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Chlorolepiota indica sp. nov.—A new species from India
m y c o s c i e n c e 5 4 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 2 5 7 e2 5 9
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/myc
Short communication
Chlorolepiota indica sp. nov.dA new species from India Babita Kumari*, N.S. Atri, Munruchi Kaur Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, Punjab, India
article info
abstract
Article history:
A new species Chlorolepiota indica is reported from Patiala in Punjab, India. The fungus is
Received 19 June 2012
characterized by convex brown pileus covered by concentrically arranged brown scales
Received in revised form
with yellow tinge around the umbo. The stipe of the fruiting body is cream to pale yellow,
22 September 2012
pinkish to reddish brown near the pileus, and yellowish to dark grey brown towards the
Accepted 29 September 2012
base.
Available online 26 December 2012
ª 2012 The Mycological Society of Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Basidiomycetes Macrofungi Taxonomy
The genus Chlorolepiota Sathe & Deshpande is agaricoid member of family Agaricaceae, represented by single species worldwide (Kirk et al. 2008). The presently worked out specimen found growing in sandy soil under Eucalyptus tree from Punjab, Patiala which falls within the geographical limits of 30 200 North Latitude and 76 240 East Longitude in the Indian subcontinent. The diagnostic characters of this species are medium sized carpophores with lepiotoid habitat with characteristic concentrically arranged brown scales, greenish lamellae, brown layered dentate gill edges, versiform cystidia, non-truncate spores and characteristic reddening on bruising. In a view of the striking variations encountered in the macroscopic and microscopic details a new taxon has been proposed to accommodate this collection when compared with previously described species (Sathe and Deshpande 1979; Sathe et al. 1981). Standards methods for collection, preservation and description of agarics have been followed, using the terminology given by Atri et al. (2005). Colour notations in the macroscopical descriptions are from Kornerup and Wanscher
(1978). The specimens were hot air dried and preserved in cellophane paper bags containing 1,4 dichlorobenzene. Macroscopic examination was carried out on fresh specimens in the field itself. Microscopic characters were studied from free hand sections mounted in 5% KOH, stained with 1% Congo red. Microscopic line drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida at 1000. Basidium length excludes the length of sterigmata. The spore shape quotient (Q þ L/W ) was calculated considering the mean value of length and width of 20 basidiospores. The specimens have been deposited in the Herbarium of Botany Department, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab), India. The photographs and microscopic details are given in Figs. 1 and 2. Chlorolepiota indica B. Kumari, N. S. Atri & M. Kaur sp. nov. MycoBank no. : MB800292. Fig. 1. Differs from Chlorolepiota mahabaleshwarensis in having convex brown pileus with concentrically arranged brown scales with yellow tinge around the umbo, cream to pale yellow stipe which becomes pinkish to reddish brown near the pileus, yellowish to dark grey brown towards the base on
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ91 8894176765; fax: þ91 175 3046265. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Kumari). 1340-3540/$ e see front matter ª 2012 The Mycological Society of Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2012.09.020
258
m y c o s c i e n c e 5 4 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 2 5 7 e2 5 9
Fig. 1 e Chlorolepiota indica: microscopic structures 1. carpophore; 2. basidiospores; 3. basidia; 4. cheilocystidia; 5. trichodermal elements.
exposure, smaller spores, larger cheilocystidia and presence of clamp connection in the basal mycelium and stipe hyphae. Holotype: India, Punjab: Patiala Punjabi University campus near gate no. 3. growing scattered on sandy soil under Eucalyptus tree, Harwinder Kaur 17 Sept 2010 (PUN 4423). Etymology: The name of the species is based on the name of the Indian nation. Carpophores 5.0e7.6 cm in height. Pileus 5.3e8.0 cm in diameter, convex with brown (6E4) broad umbo, surface covered with concentrically arranged brown (6E4) scales with
Fig. 2 e Field photograph of Chlorolepiota indica.
