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The Unidentified Growth Factor in Menhaden Fish Meal
The Unidentified Growth Factor in Menhaden Fish Meal L. M. POTTER, J. R. SHELTON, and C. M. PARSONS Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 (Received for publication November 20, 1978)
INTRODUCTION
Fish meal added to diets of young turkeys has consistently increased body weights in our experiments (Potter et al, 1977; Pierson et al., 1979). The factor responsible for the increased rate of growth is not present in water or ether extract of fish meal but remains in the residues from these extractions and may be present in small amounts in the ash of fish meal (Pierson et al, 1979). Although the vitamin and trace mineral fortifications of these diets are similar to many of those used in commercial and experimental diets during the past decade, the adequacy of the fortifications has been questioned (Potter and Shelton, 1976). Particular attention has been directed to the selenium concentration in the diets with and without fish meal. This study was conducted to determine if the increased growth obtained from adding menhaden fish meal to turkey starter diets composed primarily of ground yellow corn and dehulled soybean meal is due to its vitamin, trace mineral, or selenium content. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The composition of the basal diet used in
four replicated experiments is presented in Table 1. Vitamins, trace minerals, selenium, and menhaden fish meal were variables in a 2 x 2 x 3 x 2 factorial design of 24 diets. For each experiment, all constant ingredients, which amounted to 91.9% of each diet, were blended in two identical mixtures. To equal parts of each mixture, variables added were: 1) 0 or .25% vitamin premix, 2) 0 or .25% trace mineral premix, 3) 0, .25 or .50% selenium premix containing 876 ppm sodium selenite, and 4) 0 or 5% menhaden fish meal. Ground yellow corn was used as the diluent in the premixes, and the premixes replaced equal quantities of ground yellow corn in the basal diet. Vitamin and trace mineral premixes, when added as variables, doubled the fortification added to the basal diet. The selenium premix provided 0, . 1 , and .2 ppm added selenium to the complete diets. The 5% menhaden fish meal with 2.1% ground yellow corn replaced 6.5% dehulled soybean meal and .6% defluorinated phosphate to hold dietary protein and phosphorus constant. The basal diet contained approximately .1 ppm selenium. When added, the 5% menhaden fish meal supplied an additional .1 ppm selenium. For the four experiments of this study, Medium White turkeys were obtained from a
128
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ABSTRACT Four replicated experiments were conducted to determine if the increased growth obtained from adding menhaden fish meal to turkey starter diets composed primarily of ground yellow corn and dehulled soybean meal was due to its vitamin, trace mineral, or selenium content. Dietary variables in the 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 factorially designed experiments were 0 and 5% menhaden fish meal, the regular and twice the regular amount of vitamin fortification, the regular and twice the regular amount of trace mineral fortification (except for selenium), and 0, . 1 , and .2 ppm selenium from sodium selenite. Each of the 24 diets was fed to one pen of nine male and one pen of nine female medium size turkeys from one day to eight weeks of age in each experiment. Body weights of the turkeys at eight weeks of age were increased 3.4% (P<.001) from 5% menhaden fish meal, 1.3% (.10>P>.05) from doubling the trace mineral fortification, and 2.2 and 2.4% (P<.05) from adding .1 and .2 ppm selenium to the diets. Vitamin fortification had no effect. When diets contained 0, . 1 , and .2 ppm added selenium, 5% added menhaden fish meal increased body weights 6.7, 3.0 and .6%, respectively. With 5% menhaden fish meal in the diets, body weights were essentially unchanged by varying the added selenium or 2,048, 2,057, and 2,035 g for diets containing 0, . 1 , and .2 ppm added selenium, respectively. The majority of the increase in growth obtained from adding 5% menhaden fish meal to the basal ration used in this study appears to be directly associated with its selenium content. 1980 Poultry Science 59:128-134
UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTOR IN MENHADEN FISH MEAL TABLE 1. Composition of basal diet
129
Supplied per kilogram diet: 11,000 IU vitamin A, 3,300 ICU vitamin D 3 , 11 IU vitamin E, 3.5 mg menadione sodium bisulfite complex, 1.1 mg thiamine HCl, 4.4 mg riboflavin, 11 mg calcium D-pantothenate, 44 mg niacin, 500 mg choline chloride, 13 meg vitamin B 1 2 , 1.1 mg folic acid, 55 meg biotin, 1.1 mg pyridoxine HCl, and ground yellow corn as a diluent.
Average body weights, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies of turkeys fed each diet to eight weeks of age are presented in Table 2.
