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Reticulosphaeria indica gen. et sp. nov. from India
Notes and brief articles phorae simplices, singulariter aut in paribus exorientes, rectae vel flexuosae, geniculataecum cicatricibusconspicuis, brunneae, ad apicem paJlidiores, ad 520 ftm longae, 5-7.8 ftm diametro, septatae, Conidia typice curvata, navicularia, aut fusiformia, prope medium latissima, graduatim decrescentia ad extrema, cum basali cella nonnumquam pallidiore quam alliis. Conidia brunnea, levia, 4-11 septata; hilum non protuberans, 83-203 x 13-18 ftm.
In seminibus Tritici aestivi, Paraguay. Specimen in Herb. IMI 253986 (cultura sicca), typus est.
Colonies on 0'1 % malt agar in Petri dishes in which autoclaved Sorghum grains were placed and incubated at 15°C in a regime of 12 h near u. v. light and 12 h darkness for 2 weeks, were effuse, grey to brown, velvety and sporulated freely both on grains and on the medium. Hyphae branched, septate, pale to mid-brown. Conidiophores simple, arising singly or in pairs, straight or flexuous, geniculate with conspicuous conidial scars, brown to midbrown, paler towards the apex (Fig. 1A), up to 520 ttm long, 5-7'8ttm diam, septate. Conidia typically curved, navicular or broadly fusiform, broadest near the middle, tapering moderately towards the rounded ends, basal cell cylindrical, longer than wide, and sometimes slightly paler than the other cells. Conidia pale to mid-brown, smooth with 4-11 (mostly 7-10) distosepta (Fig. 1B-D). On 0'1 % malt agar, conidia measure 83-203
547
(mostly 135-182) ttm long, 13-18 (mostly 14-18) at the broadest part. Hilum not protuberant, 2'6-3'4 fLm wide. Germination bipolar.
ttm wide
When seeds of Triticum vulgare var. Maris Nimrod were inoculated with spores of the fungus and sown in test tubes containing tap water agar, there was no effect on germination of the seeds, but the coleoptiles of the seedlings developed dark brown spots and streaks where hyphae had grown from infected coleoptiles and had sporulated. When seedlings of the same wheat variety were inoculated in the glasshouse with a conidial suspension, they developed yellowish leaf flecks which did not coalesce. I am deeply grateful to Mr H. W. Stubbs for the Latin diagnosis, Dr A. Sivanesan and Professor J. Webster for helpful discussion.
REFERENCES
ELLIS, M. B. (1971). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England. ELLIS, M. B. (1976). More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England.
RETICULOSPHAERIA INDICA GEN. ET SP. NOV. FROM INDIA BY A. SIVANESAN
Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew AND VIJ AY BAHEKAR
Department of Botany, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India An interesting ascomycete from India is described as a new taxon based on perithecial, ascus and ascospore characters.
Reticulosphaeria gen.nov. Perithecia solitaria, immersa, nigra, ampulJiformia. Asci cylindrici, unitunicati, breviter pedicelJati, cum 6-8 sporis, apicalicum structura distincta, magna, complexa, amyloidea. Ascosporae globosae, brunneae, pariete cum crasso, reticulatae, unicellulares. Paraphyses filiformes, septatae, simplices vel sparse ramosae. Species typica: R. indica Sivan. & Bahekar. Perithecia solitary, immersed, black, flaskshaped. Asci cylindrical, short-stalked, 6-8 spored, unitunicate, with a distinct, large, complex, amyloid, apical apparatus. Ascospores globose, brown, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
thick-walled, reticulate, one-celled. Paraphyses filiform, hyaline, septate, simple to sparsely branched.
Reticulosphaeria indica sp.nov. (Figs 1-3) Perithecia discreta, solitaria, sparsa, in cortice immersa, ampulliformia, 470-700 ftm alta (colJo incluso), 300-500 ftm lata, cum collo protrudenti 150-360 ftm lato in quo sunt periphyses hyalinae, filiformes, et cum basi laterotundata velaliquid complanata.Pariesperitheciiest 25-35 ftm crassuset e cellulispolygonalibus velelongatis, brunneis in exteriore, sed subhyalinis vel hyalinis, tenuitunicatis et compressis in interiore compositus est. Cellulaeipsae sunt in colli regioneobscuriores et in apice colli ipsius perithecii saepe clypeus male delimitatus videtur. Asci exhymenio fundamentali adscendunt, unitunicati, sunt et breviter stipitati, cum 6-8 sports, plerumque octospori, cum apparatu apicali magno,
Printed in Great Britain
18-2
Notes and brief articles
548
25 Jlm
A
170 Jlm
13
Fig.