yellowish tinge over yellowish white (4A2) background, more dense towards the centre and sparsely aggregated along the periphery; margin irregular, splitting at maturity; cuticle fully peeling; flesh yellowish white, changing to pale yellow (4A3) to finally pink (11A5), 0.3e0.5 cm thick; taste and odour spicy. Lamellae free, collariate, unequal, subdistant, unequal of 3e4 lengths, 0.9 cm broad, ventricose, yellowish white (4A2) to yellowish grey (2A2e2B2), finally greenish when mature and brown (6E4) on drying. Gill edges dentate, brown layered. Stipe central, 4.5e7.0 cm long, 0.6e0.9 cm broad, 1.4 cm broad near the bulbous base, evenly coloured yellowish white (4A2) to pale yellow (4A3) becoming pinkish (7A2) to reddish brown (8E6) near the stipe apex and yellowish to dark greyish brown (9E3) towards the base on bruising, obclavate, hollow, scaly, annulate, single, annulus present near the mid of the stipe while some specimens with band like ring near the base. Basidiospores 8.0e13.0 6.4e8.0 mm (Q ¼ 1.37), broadly ellipsoid, apical pore indistinct to almost none, ochre to greenish blue spores when accumulated, bluish green in watery mount, dextrinoid in Melzer’s reagent, metachromatic in cresyl blue, congophilous, cyanophilous. Basidia 30.6e46.7 9.6e13.0 mm, clavate, tetrasporic; sterigmata 3.2e6.4 mm long; gill edges sterile. Cheilocystidia very crowded, 37.0e66.0 9.6e17.7 mm, versiform, lageniform, cylindrical or heart shaped, crowded, appear in clusters with brownish content or some are hyaline. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileus surface a trichodermal consisting of thin walled, septate, cylindrical-clavate, tipped elements measuring 4.0e8.0 mm in width; context homoiomerous; subhymenium pseudoparenchymatous; trama regular, tramal hyphae measuring 4.0e10.0 mm width. Stipe surface hyphae parallel running throughout measuring 4.0e12.0 mm in width, annulus is formed of septate inflated hyphae measuring 2.9e8.6 mm in width. Elements of annulus 2.9e8.6 mm wide, subcylindrical, inflated, septate, smooth, hyaline in KOH, thin walled. Clamp connections present throughout. The presently examined collections fall in the overall taxonomic limits of genus Chlorolepiota in view of its intermediate features between Chlorophyllum Massee and Macrolepiota Singer. It differs from Chlorophyllum Massee in having non-truncate basidiospores which show strong metachromatic reaction with cresyl blue, hymenodermal nature of pileus covering and smooth stipe surface. From Macrolepiota Singer the major difference is its lamellae colour which becomes greenish brown on maturity, basidiospores covered by hyaline cap and the presence of stipe squamules in the form of coloured bands in the mature specimens (Vellinga 2003; Vellinga et al. 2003; Ge et al. 2010). In many of its features, C. indica is closely related to Chlorophyllum molybdites, which mainly differs from it in having non-truncate basidiospores with rudimentary germpore with poral plug. Chlorolepiota indica is also similar to Chlorophyllum hortense on account of basidiospores without germpore, reddening of stipe when bruised, simple annulus and presence of clamp connection, differs in lacking finely short striate margin when dried and 2-spored basidia (Ge and Yang 2006). There is only one species, namely C. mahabaleshwarensis under Chlorolepiota (Kirk et al. 2008), which was described by Sathe and Deshpande (1979) from India. The present collection is quite different from the earlier described species in
m y c o s c i e n c e 5 4 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 2 5 7 e2 5 9
having the convex brown pileus with concentrically arranged brown scales with yellow tinge around the centre, the yellowish white to pale yellow stipe which becomes pinkish to reddish brown on bruising, the whitish flesh changing to yellowish white and then pinkish on exposure, the smaller basidiospores measuring 8.0e12.8 6.4e8.0 mm (Q ¼ 1.37) and the larger cheilocystidia measuring 37.0e66.0 6.4e8.0 mm in comparison to pale yellow to straw coloured pileus, primrose yellow gills, pale yellow stipe which don’t change colour on bruising, large basidiospores (11.4) 14.3 (15.7) (5.7) 8.5 (9.3) mm (Q ¼ 1.67) and the smaller cheilocystidia measuring 17.1e20.0 5.7e14.3 mm in C. mahabaleshwarensis.