Ingredient
(g/kg)
Ground yellow corn Stabilized fat Dehulled soybean meal Meat and bone scrap Defluorinated phosphate Ground limestone Sodium chloride Methionine hydroxy analogue Ethoxyquin (66.6%) Bacitracin (88 mg/g) Trace mineral mix a Vitamin premix^ Total
402.187 20 510 25 25 5 4 3
.188 .625 2.5 2.5
1,000.000
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TABLE 2. Average body weights, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies of turkeys fed each diet from one day to eight weeks of age3Trace mineral premix (%) Menhaden fish meal (%)
Added selenium (ppm)
.50 vitamin premix (%)
.25 vitamin premix (%) .50
.25
.25
.50
1949 2019 2046 2034 2085 2052
1955 1996 2033 2075 2021 2076
3518 3578 3599 3598 3691 3654
3501 3596 3700 3710 3666 3690
Body weights, 8 weeks (g) 1845 2012 1977 2062 2105 2025
1930 1965 2047 2022 2018 2000
:onsumptions, 0 to 8 wee:ks (g) .1 .2
3400 3630 3606 3643 3700 3584
3516 3538 3694 3594 3632 3530
:d efficiencies , 0 to 8 weeks .5326 .5376 .5382 .5468 .5394 .5502
5271 5352 5329 5510 5536 5490
.5370 .5472 .5528 .5484 .5495 .5464
.5397 .5380 .5337 .5442 .5356 .5466
Each value is the average of eight values representing the turkeys in four pens of males and four pens of females.
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Supplied per kilogram diet: 185 mg manganese sulfate, 70 mg zinc oxide, 167 mg ferric citrate, 20 mg anhydrous cupric sulfate, 1 mg cobalt acetate, 30 mg potassium iodate, 9 mg sodium molybdate, and 2.038 g ground yellow corn as a diluent.
local hatchery on July 21 and September 14, 1976, and turkeys of a medium size strain were hatched at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Research Center on October 19 and November 3, 1976. For each sex, poults were randomized into 24 groups with nine per group, wingbanded, and placed in 24 pens of a Petersime starter battery. Diets were assigned at random to the 24 pens. Feed and water were available ad libitum, and light was provided 24 hr per day. At three or four weeks of age, the poults were moved to larger pens in Oakes or Petersime grower batteries. Mortality was recorded daily, feed consumption by pens weekly, and body weight by pens biweekly. Analyses of variance of the body weights, body weight gains, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies by two-week periods were calculated.
POTTER ET AL.
130
menhaden fish meal and from the regular and double levels of vitamin fortification are presented in Table 4. The required amounts of vitamins established by the NRC (1977) for young turkeys appear adequate. Trace Mineral Premix. Doubling the trace mineral fortification of the diets did not significantly (P>.05) influence average body weights, feed consumptions, or feed efficiencies at eight weeks of age (Table 3). However, the increases in these measurements (Fig. 1) at both two and four weeks of age were significant (P<.01, .01, and .05, respectively), and the increases in body weights and feed consumptions at six weeks of age were also significant (P<.05). The calculated amounts of the trace minerals supplied by the feed ingredients and by the regular and double levels of trace minerals in the diet are presented in Table 5. It appears that one or more of the listed trace minerals
TABLE 3. Effects of dietary variables on measured responses at eight weeks of age
Variable Vitamin premix (%) .25 .50
Difference
Feed consumption 0 to 8 weeks
Body weight 8 weeks
Feed efficiency 0 to 8 weeks
(,A
(g) 2014a 2015
3595 3620
1
25
2001 2028
3590 3625
27
35
1984 2028 2032
3560 3631 3632
.5438 .5405 -.0033
Trace mineral premix (%) .25 .50
Difference
.5411 .5433 .0022
Added selenium (ppm) 0 .1 .2
.1 minus 0 .2 minus .1
44* 4
71* 1
.5409 .5420 .5437 .0011 .0017
Menhaden fish meal (%) 0 5
Difference Difference required for significance (P = .05) 96 vs. 96 pens 64 vs. 64 pens
1981 2048 67***
33 40
67*
.5377 .5467 .0090***
56 68
.0051 .0041
3574 3641
Each value represents 96 pens of turkeys fed diets containing each level of vitamin premix, trace mineral mix and menhaden fish meal, and 64 pens containing each level of added selenium. •Significant at the 5% level. '"Significant at the .1% level.
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Averages of these measurements by variables are presented in Table 3. From the analyses of variance, the mean squares for sexes X diets, experiments X diets, and sexes X experiments X diets were found very uniform and were combined for measures of error mean square. The differences required for significance (Table 3) were calculated from these error mean squares. Percent increases at two-week intervals in body weights, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies from doubling the vitamin and trace mineral premixes and adding selenium and menhaden fish meal to the diets are presented in Figure 1. Vitamin Premix. Doubling the vitamin fortification of the diets did not significantly (P>.05) affect weights, feed consumptions, or feed efficiencies at any age (Table 3, Fig. 1). The calculated amounts of vitamins from the feed ingredients of the diets with 0 and 5%
UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTOR IN MENHADEN FISH MEAL 80DT WEIGHT
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A D D E D S E L E N I U M , PPM FIG. 2. Eight-week relative body weights of turkeys fed various levels of selenium and menhaden fish meal.
