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Cleaning agents for liquid fossil fuels and liquid fossil fuel passages, and method and apparatus for cleaning the passages
02 Liquid fuels (economics, their volatility, solubility in water and toxicity, are briefly reported. Higher alkyl-tert. butyl ethers (e.g. isopropyl-, n-butyl-, isobutyl- and tert. butyl- tert. Bu ethers) are also good candidates for improvement the quality of petrol. Due to their lower volatility and lower solubility in water than MTBE or ETBE they are expected to be less harmful for environment. A comparison of oxygenated compounds, with branches, as well as with aromatic hydrocarbons, from the technical, economical and toxicity point of view showed blends formed from branched hydrocarbons, MTBE, ETBE and ethanol as the best solution for reaching a good octane level of gasoline.
Chemometric methods for identification and characterization of crude oils
02/00823
Tuchler, W. et al. Pel. Coal, 2000, 42, (I), 56-59. Cost reductions in refineries call of optimized operation of the production plants. In complex refineries where a large number of different crude oils can be processed to finished products, a knowledge of the chemical composition and the physical characteristics of the crudes decides the operating conditions - especially for atmospheric distillation. Chemometric methods were used for the investigations on crude oils by statistical evaluation of spectroscopic data. The spectroscopic information was obtained by near IR experiments and correlated to conventionally determined values of distillation yields, density, and sulfur content. The developed chemometric models turned out to be reliable, highly accurate and very fast methods which can improve the identification and charaterization of unknown crude oils in a refinery. 02/00824 Cleaning agents for liquid fossil fuels and liquid fossil fuel passages, and method and apparatus for cleaning the passages Sugie, K. e/ crl. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2001 107,063 (Cl. ClOLl/ IZ), 17 Apr 2001, Appt. 1999/284,305, 5 Ott 1999. 9. (In Japanese) Cleaning agents for liquid fossil fuels and fuel passages, connecting fuel tanks and engines, are substances capable of adsorbing and decomposing hydrocarbon oxides separated from the fuels, when contacting the fuels with the agent. The agent is a sintered body having a silicatebased matrix and containing Ce oxide. The apparatus is a container containing the agent installed on the fuel passage, and the fuel passages are cleaned by passing the fuel through the apparatus.
Hydrocarbon flow across faults by capillary leakage revisited
02/00826
Fisher, Q.J. el nl. Marine unn Perrokum Geolog,v, 2001, 18, (3) 25l257. Hydrocarbon fluid pressures can equilibrate across faults provided that the hydrocarbon charge into the reservoir is sufficient to keep the buoyancy force in the hydrocarbon column above the capillary entry pressure of the fault rock. A fault surrounded by a complex damage zone does not necessarily have a higher sealing capacity than a single fault since, provided there is sufficient hydrocarbon charge, faults within the damage zone will all become permeable to hydrocarbons once their capillary entry pressure has been exceeded. The absence of differences in either pressure or hydrocarbon column heights across faults does not preclude the presence of a barrier to fluid flow. Fluid pressure and hydrocarbon column height differences between compartments can be controlled by factors such as capillary entry pressure in the undeformed reservoir and the amount of hydrocarbons entering the reservoir, rather than solely by the capillary entry pressure of the fault rocks present. Fault seal prediction methodologies that are calibrated, based on cross-fault differences in hydrocarbon column height or pressure, without considering the total hydrocarbon column height are likely to be unreliable. It is therefore recommended that the sealing
pohcy)
capacity of a fault should be calculated from the difference in pressure between the hydrocarbon and pore-water at the position along the fault where leakage is most likely to occur.