1.
Reticulosphaeria indica. A, V.s. of perithecium; B, apical part of three asci showing apical apparatus at various stages of development; C, mature ascus and ascospores.
distincto, fortiter amyloideo, complici, et sunt 210-226 x 25-35 pm. Ascosporae uniseriatae in asco, brunneae cum rnaturatae sunt, crassitunicatae, unicellulares, globosae, reticulatae cum superficies scrutatur sed in sectione minute echinulatae, 27-32 pm diam. Paraphyses filiformes, hyalinae, simplices vel sparse ramosae, septatae, persistentes, ad 4'5 pm latae. In caulibus Achyranthis asperi, Aurangabad, India, 30 Dec. 1980, Vijay Bahekar, IMI 254813, holotypus.
Perithecia separate, solitary, scattered, immersed in the cortex, flask-shaped, 470-700!tm tall including the neck, 300-500!tm broad, with a protruding neck 150-360 flm wide internally lined by hyaline, filiform periphyses, and a broadly rounded to somewhat flattened base. The perithecial Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
wall, 25-35!tm thick, is composed of polygonal to elongated, brown outer cells and more or less subhyaline to hyaline thin-walled, compressed cells towards the inside. The cells are darker at the region of the neck and in some perithecia there is a tendency to become slightly clypeate at the apical region. The outer cells of the perithecial venter often become gelatinized. Asci arising from a basal hymenium, unitunicate, short-stalked, 6-8 mostly 8-spored, 210-226 x 25-35 ,urn, with a large, distinct, strongly amyloid, complex apical apparatus. Ascospores uniseriate dark brown when mature, thick-walled, unicellular, globose, reticulate in surface view, with tips of ridges protruding as minute echinulations, 27-32 ,urn diam. Paraphyses
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Notes and brief articles
549
,A A
A
B B Fig . 2. Reticulosphaeria indica. A, ascospores (x 250); B, apical part of asci showing apical apparatus in young to mature ascus ( x 650 ),
D . Hawk sworth (1980) has ascospores ornamented by irregular nodules, Jongiella broomeliana (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Morelet and J. signata (Jong & The reticulate ascospores are devoid of germ slits Davis) Morelet have echinulate ascospores, whilst or germ pores, typical of three xylariaceous genera, Stromatoneurospora elegantissima (Rick) Jong & Areolospora long & Davis (1974), Jongiella Morelet Davis and S. phoenix (Kunze) Jong & Davis have (1971) and Stromatoneurospora Jong & Davis striate ascospores. The apical apparatus is amyloid (1973). The monotypic Areolospora bosensis (D as.) in Jongiella and Stromatoneurospora and non-
filiform, hyaline, septate, simple or sparsely branched, up to 4'5 I'm thick.
Trans. Br. my col. S oc. 78, (3) ( 1982)
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550
Notes and brief articles
Fig. 3. Reticulosphaeria indica. A, SEM of ascospores (x 1500); B, SEM of ascus and ascospores (x 600); C, SEM of ascospore (x 3500); D, SEM of ascospore surface (x 12000).
Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
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Notes and brief articles amyloid in Areolospora. The large apical apparatus is rather complex in the present fungus but not unique. Complex apical apparatus is typical of members of the Xylariaceae and in Cainia von Arx & E. Muller, which was removed from the Amphisphaeriaceae and placed in a new family, Cainiaceae, by Krug (1978) owing to the complex apical apparatus, stromatic perithecia and longitudinal slits in the ascospores. In the majority of the members of the Xylariaceae there is a tendency to form often complex specialized stromata but some species of Anthostomella Sacco are non-stromatic (Francis, 1975) and the ascospores mayor may not possess germ slits. The perithecia in the present fungus is not truly stromatic although in some there is a slight inclination to form a c1ypeus near the apical region. The ascospores, the complex apical apparatus and basal paraphyses show xylariaceous affinities and perhaps represent a unique mode within the Xylariaceae. However, the absence of stroma, germ slits or germ pores might place the genus in the heterogeneous Amphisphaeriaceae with many unrelated genera with xylariaceous affinities (Eriksson, 1966). Until such discordant elements have been fully investigated any decision regarding the true position of this genus has to remain uncertain. Several attempts to grow this fungus in culture have proved unsuccessful. It is interesting to note that Bitrimonospora indica
551
Sivanesan, Talde & Tilak (1974) which also occurs on Achyranthes has been found in the same locality, but B. indica is restricted to roots and stems just above the soil while R. indica is confined to the upper parts of stems not colonized by B. indica. REFERENCES
ERIKSSON, O. (1966). On Anthostomella Sacc., Entosordaria (Sace.) Hohn. and related genera (Pyrenomycetes). Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 60, 315-324. FRANCIS, S. M. (1975). Antostomella Sacco (Part I.). Mycological Papers 139, 1--97. HAWKSWORTH, D. L. (1980). Sordaria bosensis, an earlier epithet for Areolospora terrophila.NorwegianJournal of Botany 27, 97-100. JONG, S. C. & DAVIES, E. E. (1973). Stromatic Neurosporas. Mycologia 65, 458-464. JONG, S. C. & DAVIES, E. E. (1974). Areolospora, a new humicolous genus in the Xylariaceae. Norwegian Journal of Botany 21, 23-30. KRUG, J. C. (1978). The genus Cainia and a new family, Cainiaceae. Sydowia 30, 122-133. MORELET, M. (1971). De aliquibus in Myeologia Novitatibus. Bulletin de la Societe des sciences naturelles et archeologie de Toulon 196,7. SIVANESAN, A., TALDE, U. K. & TILAK, S. T. (1974). Bitrimonospora indica gen.et sp.nov., a new loculoascomycete from India. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 63, 595-596.
ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS OF SOLUBLE PROTEINS OF HENDERSONIA SPP. BY
J. J.
BURDON*, R.
J. SEVIOURt
AND YVONNE
J. FRIPP:j:
*Botany Department, School of General Studies, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600; present address; Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1600, Canberra City, A.C.T. 2600, Australia. tBiochemistry Department, Bendigo College of Advanced Education, Bendigo, Victoria 3550, Australia :j:Department of Genetics and Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3082, Australia
Recently Fripp & Forrester (1981) suggested that there were at least three host-specific races of Hendersonia occurring on eucalypt species in the Kosciusko region of New South Wales. Their conclusion was based on data obtained from a study of the dimensions of conidia of H endersonia growing under both controlled laboratory and natural field conditions. Since the dimensional differences between isolates grown on artificial media in the laboratory were much less than those obtained from field measurements, there still remains some doubt as to how much of this variation was genetic and how much environmental. Attempts by these Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
authors to resolve this question by cross- inoculation tests were unsuccessful. As an alternative approach, it was decided to analyse soluble proteins ofthe Hendersonia isolates, grown under controlled standard conditions, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to help determine genetic relationships between them. This chemotaxonomic technique has been consistently successful in distinguishing between species of micro-organisms (Gairola & Powell, 1971; Wong & Willetts, 1975) although less successful at lower taxa levels (Gill & Powell, 1968; Abbott & Holland, 1975).
Printed in Great Britain
In seminibus Tritici aestivi, Paraguay. Specimen in Herb. IMI 253986 (cultura sicca), typus est.
Colonies on 0'1 % malt agar in Petri dishes in which autoclaved Sorghum grains were placed and incubated at 15°C in a regime of 12 h near u. v. light and 12 h darkness for 2 weeks, were effuse, grey to brown, velvety and sporulated freely both on grains and on the medium. Hyphae branched, septate, pale to mid-brown. Conidiophores simple, arising singly or in pairs, straight or flexuous, geniculate with conspicuous conidial scars, brown to midbrown, paler towards the apex (Fig. 1A), up to 520 ttm long, 5-7'8ttm diam, septate. Conidia typically curved, navicular or broadly fusiform, broadest near the middle, tapering moderately towards the rounded ends, basal cell cylindrical, longer than wide, and sometimes slightly paler than the other cells. Conidia pale to mid-brown, smooth with 4-11 (mostly 7-10) distosepta (Fig. 1B-D). On 0'1 % malt agar, conidia measure 83-203
547
(mostly 135-182) ttm long, 13-18 (mostly 14-18) at the broadest part. Hilum not protuberant, 2'6-3'4 fLm wide. Germination bipolar.
ttm wide
When seeds of Triticum vulgare var. Maris Nimrod were inoculated with spores of the fungus and sown in test tubes containing tap water agar, there was no effect on germination of the seeds, but the coleoptiles of the seedlings developed dark brown spots and streaks where hyphae had grown from infected coleoptiles and had sporulated. When seedlings of the same wheat variety were inoculated in the glasshouse with a conidial suspension, they developed yellowish leaf flecks which did not coalesce. I am deeply grateful to Mr H. W. Stubbs for the Latin diagnosis, Dr A. Sivanesan and Professor J. Webster for helpful discussion.
REFERENCES
ELLIS, M. B. (1971). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England. ELLIS, M. B. (1976). More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England.