Disclosure The authors declare no conflict of interest. The findings included in this manuscript are our own and are neither published nor under consideration for publication elsewhere.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Head, Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala for providing laboratory facilities and University Grants Commission for financial assistance
259
under SAP-III programme of D.R.S. in which Mycology and Plant Pathology is one of the thrust area.
references
Atri NS, Kaur A, Kaur H, 2005. Wild mushrooms e collection and identification. In: Rai RD, Upadhyay RC, Sharma SR (eds), Frontier in mushroom biotechnology. National Research Centre for Mushroom, Chambaghat Solan, pp 9e26. Ge ZW, Yang ZL, 2006. The genus Chlorophyllum (Basidiomycetes) in China. Mycotaxon 96: 181e191. Ge ZW, Yang Zhu L, Vellinga EC, 2010. The genus Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae, Basidiomycota) in China. Fungal Diversity 45: 81e98. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (eds), 2008. Dictionary of the fungi, 10th edn. CABI Publishing, UK. Kornerup A, Wanscher JH, 1978. Methuen handbook of colour, 3rd edn. Eyre Methuen, London, p 252. Sathe AV, Deshpande DS, 1979. Chlorolepiota e a new genus of Agaricales (mushroom) from India. Current Science 48: 693e695. Sathe AV, Deshpande SD, Kulkarni SM, Daniel J, 1981. (‘1980’). Agaricales (mushrooms) of South-West India. MACS, Pune, India, Monograph No. 1. p 114. Vellinga EC, 2003. Chlorophyllum and Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae) in Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 16: 361e370. Vellinga EC, de Kok RPJ, Bruns TD, 2003. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Macrolepiota (Agaricales). Mycologia 95 (3): 442e456.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/myc
Short communication
Chlorolepiota indica sp. nov.dA new species from India Babita Kumari*, N.S. Atri, Munruchi Kaur Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, Punjab, India
article info
abstract
Article history:
A new species Chlorolepiota indica is reported from Patiala in Punjab, India. The fungus is
Received 19 June 2012
characterized by convex brown pileus covered by concentrically arranged brown scales
Received in revised form
with yellow tinge around the umbo. The stipe of the fruiting body is cream to pale yellow,
22 September 2012
pinkish to reddish brown near the pileus, and yellowish to dark grey brown towards the
Accepted 29 September 2012
base.
Available online 26 December 2012
ª 2012 The Mycological Society of Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Basidiomycetes Macrofungi Taxonomy
The genus Chlorolepiota Sathe & Deshpande is agaricoid member of family Agaricaceae, represented by single species worldwide (Kirk et al. 2008). The presently worked out specimen found growing in sandy soil under Eucalyptus tree from Punjab, Patiala which falls within the geographical limits of 30 200 North Latitude and 76 240 East Longitude in the Indian subcontinent. The diagnostic characters of this species are medium sized carpophores with lepiotoid habitat with characteristic concentrically arranged brown scales, greenish lamellae, brown layered dentate gill edges, versiform cystidia, non-truncate spores and characteristic reddening on bruising. In a view of the striking variations encountered in the macroscopic and microscopic details a new taxon has been proposed to accommodate this collection when compared with previously described species (Sathe and Deshpande 1979; Sathe et al. 1981). Standards methods for collection, preservation and description of agarics have been followed, using the terminology given by Atri et al. (2005). Colour notations in the macroscopical descriptions are from Kornerup and Wanscher
(1978). The specimens were hot air dried and preserved in cellophane paper bags containing 1,4 dichlorobenzene. Macroscopic examination was carried out on fresh specimens in the field itself. Microscopic characters were studied from free hand sections mounted in 5% KOH, stained with 1% Congo red. Microscopic line drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida at 1000. Basidium length excludes the length of sterigmata. The spore shape quotient (Q þ L/W ) was calculated considering the mean value of length and width of 20 basidiospores. The specimens have been deposited in the Herbarium of Botany Department, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab), India. The photographs and microscopic details are given in Figs. 1 and 2. Chlorolepiota indica B. Kumari, N. S. Atri & M. Kaur sp. nov. MycoBank no. : MB800292. Fig. 1. Differs from Chlorolepiota mahabaleshwarensis in having convex brown pileus with concentrically arranged brown scales with yellow tinge around the umbo, cream to pale yellow stipe which becomes pinkish to reddish brown near the pileus, yellowish to dark grey brown towards the base on
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ91 8894176765; fax: þ91 175 3046265. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Kumari). 1340-3540/$ e see front matter ª 2012 The Mycological Society of Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2012.09.020
258
m y c o s c i e n c e 5 4 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 2 5 7 e2 5 9
Fig. 1 e Chlorolepiota indica: microscopic structures 1. carpophore; 2. basidiospores; 3. basidia; 4. cheilocystidia; 5. trichodermal elements.
