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Comparison of Some Sources of Unidentified Chick Growth Factors with Fish Meal
Comparison of Some Sources of Unidentified Chick Growth Factors with Fish Meal H. MORIMOTO, S. ARIYOSHI AND H . H O S H I I
National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Received for publication April 28, 1955)
S
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Day-old Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks were used in all of the trials. The chicks were kept in electrically heated brooders using straw litter. Water was supplied ad libitum. Feed was supplied in the form of a wet mash a n d fed as indicated:
from 5 to 6 weeks as indicated in the tables. Preparation of Fish Products. T h e fractions used in experiments 1 a n d 2 (Table 2) were obtained b y extracting 10 kg. of fish meal with water (pH 2.0) a t a temperature of 40-60°C. for 24 hours. T h e supern a t a n t was filtered off a n d the extraction was repeated as above to total 4 times. The supernatants were combined a n d concentrated to a convenient volume (Fraction 1). T h e residue was dried a n d added to the diet as Fraction 2. The autolyzed sardines (solubles a n d residue) used in experiment 3 (Table 2) were prepared as follows: Fresh sardines (45 kg.) were cut into small pieces a n d autolyzed 3-4 hours. After autolysis, the supernatant was separated a n d concentrated to a convenient volume a n d used in group 2. TABLE 1.—Composition of diets Basal Ground corn Fish meal Soybean oil meal Wheat bran Rice bran oil meal CaCOa CaHPCu NaCl MnS0 4 Cod liver oil
1st three weeks, approximately 2 gm./chick, S times/day 4th and 5th weeks, approximately 4 gm./chick, 4 times/day 5th week to end of experiment, approximately 9 gm./chick, 3 times/day The above amounts to vary according to feed consumption. No feed was left in the hoppers overnight. At t h e start of each experiment, the chicks were weighed individually, wingbanded, a n d distributed into uniform groups of 25 each on the basis of body weight a n d general appearance. Individual weights were taken a t . weekly intervals. T h e experimental periods ranged
Protein (calculated)
Control
%
%
49.95
49.95 10.0* 14.5 15.0 8.0 2.0
—.
27.0 12.5 8.0 1.5 0.5 0.49 0.01 0.05 100 20.2
—
0.49 0.01 0.05 100 21.0
After two weeks of age, the chicks were fed fresh forage (chiefly rape) at the rate of 20 percent of the dry feed supplied. The chicks were also irradiated by sunshine, or an ultra-violet lamp for approximately 1 hour each week. * Sardine fish meal (commercial).
1392
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Emory University on April 10, 2016
T U D I E S on unidentified growth factors for poultry have been comprehensively reviewed b y Combs (1951), Menge et al. (1952), a n d Briggs (1952). T h e factor, or factors, are known to be present in fish meal, fish solubles, liver, yeast, distillers solubles, whey, a n d forage juice. Fish meal a n d other fish by-products are an important p a r t of poultry rations used in Japan, a n d their effect on the growth of chickens is well recognized. T h e present investigation was designed to study the growth responses obtained from certain materials suspected to be potent sources of t h e unidentified chick growth factor.
UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTORS TABLE 3.—Growth responses of chicks to microbiological products
TABLE 2.—Growth responses of chicks lo fish products Average gain (gm.)
Experiment number and duration
Group No.
142 146 171 226
5 (6-wk. exptl. period)
1 2 3 4
Basal Basal-f-5% wood yeast B a s a l + 1 0 % fungi feed Control
142 196 170 226
114 135 . 163 157
6 (5-wk. exptl. period)
1 2 3 4
Basal B a s a l + 1 0 % koji feed (a) B a s a l + 1 0 % koji feed (b) Control
114 139 116 157
155 152
7 (6-wk. exptl. period)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Basal B a s a l + 1 0 % koji feed (a) B a s a l + 4 % wood yeast B a s a l + 8 % wood yeast B a s a l + 4 % brewers' yeast Control
155 221 159 162 200 211
8 (6-wk. exptl. period)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Basal Basal+10% Basal+10% Basal+10% Basal+10% Control
166 198 93 96 176 221
Group No.