RETICULOSPHAERIA INDICA GEN. ET SP. NOV. FROM INDIA BY A. SIVANESAN
Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew AND VIJ AY BAHEKAR
Department of Botany, Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India An interesting ascomycete from India is described as a new taxon based on perithecial, ascus and ascospore characters.
Reticulosphaeria gen.nov. Perithecia solitaria, immersa, nigra, ampulJiformia. Asci cylindrici, unitunicati, breviter pedicelJati, cum 6-8 sporis, apicalicum structura distincta, magna, complexa, amyloidea. Ascosporae globosae, brunneae, pariete cum crasso, reticulatae, unicellulares. Paraphyses filiformes, septatae, simplices vel sparse ramosae. Species typica: R. indica Sivan. & Bahekar. Perithecia solitary, immersed, black, flaskshaped. Asci cylindrical, short-stalked, 6-8 spored, unitunicate, with a distinct, large, complex, amyloid, apical apparatus. Ascospores globose, brown, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
thick-walled, reticulate, one-celled. Paraphyses filiform, hyaline, septate, simple to sparsely branched.
Reticulosphaeria indica sp.nov. (Figs 1-3) Perithecia discreta, solitaria, sparsa, in cortice immersa, ampulliformia, 470-700 ftm alta (colJo incluso), 300-500 ftm lata, cum collo protrudenti 150-360 ftm lato in quo sunt periphyses hyalinae, filiformes, et cum basi laterotundata velaliquid complanata.Pariesperitheciiest 25-35 ftm crassuset e cellulispolygonalibus velelongatis, brunneis in exteriore, sed subhyalinis vel hyalinis, tenuitunicatis et compressis in interiore compositus est. Cellulaeipsae sunt in colli regioneobscuriores et in apice colli ipsius perithecii saepe clypeus male delimitatus videtur. Asci exhymenio fundamentali adscendunt, unitunicati, sunt et breviter stipitati, cum 6-8 sports, plerumque octospori, cum apparatu apicali magno,
Printed in Great Britain
18-2
Notes and brief articles
548
25 Jlm
A
170 Jlm
13
Fig.
1.
Reticulosphaeria indica. A, V.s. of perithecium; B, apical part of three asci showing apical apparatus at various stages of development; C, mature ascus and ascospores.
distincto, fortiter amyloideo, complici, et sunt 210-226 x 25-35 pm. Ascosporae uniseriatae in asco, brunneae cum rnaturatae sunt, crassitunicatae, unicellulares, globosae, reticulatae cum superficies scrutatur sed in sectione minute echinulatae, 27-32 pm diam. Paraphyses filiformes, hyalinae, simplices vel sparse ramosae, septatae, persistentes, ad 4'5 pm latae. In caulibus Achyranthis asperi, Aurangabad, India, 30 Dec. 1980, Vijay Bahekar, IMI 254813, holotypus.
Perithecia separate, solitary, scattered, immersed in the cortex, flask-shaped, 470-700!tm tall including the neck, 300-500!tm broad, with a protruding neck 150-360 flm wide internally lined by hyaline, filiform periphyses, and a broadly rounded to somewhat flattened base. The perithecial Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
wall, 25-35!tm thick, is composed of polygonal to elongated, brown outer cells and more or less subhyaline to hyaline thin-walled, compressed cells towards the inside. The cells are darker at the region of the neck and in some perithecia there is a tendency to become slightly clypeate at the apical region. The outer cells of the perithecial venter often become gelatinized. Asci arising from a basal hymenium, unitunicate, short-stalked, 6-8 mostly 8-spored, 210-226 x 25-35 ,urn, with a large, distinct, strongly amyloid, complex apical apparatus. Ascospores uniseriate dark brown when mature, thick-walled, unicellular, globose, reticulate in surface view, with tips of ridges protruding as minute echinulations, 27-32 ,urn diam. Paraphyses
Printed in Great Britain
Notes and brief articles
549
,A A
A
B B Fig . 2. Reticulosphaeria indica. A, ascospores (x 250); B, apical part of asci showing apical apparatus in young to mature ascus ( x 650 ),
D . Hawk sworth (1980) has ascospores ornamented by irregular nodules, Jongiella broomeliana (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Morelet and J. signata (Jong & The reticulate ascospores are devoid of germ slits Davis) Morelet have echinulate ascospores, whilst or germ pores, typical of three xylariaceous genera, Stromatoneurospora elegantissima (Rick) Jong & Areolospora long & Davis (1974), Jongiella Morelet Davis and S. phoenix (Kunze) Jong & Davis have (1971) and Stromatoneurospora Jong & Davis striate ascospores. The apical apparatus is amyloid (1973). The monotypic Areolospora bosensis (D as.) in Jongiella and Stromatoneurospora and non-
filiform, hyaline, septate, simple or sparsely branched, up to 4'5 I'm thick.