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premix with any other variable under test at any age or in any experiment was observed. Selenium. The addition of .1 and .2 ppm selenium to the diets increased (P<.05) body weights 44 and 48 g or 2.2 and 2.4%, and feed consumptions 71 and 72 g or 2.0 and 2.0%, respectively (Table 3). Significant (P <.01) increases in body weights from added selenium were obtained at four and six weeks of age, but differences at two weeks of age were not significant (Fig. 1). These data show, for the first time, that selenium additions to practical-type corn-soybean meal diets increase body weights of young turkeys. Several researchers (Walter and Jensen, 1963; Scott et al, 1967; Scott and Thompson, 1971, Cantor et al, 1975; Combs and Pesti, 1976) obtained increases in body weights of chickens and turkeys by adding selenium but used diets containing large amounts of torula yeast or glucose. Menhaden Fish Meal. The addition of 5% menhaden fish meal to the diets increased body weights 67 g or 3.5%, feed consumption 67 g or 1.9%, and feed efficiencies 1.7% (Table 3). The percentage increases in these measurements
_ t-.
133
UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTOR IN MENHADEN FISH MEAL
haden fish meal increased body weights 4.1 and 5.5% (P<.01), respectively, further demonstrating the increase in body weights from added selenium to practical-type corn-soybean meal diets for young turkeys. However, the addition of .1 and .2 ppm selenium to diets containing 5% menhaden fish meal had no significant effect on body weight (.4 and —.5% changes, respectively). The 5% added menhaden fish meal supplied approximately .1 ppm selenium to the diet. These data indicate that a large part of the increase in body weights obtained from menhaden fish meal is due to its selenium content. However, the menhaden fish meal appears to
TABLE 6. Interaction effect of added selenium and menhaden fish meal on body weights expressed as percentages of average within each experiment
Menhaden fish meal (%)
Added selenium (ppm)
Experiment Average Body weights, 2 weeks (% of mean)
Difference (P = .05)*
95.3 96.3 99.5 100.7 104.8 103.5
97.4 92.2 100.2 106.2 100.1 103.4
99.7 94.5 102.0 102.5 103.7 97.6
94.2 98.9 98.3 106.3 103.3 99.1
96.5 95.4 100.1 103.8 103.3 101.3
7.2
9.7
8.9
8.6
3.9
Body weight:s, 4 weeks (% of mean) .1 .2 .1 .2 Difference (P = .05)*
93.8 100.1 97.9 101.7 102.0 104.3
91.2 98.6 102.8 99.8 105.2 102.5
95.1 97.5 103.0 101.0 103.5 99.9
91.1 98.7 100.8 104.7 102.7 102.1
92.7 98.9 100.9 101.7 103.3 102.4
5.1
8.1
9.0
8.3
3.6
Body weight s, 6 weeks (% of mean)
Difference (P = .05)*
94.9 100.0 98.8 101.7 101.7 102.9
92.2 99.0 100.9 100.1 105.0 102.8
95.4 97.4 102.9 101.0 103.4 99.1
93.2 97.0 101.8 104.0 101.8 102.4
93.9 98.5 100.9 101.7 102.9 102.1
4.0
8.3
8.1
7.0
3.1
Body weight s, 8 wee ks (% of mean) .1 .2 .1 .2 Difference (P = .05)* •Required for significance.
95.5 100.8 98.5 102.2 101.2 101.9
95.0 100.1 99.3 102.0 103.4 102.0
96.8 96.8 102.4 101.0 103.3 99.7
94.1 98.3 102.6 103.4 100.7 100.8
95.3 99.2 100.6 101.7 102.1 101.2
3.7
6.8
6.5
5.9
2.8
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were largest at two weeks of age and decreased with age (Fig. 1). In general, the increases in average body weights were not as large in this study as in previous studies (Potter et al, 1977; Pierson et al., 1979) due to the presence of added selenium in some of the diets. Interaction of Selenium and Menhaden Fish Meal. A significant (P<.05) interaction between selenium and menhaden fish meal was observed in the body weight data at all ages (Table 6, Fig. 2). The addition of 5% menhaden fish meal to diets containing 0, .1 and .2 ppm added selenium increased eight-week body weights 6.7, 3.0, and .6%, respectively. The addition of .1 and .2 ppm selenium to diets without men-
POTTER ET AL.