1 (6-wk. exptl. period)
1 2 3 4
Basal Basal-f Fraction 1* Basal+Fraction 2 Control
2 (5-wk. exptl. period)
1 2 3 4
Basal Basal+Fraction 1 Basal-j-Fraction 2 Control
1
Basal Basal+autolyzed sardines (solubles) Basal+autolyzed sardines (residue) Control
211
Basal B a s a l + F i s h solubles B a s a l + F i s h residue Basal+autolyzed cuttle fish Basal+autolyzed sardines Control
166 210 193 195 189 241
3 (6-wk. exptl. period
2 3
4 (6-wk. exptl. period
4 1 2 3 4 5 6
209
Diet and supplement
koji koji koji koji
feed feed feed feed
Average gain (gm.)
(c) (d) (e) (f)
* All supplements to the basal diet were added at a level equivalent to 10 percentfishmeal.
The residue was dried and fed to group 3. The fish solubles used in experiment 4 (Table 2) were prepared by the usual method of manufacture, i.e., 45 kg. fresh sardines, boiled 30 minutes, pressed, and separated into two portions. The semisolid portion was termed fish solubles (group 2), and the remainder, after drying, fish residue (group 3). The autolyzed cuttle fish and autolyzed sardines were prepared as follows: Cuttle fish (45 kg.) were autolyzed for 24 hours. The oil was then removed and the residue dried and fed to group 4 (experiment 4). Fresh sardines (45 kg.) were autolyzed 24 hours, the oil removed, the residue dried and used in group 5 (experiment 4). Each of the fractions was mixed directly into the basal diet at a level equivalent to 10 percent fish meal. The protein content of each experimental diet was adjusted by varying amount of soybean oil meal. Sources of Microbiological Products. Wood yeast was obtained from the sulfite pulp waste (yeast strain of Mycotolura japonica). This product contains approximately 48 percent crude protein. Fungi feed was made from distillers'
residue (mold culture) and contains approximately 26 percent crude protein. Koji feed was made from starch cake and ammonium sulfide (mold culture). This material contains approximately 10 percent crude protein (synthesis). Several Koji feeds (c, d, e, andf) were cultured by mold strains which are known to synthesize vitamin Bi2. The feeds contained the following quantities of vitamin B12 (meg./ gm.): (c) 0.055, (d) 0.03, (e) 0.05, and (f) 0.03. Koji feed (a, and b) contained infinitesimal amounts of vitamin B12.* The microbiological products were added to the basal diet as indicated in Table 3. The protein content of each experimental diet was adjusted by varying the level of soybean oil meal. A commercial brand of sardine fish meal was used in the control diet to serve as a basis for evaluating the various fish and microbiological products. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The growth activity of fractions obtained from fish meal was compared with * The Koji feeds were prepared and assayed for vitamin B12 content by H. Sakai, of the Agricultural Faculty, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Emory University on April 10, 2016
Experiment number and duration
Diet and Supplement
1393
1394
H. MORIMOTO, S. ARIYOSHI AND H. HOSHII
Experiments 5, 6, 7 and 8 (Table 3) were designed to compare the growth response of certain microbiological products with that of fish meal. In experiment 5, wood yeast and fungi feed exhibited growth responses above that obtained with the basal group. Wood yeast was apparently more active for chick growth than fungi feed, but neither product gave as good growth as fish meal. Although wood yeast gave an indication of the presence of chick growth factor activity in experiment 5, it proved to be entirely ineffective in promoting chick growth in experiment 7 even though fed at a higher level. This is not in agreement with the work of Lillie et al. (1953) who have found wood yeast to stimulate chick growth. This variation in results may well be due to a difference in the cultures used. Brewers' yeast was almost as active as fish meal in promoting chick growth in experiment 7 (group 5). These results are in accord with the work of Lillie et al.