Trans. Br. my col. S oc. 78, (3) ( 1982)
Printed in Great Br itain
550
Notes and brief articles
Fig. 3. Reticulosphaeria indica. A, SEM of ascospores (x 1500); B, SEM of ascus and ascospores (x 600); C, SEM of ascospore (x 3500); D, SEM of ascospore surface (x 12000).
Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
Printed in Great Britain
Notes and brief articles amyloid in Areolospora. The large apical apparatus is rather complex in the present fungus but not unique. Complex apical apparatus is typical of members of the Xylariaceae and in Cainia von Arx & E. Muller, which was removed from the Amphisphaeriaceae and placed in a new family, Cainiaceae, by Krug (1978) owing to the complex apical apparatus, stromatic perithecia and longitudinal slits in the ascospores. In the majority of the members of the Xylariaceae there is a tendency to form often complex specialized stromata but some species of Anthostomella Sacco are non-stromatic (Francis, 1975) and the ascospores mayor may not possess germ slits. The perithecia in the present fungus is not truly stromatic although in some there is a slight inclination to form a c1ypeus near the apical region. The ascospores, the complex apical apparatus and basal paraphyses show xylariaceous affinities and perhaps represent a unique mode within the Xylariaceae. However, the absence of stroma, germ slits or germ pores might place the genus in the heterogeneous Amphisphaeriaceae with many unrelated genera with xylariaceous affinities (Eriksson, 1966). Until such discordant elements have been fully investigated any decision regarding the true position of this genus has to remain uncertain. Several attempts to grow this fungus in culture have proved unsuccessful. It is interesting to note that Bitrimonospora indica
551
Sivanesan, Talde & Tilak (1974) which also occurs on Achyranthes has been found in the same locality, but B. indica is restricted to roots and stems just above the soil while R. indica is confined to the upper parts of stems not colonized by B. indica. REFERENCES
ERIKSSON, O. (1966). On Anthostomella Sacc., Entosordaria (Sace.) Hohn. and related genera (Pyrenomycetes). Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 60, 315-324. FRANCIS, S. M. (1975). Antostomella Sacco (Part I.). Mycological Papers 139, 1--97. HAWKSWORTH, D. L. (1980). Sordaria bosensis, an earlier epithet for Areolospora terrophila.NorwegianJournal of Botany 27, 97-100. JONG, S. C. & DAVIES, E. E. (1973). Stromatic Neurosporas. Mycologia 65, 458-464. JONG, S. C. & DAVIES, E. E. (1974). Areolospora, a new humicolous genus in the Xylariaceae. Norwegian Journal of Botany 21, 23-30. KRUG, J. C. (1978). The genus Cainia and a new family, Cainiaceae. Sydowia 30, 122-133. MORELET, M. (1971). De aliquibus in Myeologia Novitatibus. Bulletin de la Societe des sciences naturelles et archeologie de Toulon 196,7. SIVANESAN, A., TALDE, U. K. & TILAK, S. T. (1974). Bitrimonospora indica gen.et sp.nov., a new loculoascomycete from India. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 63, 595-596.
ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS OF SOLUBLE PROTEINS OF HENDERSONIA SPP. BY
J. J.
BURDON*, R.
J. SEVIOURt
AND YVONNE
J. FRIPP:j:
*Botany Department, School of General Studies, Australian National University, P.O. Box 4, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600; present address; Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1600, Canberra City, A.C.T. 2600, Australia. tBiochemistry Department, Bendigo College of Advanced Education, Bendigo, Victoria 3550, Australia :j:Department of Genetics and Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3082, Australia
Recently Fripp & Forrester (1981) suggested that there were at least three host-specific races of Hendersonia occurring on eucalypt species in the Kosciusko region of New South Wales. Their conclusion was based on data obtained from a study of the dimensions of conidia of H endersonia growing under both controlled laboratory and natural field conditions. Since the dimensional differences between isolates grown on artificial media in the laboratory were much less than those obtained from field measurements, there still remains some doubt as to how much of this variation was genetic and how much environmental. Attempts by these Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
authors to resolve this question by cross- inoculation tests were unsuccessful. As an alternative approach, it was decided to analyse soluble proteins ofthe Hendersonia isolates, grown under controlled standard conditions, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to help determine genetic relationships between them. This chemotaxonomic technique has been consistently successful in distinguishing between species of micro-organisms (Gairola & Powell, 1971; Wong & Willetts, 1975) although less successful at lower taxa levels (Gill & Powell, 1968; Abbott & Holland, 1975).
Printed in Great Britain