Method for yield improvement of light component in hydrogenation and gasification reaction with recovery of heavy oil byproduct
02/00827
Asaoka, Y. er ul. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2001 72,983 (Cl. ClOGI/ 06) 21 Mar 2001, Appl. 1999/252,985, 7 Sep 1999. 5. (In Japanese) The method is carried out by gasification of hydrocarbon raw material (e.g. powdered coal, naphtha, sludge, organic waste) in the presence of hydrogen to produce light component (e.g. substitute natural gas, BTX), and recovery of by-product heavy oil to be recycled to the raw material. 02/00828 Retorting of oil shale followed by solvent extraction of spent shale: experiment and kinetic analysis Khraisha, Y.H. Energ,r Sources, 2000, 22, (4) 347-355. Samples of El-Laijun oil shale were thermally decomposed in a laboratory retort system under a slow heating rate (0.07 K/s) up to a maximum temperature of 698-773 K. After decomposition, 0.02 kg of spent shale was extracted by chloroform in a Soxhlet extraction unit for 2 h to investigate the ulttmate amount of shale oil that could be produced. The retorting results indicate an increase in the oil yields from 3.24% to 9.77% of oil shale feed with retorting temperature, while the extraction results show a decrease in oil yields from 8.10% to 3.32% of spent shale. The analysis of the data according to the global firstorder model for isothermal and nonisothermal conditions shows kinetic parameters close to those reported in literature. 02/00829 Solvent extraction Inoue, K. Kemikurtf Enjini,varingtr, 2001, 46, (3). 1X1-184. (In Japanese) This paper reviews recent developments in solvent extraction, including the application of light oils in deep desulfurization, in the treatment of high-i&e] radioactive liquid wastes, and molecular modelling of extraction and extraction systems.
Economics, 02/00825 FCC monitoring through precision testing Van der Werf, R.P. Per. Cocrl, 2000, 42, (2) 116-123. Reliable fluid catalytic cracking units (FCCU) operation and optimized product yields are essential to overall refinery economics. A sound understanding of the operation of the FCCU is vital to assess what is needed for optimum operation and whether there is an incentive for a catalyst change or a hardware modification. Shell offers, and has extensively applied, a range of monitoring tools to assess the performance of an FCCU in detail. Shell’s Precision Test Runs (PTR) allow quick and accurate determination of FCCU yields at different operating conditions, while minimizing costs of disruption. recess model, allowing PTR data may be used to tune the FCCU optimization of the FCCU. Shell has also s eveloped techniques to assess ‘what happens inside’ the FCCU: to establish the performance of feed nozzles, cyclone systems, strippers and regenerators in detail. The results have been used for FCCU design improvements. A number of examples are discussed. The economic benefits of using our measuring tools are substantial: usually in the order of USS 1 per ton feed processed. For a typical unit this is worth about US$1.3 million per annum.
business, marketing,
business,
marketing,
policy
A compressional wave seismic model for the Ashrafi-1 well 02/00830
Ware, P. (‘I (11.Joumul of Pelroleum Scirncr cptl Etlgineeri/lg, 2000. 2X. (4). 183-187. Despite disappointing drilling results, the South Caspian basin has yielded scientific results of significant value to future exploration. This paper describes work that utilized data from the offshore Ashrafi-1 well, but it is believed that it has applications to exploration elsewhere in Azerbaijan. The North Ahsheron Operating Company (NAOC) drilled the Ashrafi-I well between November 30, 1997 and February 6, 1998 to a total depth of 3668 m (sub Caspian sea level). The Balakhany and Pereryva Suite (SP) Formations were wet but the Upper Kirmaku Sandy (NKP) Formation tested oil and the Lower Kirmaku (PK) Formation tested gas, both at high flow rates. Anomalously high stack amplitude responses, generally conforming to structural closure, had been observed in the 3D seismic data at the NKP and PK Formations prior to drilling of the well. An offset synthetic modeling study was undertaken, post-drill, to determine the itl-xi/u amplitude response (stack and amplitude variation with offset, or AVO) for both dry and wet zones and to model the changes in AVO and stacked amplitudes in response to changes in variables such as thickness, fluid till and porosity. As well as the 3D seismic data set. the principal data sources used were a dipole sonic log for compressional wave velocity (VP) and shear were velocity (J’s); checkshots for time-to depth (T---D)conversion: a density log: log interpretations of porosity; fluid properties based on pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) analysis of fluids from drill stem tests (DSTs) and pressure/temperature data In this simple case, despite the highly permeable reservoir rocks. the Gassmann assumption of immobile fluids within the pore space was used Although the effects of partial gas saturation are known to be a problem elsewhere in this basin. density modelling derived from borehole-guided long, offset AVO was not attempted. Despite thus, normal incident amphtudes. derived from pre-stack data. cross-plotted against amplitude gradients suggest a methodology for disttngutshing wet sandstones from gas and oil in this basin m the absence of recent leakage. Despite the difference in response for oil and gas (oil gave a stronger response than gas), a statistically meaningful number of wells is not yet available and this result may be influenced by local llthologlc effects. Thus. the ability to distinguish oil from gas ahead of the drill bit - which is of vital importance:n evaluating commerclality 1s not proven. Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2002