(1953) who found that brewers' yeast was effective in promoting chick growth under their experimental conditions. Koji feed (a) gave a growth stimulation in both experiments 6 and 7. In experiment 6, the response was not as great as that obtained with fish meal. However, when the experimental period was increased from 5 weeks to 6 weeks (experiment 7), koji feed (a) gave a growth response that was even greater than that noted in the group which received 10 percent fish meal (group 6). Koji feed (b) was inactive in experiment 6. Koji feed (c) exhibited some chick growth activity in experiment 8. However, the response was not as great as that obtained with fish meal. The other koji feeds (d, e, and f) tested in this trial did not give any indication of the presence of a chick growth factor. The chicks used in these trials were the progeny of hens that received a breeder ration containing more than 20% fish meal. The chicks also had free access to litter. Previous studies (Morimoto, Ariyoshi and Hoshii, 1954) have shown that the addition of vitamin Bi2 to the basal diet fed to chicks had no effect on growth. Apparently vitamin B i 2 was not a limiting factor in these experiments even though the vitamin was not included in the basal diet. However, it is of interest to note that koji feed (a), brewers yeast, and one sample of wood yeast were effective in promoting chick growth in spite of their low vitamin Bis content. It should also be noted that the birds used in these trails were from a small type White Leghorn strain. The females weigh 2 to 3 pounds and the males weigh 3 to 4 pounds at sexual maturity. SUMMARY
Various fish products and certain microbiological products have been fed to chicks to determine their value in com-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Emory University on April 10, 2016
that of fish meal in the first two experiments (Table 2). The results indicate that Fraction 1 possessed little, if any, growth activity. However, the residue (Fraction 2) exhibited a growth response in both trials. In experiments 3 (group 3), the residue obtained from autolysis of fresh sardines gave a growth response comparable with that of fish meal. The solubles portion (group 2) was inactive. Autolyzed cuttle fish and autolyzed sardines were of some value, although these materials (groups 4 and 5, experiment 4) did not exhibit a growth-promoting activity equivalent to fish meal (group 6). However, fish solubles prepared by the accepted method of manufacture was almost as effective as fish meal in promoting chick growth (experiment 4, group 2). These data show that the value of fish solubles as a source of unidentified growth factors for chicks is dependent upon the method of manufacture.
COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ON
ORGANISMS
1395
REFERENCES Briggs, G. M., 1952. A review of recent developments in poultry nutrition: Vitamin Bi2, antibiotics, and new growth factors. Trans. Amer. Ass. Cereal Chem. 10:31-50. Combs, G. F., 1951. Unidentified factors required for chick growth. Ninth World's Poultry Congress, 2:35-39. Lillie, R. J., J. R. Sizemore and H. R. Bird, 1953. Unidentified factors in poultry nutrition. I. Development of chick assay. Poultry Sci. 32: 855862. Menge, H., G. F. Combs, P. T. Hsu and M. S. Shorb, 1952. Unidentified growth factors required by chicks and poults. I. Studies with chicks using purified diet. Poultry Sci. 31: 237— 247. Morimoto, H., S. Ariyoshi and H. Hoshii, 1954. Effect of arginine, glycine, methionine, and vitamin Bi2 on chick growth. Tenth World's Poultry Congress, 2:142-144.
An in Vitro Comparison of Some Antibacterial Agents on a Strain of Avian Pleuropneumonia-like Organisms* C . H . DOMERMUTH AND E . P . JOHNSON Section of Animal Pathology, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Virginia (Received for publication May 2, 1955)
N OVO determinations of the effect of / various antibacterial drugs against the agent of infectious sinusitis (IS) of turkeys have indicated that the agent is sensitive to streptomycin (Hitchner, 1949); streptomycin and aureomycin (Groupe and Winn, 1949); terramycin, streptomycin, aureomycin, nemomycin and Chloromycetin (Gross and Johnson, 1953) ;and magnamycin, terramycin, aureomycin and streptomycin (Wong and James, 1953). Similar in ovo determinations using the agent of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chickens have indicated that this agent is sensitive to streptomycin * Supported in part by funds provided by the Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A. in the Cooperative Project on Chronic Respiratory Disease.
(Delaplane, 1949); aureomycin, terramycin and Chloromycetin (Van Roekel et al., 1952); terramycin, streptomycin, aureomycin, neomycin and Chloromycetin (Gross and Johnson, 1953); and magnamycin, terramycin, aureomycin and streptomycin (Wong and James, 1953). To our knowledge in vitro drug sensitivity tests on pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) isolated from avian sources have not been conducted. We feel that valuable etiological information, and information concerning the possible treatment of IS of turkeys and of CRD of chickens might be obtained from such a study. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to report the results of in vitro drug sensitivity tests on a PPLO strain isolated from an avian source.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Emory University on April 10, 2016
parison with fish meal. Autolyzed cuttle fish, autolyzed sardines, and fish solubles, when fed to chicks, exhibited growth responses that indicated the presence of unidentified growth factors. However, none of these materials was as potent a source of these growth factors as fish meal. Fungi feed gave only a slight growth response. Six koji feeds were tested, but only two of them showed any effect on chick growth. Brewers' yeast, and koji feeds (a, and c) were nearly as effective as fish meal in promoting chick growth. Apparently the potency of unidentified chick growth factors in microbiological products is somewhat dependent upon the type of cultures used.