exposure, smaller spores, larger cheilocystidia and presence of clamp connection in the basal mycelium and stipe hyphae. Holotype: India, Punjab: Patiala Punjabi University campus near gate no. 3. growing scattered on sandy soil under Eucalyptus tree, Harwinder Kaur 17 Sept 2010 (PUN 4423). Etymology: The name of the species is based on the name of the Indian nation. Carpophores 5.0e7.6 cm in height. Pileus 5.3e8.0 cm in diameter, convex with brown (6E4) broad umbo, surface covered with concentrically arranged brown (6E4) scales with
Fig. 2 e Field photograph of Chlorolepiota indica.
yellowish tinge over yellowish white (4A2) background, more dense towards the centre and sparsely aggregated along the periphery; margin irregular, splitting at maturity; cuticle fully peeling; flesh yellowish white, changing to pale yellow (4A3) to finally pink (11A5), 0.3e0.5 cm thick; taste and odour spicy. Lamellae free, collariate, unequal, subdistant, unequal of 3e4 lengths, 0.9 cm broad, ventricose, yellowish white (4A2) to yellowish grey (2A2e2B2), finally greenish when mature and brown (6E4) on drying. Gill edges dentate, brown layered. Stipe central, 4.5e7.0 cm long, 0.6e0.9 cm broad, 1.4 cm broad near the bulbous base, evenly coloured yellowish white (4A2) to pale yellow (4A3) becoming pinkish (7A2) to reddish brown (8E6) near the stipe apex and yellowish to dark greyish brown (9E3) towards the base on bruising, obclavate, hollow, scaly, annulate, single, annulus present near the mid of the stipe while some specimens with band like ring near the base. Basidiospores 8.0e13.0 6.4e8.0 mm (Q ¼ 1.37), broadly ellipsoid, apical pore indistinct to almost none, ochre to greenish blue spores when accumulated, bluish green in watery mount, dextrinoid in Melzer’s reagent, metachromatic in cresyl blue, congophilous, cyanophilous. Basidia 30.6e46.7 9.6e13.0 mm, clavate, tetrasporic; sterigmata 3.2e6.4 mm long; gill edges sterile. Cheilocystidia very crowded, 37.0e66.0 9.6e17.7 mm, versiform, lageniform, cylindrical or heart shaped, crowded, appear in clusters with brownish content or some are hyaline. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileus surface a trichodermal consisting of thin walled, septate, cylindrical-clavate, tipped elements measuring 4.0e8.0 mm in width; context homoiomerous; subhymenium pseudoparenchymatous; trama regular, tramal hyphae measuring 4.0e10.0 mm width. Stipe surface hyphae parallel running throughout measuring 4.0e12.0 mm in width, annulus is formed of septate inflated hyphae measuring 2.9e8.6 mm in width. Elements of annulus 2.9e8.6 mm wide, subcylindrical, inflated, septate, smooth, hyaline in KOH, thin walled. Clamp connections present throughout. The presently examined collections fall in the overall taxonomic limits of genus Chlorolepiota in view of its intermediate features between Chlorophyllum Massee and Macrolepiota Singer. It differs from Chlorophyllum Massee in having non-truncate basidiospores which show strong metachromatic reaction with cresyl blue, hymenodermal nature of pileus covering and smooth stipe surface. From Macrolepiota Singer the major difference is its lamellae colour which becomes greenish brown on maturity, basidiospores covered by hyaline cap and the presence of stipe squamules in the form of coloured bands in the