contrast to the former which are smooth. The conidiophores in Cheiropolyschema forrnosana are semi-micronematous and mostly mononematous and the conidiogenous cells are spherical, verrucose, catenulate, consisting of 1-5 cells, 3.5-5.5 pm diam, monotretic and acrogenous. The conidiophores in Cheiromoniliophora elegans however are often macronematous, irregularly branched, smooth, occasionally verrucose, mono- or polyblastic and although the conidiogenous cells are also catenulate, the proximal ones are clavate, pyriform to obovoid and the distal ones are spherical to subspherical. Conidia are acrogenous or pleurogenous, 11.2-27.2 x 9.5-16.8 pm. The distinctions between Cheiromoniliophora, Pseudodictyosporium and Cheiropolyschema are illustrated in Figs 10-12. The conidia of Cheiromoniliophora elegans are flattened in one plane and stromata or sporodochia are absent. In addition the differences in ontogeny and conidiogenous cells separate the genus from Cheiromyces (Damon, 1950), Cheiromycella, Dicfyosporium (Ellis, 1971), and related genera of fungi (Carmichael et al., 1980). (Received for publication 26 May 1989)
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This work was supported by National Science Council, R.O.C., grant NSC-78-0409-B002-06. The authors are indebted to Dr Emory G. Simmons, for comments on and reviewing of the manuscript, and to Dr J. C. Liao for preparation of the Latin diagnosis. . -
REFERENCES BARNETT, H. L. & HUNTER, B. B. (1987). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi, 4th edn. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. CARMICHAEL, J. W., KENDRICK, W. B., CONNERS, I. L. & SIGLER, L. (1980). Genera of Hyphomycefes. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: The University of Alberta Press. DAMON, S. C. (1950). A taxonomic consideration of two cheirosporous genera, Cheiromyces and Pedilospora. Mycologia 42, 554-562. ELLIS, M. B. (1971). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Kew, Surrey, England: CAB International Mycological Institute. ELLIS, M.B. (1976). More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Kew, Surrey, England: CAB Intemational Mycological Institute. KORNERUP, A. & WANSCHER, L. H. (1978). Mefhuen Handbook of Colour. London: Eyre Methuen Led. MATSUSHIMA, T. (1971). Microfungi of the Solomon Islands and Papua-New Guinea. Kobe, Japan: Matsushima. MATSUSHIMA, T. (1980). Saprophytic microfungi from Taiwan. Part I. Hyphomycetes. Kobe, Japan: Matsushima.