PPLO
National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Chiba, Japan (Received for publication April 28, 1955)
S
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Day-old Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks were used in all of the trials. The chicks were kept in electrically heated brooders using straw litter. Water was supplied ad libitum. Feed was supplied in the form of a wet mash a n d fed as indicated:
from 5 to 6 weeks as indicated in the tables. Preparation of Fish Products. T h e fractions used in experiments 1 a n d 2 (Table 2) were obtained b y extracting 10 kg. of fish meal with water (pH 2.0) a t a temperature of 40-60°C. for 24 hours. T h e supern a t a n t was filtered off a n d the extraction was repeated as above to total 4 times. The supernatants were combined a n d concentrated to a convenient volume (Fraction 1). T h e residue was dried a n d added to the diet as Fraction 2. The autolyzed sardines (solubles a n d residue) used in experiment 3 (Table 2) were prepared as follows: Fresh sardines (45 kg.) were cut into small pieces a n d autolyzed 3-4 hours. After autolysis, the supernatant was separated a n d concentrated to a convenient volume a n d used in group 2. TABLE 1.—Composition of diets Basal Ground corn Fish meal Soybean oil meal Wheat bran Rice bran oil meal CaCOa CaHPCu NaCl MnS0 4 Cod liver oil
1st three weeks, approximately 2 gm./chick, S times/day 4th and 5th weeks, approximately 4 gm./chick, 4 times/day 5th week to end of experiment, approximately 9 gm./chick, 3 times/day The above amounts to vary according to feed consumption. No feed was left in the hoppers overnight. At t h e start of each experiment, the chicks were weighed individually, wingbanded, a n d distributed into uniform groups of 25 each on the basis of body weight a n d general appearance. Individual weights were taken a t . weekly intervals. T h e experimental periods ranged
Protein (calculated)
Control
%
%
49.95
49.95 10.0* 14.5 15.0 8.0 2.0
—.
27.0 12.5 8.0 1.5 0.5 0.49 0.01 0.05 100 20.2
—
0.49 0.01 0.05 100 21.0
After two weeks of age, the chicks were fed fresh forage (chiefly rape) at the rate of 20 percent of the dry feed supplied. The chicks were also irradiated by sunshine, or an ultra-violet lamp for approximately 1 hour each week. * Sardine fish meal (commercial).
1392
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Emory University on April 10, 2016
T U D I E S on unidentified growth factors for poultry have been comprehensively reviewed b y Combs (1951), Menge et al. (1952), a n d Briggs (1952). T h e factor, or factors, are known to be present in fish meal, fish solubles, liver, yeast, distillers solubles, whey, a n d forage juice. Fish meal a n d other fish by-products are an important p a r t of poultry rations used in Japan, a n d their effect on the growth of chickens is well recognized. T h e present investigation was designed to study the growth responses obtained from certain materials suspected to be potent sources of t h e unidentified chick growth factor.
UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTORS TABLE 3.—Growth responses of chicks to microbiological products
TABLE 2.—Growth responses of chicks lo fish products Average gain (gm.)
Experiment number and duration
Group No.
142 146 171 226
5 (6-wk. exptl. period)
1 2 3 4
Basal Basal-f-5% wood yeast B a s a l + 1 0 % fungi feed Control
142 196 170 226
114 135 . 163 157
6 (5-wk. exptl. period)
1 2 3 4
Basal B a s a l + 1 0 % koji feed (a) B a s a l + 1 0 % koji feed (b) Control
114 139 116 157
155 152
7 (6-wk. exptl. period)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Basal B a s a l + 1 0 % koji feed (a) B a s a l + 4 % wood yeast B a s a l + 8 % wood yeast B a s a l + 4 % brewers' yeast Control
155 221 159 162 200 211
8 (6-wk. exptl. period)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Basal Basal+10% Basal+10% Basal+10% Basal+10% Control
166 198 93 96 176 221
Group No.
1 (6-wk. exptl. period)
1 2 3 4
Basal Basal-f Fraction 1* Basal+Fraction 2 Control
2 (5-wk. exptl. period)
1 2 3 4
Basal Basal+Fraction 1 Basal-j-Fraction 2 Control
1
Basal Basal+autolyzed sardines (solubles) Basal+autolyzed sardines (residue) Control
211
Basal B a s a l + F i s h solubles B a s a l + F i s h residue Basal+autolyzed cuttle fish Basal+autolyzed sardines Control
166 210 193 195 189 241
3 (6-wk. exptl. period
2 3
4 (6-wk. exptl. period
4 1 2 3 4 5 6
209
Diet and supplement
koji koji koji koji
feed feed feed feed
Average gain (gm.)