mature specimens (Vellinga 2003; Vellinga et al. 2003; Ge et al. 2010). In many of its features, C. indica is closely related to Chlorophyllum molybdites, which mainly differs from it in having non-truncate basidiospores with rudimentary germpore with poral plug. Chlorolepiota indica is also similar to Chlorophyllum hortense on account of basidiospores without germpore, reddening of stipe when bruised, simple annulus and presence of clamp connection, differs in lacking finely short striate margin when dried and 2-spored basidia (Ge and Yang 2006). There is only one species, namely C. mahabaleshwarensis under Chlorolepiota (Kirk et al. 2008), which was described by Sathe and Deshpande (1979) from India. The present collection is quite different from the earlier described species in
m y c o s c i e n c e 5 4 ( 2 0 1 3 ) 2 5 7 e2 5 9
having the convex brown pileus with concentrically arranged brown scales with yellow tinge around the centre, the yellowish white to pale yellow stipe which becomes pinkish to reddish brown on bruising, the whitish flesh changing to yellowish white and then pinkish on exposure, the smaller basidiospores measuring 8.0e12.8 6.4e8.0 mm (Q ¼ 1.37) and the larger cheilocystidia measuring 37.0e66.0 6.4e8.0 mm in comparison to pale yellow to straw coloured pileus, primrose yellow gills, pale yellow stipe which don’t change colour on bruising, large basidiospores (11.4) 14.3 (15.7) (5.7) 8.5 (9.3) mm (Q ¼ 1.67) and the smaller cheilocystidia measuring 17.1e20.0 5.7e14.3 mm in C. mahabaleshwarensis.
Disclosure The authors declare no conflict of interest. The findings included in this manuscript are our own and are neither published nor under consideration for publication elsewhere.
Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Head, Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala for providing laboratory facilities and University Grants Commission for financial assistance
259
under SAP-III programme of D.R.S. in which Mycology and Plant Pathology is one of the thrust area.
references
Atri NS, Kaur A, Kaur H, 2005. Wild mushrooms e collection and identification. In: Rai RD, Upadhyay RC, Sharma SR (eds), Frontier in mushroom biotechnology. National Research Centre for Mushroom, Chambaghat Solan, pp 9e26. Ge ZW, Yang ZL, 2006. The genus Chlorophyllum (Basidiomycetes) in China. Mycotaxon 96: 181e191. Ge ZW, Yang Zhu L, Vellinga EC, 2010. The genus Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae, Basidiomycota) in China. Fungal Diversity 45: 81e98. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (eds), 2008. Dictionary of the fungi, 10th edn. CABI Publishing, UK. Kornerup A, Wanscher JH, 1978. Methuen handbook of colour, 3rd edn. Eyre Methuen, London, p 252. Sathe AV, Deshpande DS, 1979. Chlorolepiota e a new genus of Agaricales (mushroom) from India. Current Science 48: 693e695. Sathe AV, Deshpande SD, Kulkarni SM, Daniel J, 1981. (‘1980’). Agaricales (mushrooms) of South-West India. MACS, Pune, India, Monograph No. 1. p 114. Vellinga EC, 2003. Chlorophyllum and Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae) in Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 16: 361e370. Vellinga EC, de Kok RPJ, Bruns TD, 2003. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Macrolepiota (Agaricales). Mycologia 95 (3): 442e456.