101
Chemometric methods for identification and characterization of crude oils
02/00823
Tuchler, W. et al. Pel. Coal, 2000, 42, (I), 56-59. Cost reductions in refineries call of optimized operation of the production plants. In complex refineries where a large number of different crude oils can be processed to finished products, a knowledge of the chemical composition and the physical characteristics of the crudes decides the operating conditions - especially for atmospheric distillation. Chemometric methods were used for the investigations on crude oils by statistical evaluation of spectroscopic data. The spectroscopic information was obtained by near IR experiments and correlated to conventionally determined values of distillation yields, density, and sulfur content. The developed chemometric models turned out to be reliable, highly accurate and very fast methods which can improve the identification and charaterization of unknown crude oils in a refinery. 02/00824 Cleaning agents for liquid fossil fuels and liquid fossil fuel passages, and method and apparatus for cleaning the passages Sugie, K. e/ crl. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2001 107,063 (Cl. ClOLl/ IZ), 17 Apr 2001, Appt. 1999/284,305, 5 Ott 1999. 9. (In Japanese) Cleaning agents for liquid fossil fuels and fuel passages, connecting fuel tanks and engines, are substances capable of adsorbing and decomposing hydrocarbon oxides separated from the fuels, when contacting the fuels with the agent. The agent is a sintered body having a silicatebased matrix and containing Ce oxide. The apparatus is a container containing the agent installed on the fuel passage, and the fuel passages are cleaned by passing the fuel through the apparatus.
Hydrocarbon flow across faults by capillary leakage revisited
02/00826
Fisher, Q.J. el nl. Marine unn Perrokum Geolog,v, 2001, 18, (3) 25l257. Hydrocarbon fluid pressures can equilibrate across faults provided that the hydrocarbon charge into the reservoir is sufficient to keep the buoyancy force in the hydrocarbon column above the capillary entry pressure of the fault rock. A fault surrounded by a complex damage zone does not necessarily have a higher sealing capacity than a single fault since, provided there is sufficient hydrocarbon charge, faults within the damage zone will all become permeable to hydrocarbons once their capillary entry pressure has been exceeded. The absence of differences in either pressure or hydrocarbon column heights across faults does not preclude the presence of a barrier to fluid flow. Fluid pressure and hydrocarbon column height differences between compartments can be controlled by factors such as capillary entry pressure in the undeformed reservoir and the amount of hydrocarbons entering the reservoir, rather than solely by the capillary entry pressure of the fault rocks present. Fault seal prediction methodologies that are calibrated, based on cross-fault differences in hydrocarbon column height or pressure, without considering the total hydrocarbon column height are likely to be unreliable. It is therefore recommended that the sealing
pohcy)
capacity of a fault should be calculated from the difference in pressure between the hydrocarbon and pore-water at the position along the fault where leakage is most likely to occur.
Method for yield improvement of light component in hydrogenation and gasification reaction with recovery of heavy oil byproduct
02/00827
Asaoka, Y. er ul. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2001 72,983 (Cl. ClOGI/ 06) 21 Mar 2001, Appl. 1999/252,985, 7 Sep 1999. 5. (In Japanese) The method is carried out by gasification of hydrocarbon raw material (e.g. powdered coal, naphtha, sludge, organic waste) in the presence of hydrogen to produce light component (e.g. substitute natural gas, BTX), and recovery of by-product heavy oil to be recycled to the raw material. 02/00828 Retorting of oil shale followed by solvent extraction of spent shale: experiment and kinetic analysis Khraisha, Y.H. Energ,r Sources, 2000, 22, (4) 347-355. Samples of El-Laijun oil shale were thermally decomposed in a laboratory retort system under a slow heating rate (0.07 K/s) up to a maximum temperature of 698-773 K. After decomposition, 0.02 kg of spent shale was extracted by chloroform in a Soxhlet extraction unit for 2 h to investigate the ulttmate amount of shale oil that could be produced. The retorting results indicate an increase in the oil yields from 3.24% to 9.77% of oil shale feed with retorting temperature, while the extraction results show a decrease in oil yields from 8.10% to 3.32% of spent shale. The analysis of the data according to the global firstorder model for isothermal and nonisothermal conditions shows kinetic parameters close to those reported in literature. 02/00829 Solvent extraction Inoue, K. Kemikurtf Enjini,varingtr, 2001, 46, (3). 1X1-184. (In Japanese) This paper reviews recent developments in solvent extraction, including the application of light oils in deep desulfurization, in the treatment of high-i&e] radioactive liquid wastes, and molecular modelling of extraction and extraction systems.