(c) (d) (e) (f)
* All supplements to the basal diet were added at a level equivalent to 10 percentfishmeal.
The residue was dried and fed to group 3. The fish solubles used in experiment 4 (Table 2) were prepared by the usual method of manufacture, i.e., 45 kg. fresh sardines, boiled 30 minutes, pressed, and separated into two portions. The semisolid portion was termed fish solubles (group 2), and the remainder, after drying, fish residue (group 3). The autolyzed cuttle fish and autolyzed sardines were prepared as follows: Cuttle fish (45 kg.) were autolyzed for 24 hours. The oil was then removed and the residue dried and fed to group 4 (experiment 4). Fresh sardines (45 kg.) were autolyzed 24 hours, the oil removed, the residue dried and used in group 5 (experiment 4). Each of the fractions was mixed directly into the basal diet at a level equivalent to 10 percent fish meal. The protein content of each experimental diet was adjusted by varying amount of soybean oil meal. Sources of Microbiological Products. Wood yeast was obtained from the sulfite pulp waste (yeast strain of Mycotolura japonica). This product contains approximately 48 percent crude protein. Fungi feed was made from distillers'
residue (mold culture) and contains approximately 26 percent crude protein. Koji feed was made from starch cake and ammonium sulfide (mold culture). This material contains approximately 10 percent crude protein (synthesis). Several Koji feeds (c, d, e, andf) were cultured by mold strains which are known to synthesize vitamin Bi2. The feeds contained the following quantities of vitamin B12 (meg./ gm.): (c) 0.055, (d) 0.03, (e) 0.05, and (f) 0.03. Koji feed (a, and b) contained infinitesimal amounts of vitamin B12.* The microbiological products were added to the basal diet as indicated in Table 3. The protein content of each experimental diet was adjusted by varying the level of soybean oil meal. A commercial brand of sardine fish meal was used in the control diet to serve as a basis for evaluating the various fish and microbiological products. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The growth activity of fractions obtained from fish meal was compared with * The Koji feeds were prepared and assayed for vitamin B12 content by H. Sakai, of the Agricultural Faculty, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Emory University on April 10, 2016
Experiment number and duration
Diet and Supplement
1393
1394
H. MORIMOTO, S. ARIYOSHI AND H. HOSHII
Experiments 5, 6, 7 and 8 (Table 3) were designed to compare the growth response of certain microbiological products with that of fish meal. In experiment 5, wood yeast and fungi feed exhibited growth responses above that obtained with the basal group. Wood yeast was apparently more active for chick growth than fungi feed, but neither product gave as good growth as fish meal. Although wood yeast gave an indication of the presence of chick growth factor activity in experiment 5, it proved to be entirely ineffective in promoting chick growth in experiment 7 even though fed at a higher level. This is not in agreement with the work of Lillie et al. (1953) who have found wood yeast to stimulate chick growth. This variation in results may well be due to a difference in the cultures used. Brewers' yeast was almost as active as fish meal in promoting chick growth in experiment 7 (group 5). These results are in accord with the work of Lillie et al.
