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Communications - complex problem solving: Design and development of a signage system for the Columbus International Airport in Columbus, Ohio
ability to stand and walk on our hind legs. This book examines the principles involved to show that the design of the human trunk is, in fact, well adapted to the purposes for which it is intended and that it will function effectively when the principles are understood and applied intelligently. 12.1.20 (79441)
Nichols, P.J.R., Norman, P.A., and Ennis, J.R.
The purpose of this investigation was to compare the prevalence of soft tissue disorders in the neck, arms and hands between packers doing repetitive work and shop assistants with variable tasks, One hundred and fifty-two female assemblyline packers in. a food production factory and 133 female shop assistants were interviewed about their symptoms and given a clinical examination of the neck and upper extremities. The number of cases of tension neck, cervical syndrome, scalenus syndrome, and humeral epicondylitis did not differ significantly between the two groups. The prevalence of tenosynovitis and humeral tendinitis was significantly higher for the assembly-line packers. The packing work consisted of static muscle work by the arms grasping and maximal extensions of the fingers, and lateral deviations of the wrists. The movements numbered up to 25 000/workday. A relationship between some work load factors and some disorders of the upper extremities is probable.
Wheelchair user's shoulder? Shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord lesions. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1979, 11.1, 29-32. A questionnaire was circulated to the 708 members of the Spinal Cord Injuries Association in 1976. The response rate was 79'5%. Over one half (51-4%) of the respondents suffered from shoulder pain, an incidence in excess of any age group in a control population derived from a general practitioner's register. The pain, which was related particularly to wheelchair usage and other attendant factors such as transfers, was in some instances clearly in the same shoulder, whereas in others it was more likely to be cervical root pain. The implications 12.1.23 (79496) of these findings are discussed. Veitengruber, J.E. Warning systems. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Factors 12.1.21 (79443) in Civil Aviation, 'Safety and Efficiency. Shannon, R.H. The next 50 years', The Hague, 3 - 7 Manual materials handling injuries of September 1979. VNV Dutch Airline naval civilian workers. Proceedings of Pilots Association, The Hague, 1980, the Symposium on Human Factors pp 6 4 - 8 0 . and Industrial Design in Consumer
Visual displays
Products, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 2 8 - 3 0 May 1980, Edited by H.R. Poydar, 1980, pp 1 7 3 - 1 8 4 . This paper studies one aspect of the consumer product industry, that of manual handling injuries among male and female workers. The emphasis is upon alleviating injury through a redesign of the total system: more training, increased managerial awareness, better selection, more involvement of human engineers into product flow and equipment design, and increased research of sex differences. In other words, a human factors systems approach throughout all stages of product development is necessary if worker, and for that matter, consumer injuries, liabilities and lost workdays are to be decreased within this industry. 12.1.22 (79465)
Luopajarvi, T., et al Prevalence of tenosynovitis and other injuries of the upper extremities in repetitive work. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 1979, 5 Supplement 3, 48-55.
Aircraft alerting systems, often referred to as warning systems, on conventional commercial airplanes comprise 1 0 0 - 6 0 0 variously coloured lights, 1 0 - 1 5 0 coloured instrument and sensor failure flags, up to 100 multicoloured operating range bands, and 9 - 1 7 aural alerts. The proliferation of these alerting devices throughout the flight deck has caused pilots, aircraft manufacturers and the regulating authorities to become concerned with the potential for clutter and possible pilot confusion. To alleviate this situation, these groups have developed new design standards for alerting systems and have begun incorporating new alerting system concepts which better integrate the alerting system information, inform the pilots of the nature of the situation without startling or annoying them and use significantly less complex components. This paper discusses the existing state of alerting systems, design guidelines that have been developed for future alerting systems, research that is being conducted to substantiate these guidelines and the system concepts being implemented on Boeing's newest aircraft.
12.1.24 (79500)
Cook, T.R., and Smith, D.B. Communications - complex problem solving: Design and development of a signage system for the Columbus International Airport in Columbus, Ohio. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Factors and Industrial Design in Consumer Products, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 2 8 - 3 0 May 1980. Edited by H.R. Poydar, 1980, pp 3 2 9 - 3 4 1 . Experience with the development of a proposed expansion to a major metropolitan airport revealed a need to analyse the terminal and terminal approaches as a complex communications environment. Available human factors information and tracking studies were used to develop a signing concept that highlights and humanises points of personal interaction with the terminal complex. The paper describes the designer's approach to making design decisions based on available human factors data. The limitation of this data base is discussed and studies conducted to elaborate or supplement the base are described. Slides illustrating these studies and the proposed interior and exterior signing systems were shown. The intermediate concepts (developed during the evolution o f the final concept) are used to illustrate the stages through which the work moved towards final solution. 12.1.25 (79511) D. Wendt. An experimental approach to the improvement of the typographic design of textbooks. Visible Language, 1979. 13. 2, 1 0 8 - 1 3 3 . Three different approaches were taken to improve the legibility of a textbook for secondary schools: (1) two columns of about 58 mm (14 picas) line width instead of one column of about 126 mm (30 picas) line width, (2) insertion of additional space between the constituents of the sentences to convey the phrase structure of the text, and (3) 'visualising' the information by structuring it vertically and horizontally in such a way that the total design is more appropriate to the visual medium. In an experimental test of a lesson in physics printed in a standard version and in the above three experimental versions, given to 600 students, only the third one ('visualisation') showed an improvement over the standard version. 12.1.26 (79518)
Springer, T.J. Visual display units in the office environment: Blessings or curses? Proceedings of the Symposium on
Applied Ergonomics March 1981
49
Nichols, P.J.R., Norman, P.A., and Ennis, J.R.