Economics, 02/00825 FCC monitoring through precision testing Van der Werf, R.P. Per. Cocrl, 2000, 42, (2) 116-123. Reliable fluid catalytic cracking units (FCCU) operation and optimized product yields are essential to overall refinery economics. A sound understanding of the operation of the FCCU is vital to assess what is needed for optimum operation and whether there is an incentive for a catalyst change or a hardware modification. Shell offers, and has extensively applied, a range of monitoring tools to assess the performance of an FCCU in detail. Shell’s Precision Test Runs (PTR) allow quick and accurate determination of FCCU yields at different operating conditions, while minimizing costs of disruption. recess model, allowing PTR data may be used to tune the FCCU optimization of the FCCU. Shell has also s eveloped techniques to assess ‘what happens inside’ the FCCU: to establish the performance of feed nozzles, cyclone systems, strippers and regenerators in detail. The results have been used for FCCU design improvements. A number of examples are discussed. The economic benefits of using our measuring tools are substantial: usually in the order of USS 1 per ton feed processed. For a typical unit this is worth about US$1.3 million per annum.
business, marketing,
business,
marketing,
policy
A compressional wave seismic model for the Ashrafi-1 well 02/00830
Ware, P. (‘I (11.Joumul of Pelroleum Scirncr cptl Etlgineeri/lg, 2000. 2X. (4). 183-187. Despite disappointing drilling results, the South Caspian basin has yielded scientific results of significant value to future exploration. This paper describes work that utilized data from the offshore Ashrafi-1 well, but it is believed that it has applications to exploration elsewhere in Azerbaijan. The North Ahsheron Operating Company (NAOC) drilled the Ashrafi-I well between November 30, 1997 and February 6, 1998 to a total depth of 3668 m (sub Caspian sea level). The Balakhany and Pereryva Suite (SP) Formations were wet but the Upper Kirmaku Sandy (NKP) Formation tested oil and the Lower Kirmaku (PK) Formation tested gas, both at high flow rates. Anomalously high stack amplitude responses, generally conforming to structural closure, had been observed in the 3D seismic data at the NKP and PK Formations prior to drilling of the well. An offset synthetic modeling study was undertaken, post-drill, to determine the itl-xi/u amplitude response (stack and amplitude variation with offset, or AVO) for both dry and wet zones and to model the changes in AVO and stacked amplitudes in response to changes in variables such as thickness, fluid till and porosity. As well as the 3D seismic data set. the principal data sources used were a dipole sonic log for compressional wave velocity (VP) and shear were velocity (J’s); checkshots for time-to depth (T---D)conversion: a density log: log interpretations of porosity; fluid properties based on pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) analysis of fluids from drill stem tests (DSTs) and pressure/temperature data In this simple case, despite the highly permeable reservoir rocks. the Gassmann assumption of immobile fluids within the pore space was used Although the effects of partial gas saturation are known to be a problem elsewhere in this basin. density modelling derived from borehole-guided long, offset AVO was not attempted. Despite thus, normal incident amphtudes. derived from pre-stack data. cross-plotted against amplitude gradients suggest a methodology for disttngutshing wet sandstones from gas and oil in this basin m the absence of recent leakage. Despite the difference in response for oil and gas (oil gave a stronger response than gas), a statistically meaningful number of wells is not yet available and this result may be influenced by local llthologlc effects. Thus. the ability to distinguish oil from gas ahead of the drill bit - which is of vital importance:n evaluating commerclality 1s not proven. Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2002
101