(1953) who found that brewers' yeast was effective in promoting chick growth under their experimental conditions. Koji feed (a) gave a growth stimulation in both experiments 6 and 7. In experiment 6, the response was not as great as that obtained with fish meal. However, when the experimental period was increased from 5 weeks to 6 weeks (experiment 7), koji feed (a) gave a growth response that was even greater than that noted in the group which received 10 percent fish meal (group 6). Koji feed (b) was inactive in experiment 6. Koji feed (c) exhibited some chick growth activity in experiment 8. However, the response was not as great as that obtained with fish meal. The other koji feeds (d, e, and f) tested in this trial did not give any indication of the presence of a chick growth factor. The chicks used in these trials were the progeny of hens that received a breeder ration containing more than 20% fish meal. The chicks also had free access to litter. Previous studies (Morimoto, Ariyoshi and Hoshii, 1954) have shown that the addition of vitamin Bi2 to the basal diet fed to chicks had no effect on growth. Apparently vitamin B i 2 was not a limiting factor in these experiments even though the vitamin was not included in the basal diet. However, it is of interest to note that koji feed (a), brewers yeast, and one sample of wood yeast were effective in promoting chick growth in spite of their low vitamin Bis content. It should also be noted that the birds used in these trails were from a small type White Leghorn strain. The females weigh 2 to 3 pounds and the males weigh 3 to 4 pounds at sexual maturity. SUMMARY
Various fish products and certain microbiological products have been fed to chicks to determine their value in com-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Emory University on April 10, 2016
that of fish meal in the first two experiments (Table 2). The results indicate that Fraction 1 possessed little, if any, growth activity. However, the residue (Fraction 2) exhibited a growth response in both trials. In experiments 3 (group 3), the residue obtained from autolysis of fresh sardines gave a growth response comparable with that of fish meal. The solubles portion (group 2) was inactive. Autolyzed cuttle fish and autolyzed sardines were of some value, although these materials (groups 4 and 5, experiment 4) did not exhibit a growth-promoting activity equivalent to fish meal (group 6). However, fish solubles prepared by the accepted method of manufacture was almost as effective as fish meal in promoting chick growth (experiment 4, group 2). These data show that the value of fish solubles as a source of unidentified growth factors for chicks is dependent upon the method of manufacture.
COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ON
ORGANISMS
1395
REFERENCES Briggs, G. M., 1952. A review of recent developments in poultry nutrition: Vitamin Bi2, antibiotics, and new growth factors. Trans. Amer. Ass. Cereal Chem. 10:31-50. Combs, G. F., 1951. Unidentified factors required for chick growth. Ninth World's Poultry Congress, 2:35-39. Lillie, R. J., J. R. Sizemore and H. R. Bird, 1953. Unidentified factors in poultry nutrition. I. Development of chick assay. Poultry Sci. 32: 855862. Menge, H., G. F. Combs, P. T. Hsu and M. S. Shorb, 1952. Unidentified growth factors required by chicks and poults. I. Studies with chicks using purified diet. Poultry Sci. 31: 237— 247. Morimoto, H., S. Ariyoshi and H. Hoshii, 1954. Effect of arginine, glycine, methionine, and vitamin Bi2 on chick growth. Tenth World's Poultry Congress, 2:142-144.
An in Vitro Comparison of Some Antibacterial Agents on a Strain of Avian Pleuropneumonia-like Organisms* C . H . DOMERMUTH AND E . P . JOHNSON Section of Animal Pathology, Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, Virginia (Received for publication May 2, 1955)
N OVO determinations of the effect of / various antibacterial drugs against the agent of infectious sinusitis (IS) of turkeys have indicated that the agent is sensitive to streptomycin (Hitchner, 1949); streptomycin and aureomycin (Groupe and Winn, 1949); terramycin, streptomycin, aureomycin, nemomycin and Chloromycetin (Gross and Johnson, 1953) ;and magnamycin, terramycin, aureomycin and streptomycin (Wong and James, 1953). Similar in ovo determinations using the agent of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chickens have indicated that this agent is sensitive to streptomycin * Supported in part by funds provided by the Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A. in the Cooperative Project on Chronic Respiratory Disease.
(Delaplane, 1949); aureomycin, terramycin and Chloromycetin (Van Roekel et al., 1952); terramycin, streptomycin, aureomycin, neomycin and Chloromycetin (Gross and Johnson, 1953); and magnamycin, terramycin, aureomycin and streptomycin (Wong and James, 1953). To our knowledge in vitro drug sensitivity tests on pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) isolated from avian sources have not been conducted. We feel that valuable etiological information, and information concerning the possible treatment of IS of turkeys and of CRD of chickens might be obtained from such a study. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to report the results of in vitro drug sensitivity tests on a PPLO strain isolated from an avian source.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Emory University on April 10, 2016
parison with fish meal. Autolyzed cuttle fish, autolyzed sardines, and fish solubles, when fed to chicks, exhibited growth responses that indicated the presence of unidentified growth factors. However, none of these materials was as potent a source of these growth factors as fish meal. Fungi feed gave only a slight growth response. Six koji feeds were tested, but only two of them showed any effect on chick growth. Brewers' yeast, and koji feeds (a, and c) were nearly as effective as fish meal in promoting chick growth. Apparently the potency of unidentified chick growth factors in microbiological products is somewhat dependent upon the type of cultures used.
PPLO