The purpose of this investigation was to compare the prevalence of soft tissue disorders in the neck, arms and hands between packers doing repetitive work and shop assistants with variable tasks, One hundred and fifty-two female assemblyline packers in. a food production factory and 133 female shop assistants were interviewed about their symptoms and given a clinical examination of the neck and upper extremities. The number of cases of tension neck, cervical syndrome, scalenus syndrome, and humeral epicondylitis did not differ significantly between the two groups. The prevalence of tenosynovitis and humeral tendinitis was significantly higher for the assembly-line packers. The packing work consisted of static muscle work by the arms grasping and maximal extensions of the fingers, and lateral deviations of the wrists. The movements numbered up to 25 000/workday. A relationship between some work load factors and some disorders of the upper extremities is probable.
Wheelchair user's shoulder? Shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord lesions. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1979, 11.1, 29-32. A questionnaire was circulated to the 708 members of the Spinal Cord Injuries Association in 1976. The response rate was 79'5%. Over one half (51-4%) of the respondents suffered from shoulder pain, an incidence in excess of any age group in a control population derived from a general practitioner's register. The pain, which was related particularly to wheelchair usage and other attendant factors such as transfers, was in some instances clearly in the same shoulder, whereas in others it was more likely to be cervical root pain. The implications 12.1.23 (79496) of these findings are discussed. Veitengruber, J.E. Warning systems. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Factors 12.1.21 (79443) in Civil Aviation, 'Safety and Efficiency. Shannon, R.H. The next 50 years', The Hague, 3 - 7 Manual materials handling injuries of September 1979. VNV Dutch Airline naval civilian workers. Proceedings of Pilots Association, The Hague, 1980, the Symposium on Human Factors pp 6 4 - 8 0 . and Industrial Design in Consumer
Visual displays
Products, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 2 8 - 3 0 May 1980, Edited by H.R. Poydar, 1980, pp 1 7 3 - 1 8 4 . This paper studies one aspect of the consumer product industry, that of manual handling injuries among male and female workers. The emphasis is upon alleviating injury through a redesign of the total system: more training, increased managerial awareness, better selection, more involvement of human engineers into product flow and equipment design, and increased research of sex differences. In other words, a human factors systems approach throughout all stages of product development is necessary if worker, and for that matter, consumer injuries, liabilities and lost workdays are to be decreased within this industry. 12.1.22 (79465)
Luopajarvi, T., et al Prevalence of tenosynovitis and other injuries of the upper extremities in repetitive work. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 1979, 5 Supplement 3, 48-55.
Aircraft alerting systems, often referred to as warning systems, on conventional commercial airplanes comprise 1 0 0 - 6 0 0 variously coloured lights, 1 0 - 1 5 0 coloured instrument and sensor failure flags, up to 100 multicoloured operating range bands, and 9 - 1 7 aural alerts. The proliferation of these alerting devices throughout the flight deck has caused pilots, aircraft manufacturers and the regulating authorities to become concerned with the potential for clutter and possible pilot confusion. To alleviate this situation, these groups have developed new design standards for alerting systems and have begun incorporating new alerting system concepts which better integrate the alerting system information, inform the pilots of the nature of the situation without startling or annoying them and use significantly less complex components. This paper discusses the existing state of alerting systems, design guidelines that have been developed for future alerting systems, research that is being conducted to substantiate these guidelines and the system concepts being implemented on Boeing's newest aircraft.
12.1.24 (79500)
Cook, T.R., and Smith, D.B. Communications - complex problem solving: Design and development of a signage system for the Columbus International Airport in Columbus, Ohio. Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Factors and Industrial Design in Consumer Products, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 2 8 - 3 0 May 1980. Edited by H.R. Poydar, 1980, pp 3 2 9 - 3 4 1 . Experience with the development of a proposed expansion to a major metropolitan airport revealed a need to analyse the terminal and terminal approaches as a complex communications environment. Available human factors information and tracking studies were used to develop a signing concept that highlights and humanises points of personal interaction with the terminal complex. The paper describes the designer's approach to making design decisions based on available human factors data. The limitation of this data base is discussed and studies conducted to elaborate or supplement the base are described. Slides illustrating these studies and the proposed interior and exterior signing systems were shown. The intermediate concepts (developed during the evolution o f the final concept) are used to illustrate the stages through which the work moved towards final solution. 12.1.25 (79511) D. Wendt. An experimental approach to the improvement of the typographic design of textbooks. Visible Language, 1979. 13. 2, 1 0 8 - 1 3 3 . Three different approaches were taken to improve the legibility of a textbook for secondary schools: (1) two columns of about 58 mm (14 picas) line width instead of one column of about 126 mm (30 picas) line width, (2) insertion of additional space between the constituents of the sentences to convey the phrase structure of the text, and (3) 'visualising' the information by structuring it vertically and horizontally in such a way that the total design is more appropriate to the visual medium. In an experimental test of a lesson in physics printed in a standard version and in the above three experimental versions, given to 600 students, only the third one ('visualisation') showed an improvement over the standard version. 12.1.26 (79518)
Springer, T.J. Visual display units in the office environment: Blessings or curses? Proceedings of the Symposium on
Applied Ergonomics March 1981
49