134
REFERENCES Cantor, A. H., M. L. Langevin, T. Noguchi, and M. L. Scott, 1975. Efficacy of selenium compounds and feedstuffs for prevention of pancreatic fibrosis in chicks. J. Nutr. 105:106-111. Combs, G. F., Jr., and G. M. Pesti, 1976. Influence of ascorbic acid on selenium nutrition in the chick. J. Nutr. 106:958-966. National Research Council, 1977. Nutrient require-
ments of domestic animals. 1. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 7th rev. ed. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Pierson, E. E., L. M. Potter, and J. R. Shelton, 1979. Response from menhaden fish meal in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 58:616—625. Potter, L. M., and J. R. Shelton, 1976. Dried whey product, menhaden fish meal, methionine and erythromycin in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 55:2117-2127. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton, and E. E. Pierson, 1977. Menhaden fish meal, dried fish solubles, methionine and zinc bacitracin in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 56:1189-1200. Scott, M. L., G. Olson, L. Krook, and W. R. Brown, 1967. Selenium-responsive myopathies of myocardium and of smooth muscle in the young poult. J. Nutr. 9 1 : 5 7 3 - 5 8 3 . Scott, M. L., and J. N. Thompson, 1971. Selenium content of feedstuffs and effects of dietary selenium levels upon tissue selenium in chicks and poults. Poultry Sci. 50:1742-1748. Walter, E. D., and L. S. Jensen, 1963. Effectiveness of selenium and noneffectiveness of sulfur amino acids in preventing muscular dystrophy in the turkey poult. J. Nutr. 8 0 : 3 2 7 - 3 3 1 .
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produce a larger increase in eight-week weights (3.4%) than does selenium per se (2.2 and 2.4% from .1 and .2 ppm, respectively). The comparable increases in two-week body weights were even greater in favor of menhaden fish meal or 5.5% from menhaden fish meal and —.8 and .5% from .1 and .2 ppm selenium, respectively (Table 6). These data indicate that the growth factor in menhaden fish meal is not entirely selenium but that another factor is yet to be identified.
INTRODUCTION
Fish meal added to diets of young turkeys has consistently increased body weights in our experiments (Potter et al, 1977; Pierson et al., 1979). The factor responsible for the increased rate of growth is not present in water or ether extract of fish meal but remains in the residues from these extractions and may be present in small amounts in the ash of fish meal (Pierson et al, 1979). Although the vitamin and trace mineral fortifications of these diets are similar to many of those used in commercial and experimental diets during the past decade, the adequacy of the fortifications has been questioned (Potter and Shelton, 1976). Particular attention has been directed to the selenium concentration in the diets with and without fish meal. This study was conducted to determine if the increased growth obtained from adding menhaden fish meal to turkey starter diets composed primarily of ground yellow corn and dehulled soybean meal is due to its vitamin, trace mineral, or selenium content. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The composition of the basal diet used in
four replicated experiments is presented in Table 1. Vitamins, trace minerals, selenium, and menhaden fish meal were variables in a 2 x 2 x 3 x 2 factorial design of 24 diets. For each experiment, all constant ingredients, which amounted to 91.9% of each diet, were blended in two identical mixtures. To equal parts of each mixture, variables added were: 1) 0 or .25% vitamin premix, 2) 0 or .25% trace mineral premix, 3) 0, .25 or .50% selenium premix containing 876 ppm sodium selenite, and 4) 0 or 5% menhaden fish meal. Ground yellow corn was used as the diluent in the premixes, and the premixes replaced equal quantities of ground yellow corn in the basal diet. Vitamin and trace mineral premixes, when added as variables, doubled the fortification added to the basal diet. The selenium premix provided 0, . 1 , and .2 ppm added selenium to the complete diets. The 5% menhaden fish meal with 2.1% ground yellow corn replaced 6.5% dehulled soybean meal and .6% defluorinated phosphate to hold dietary protein and phosphorus constant. The basal diet contained approximately .1 ppm selenium. When added, the 5% menhaden fish meal supplied an additional .1 ppm selenium. For the four experiments of this study, Medium White turkeys were obtained from a
128
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ABSTRACT Four replicated experiments were conducted to determine if the increased growth obtained from adding menhaden fish meal to turkey starter diets composed primarily of ground yellow corn and dehulled soybean meal was due to its vitamin, trace mineral, or selenium content. Dietary variables in the 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 factorially designed experiments were 0 and 5% menhaden fish meal, the regular and twice the regular amount of vitamin fortification, the regular and twice the regular amount of trace mineral fortification (except for selenium), and 0, . 1 , and .2 ppm selenium from sodium selenite. Each of the 24 diets was fed to one pen of nine male and one pen of nine female medium size turkeys from one day to eight weeks of age in each experiment. Body weights of the turkeys at eight weeks of age were increased 3.4% (P<.001) from 5% menhaden fish meal, 1.3% (.10>P>.05) from doubling the trace mineral fortification, and 2.2 and 2.4% (P<.05) from adding .1 and .2 ppm selenium to the diets. Vitamin fortification had no effect. When diets contained 0, . 1 , and .2 ppm added selenium, 5% added menhaden fish meal increased body weights 6.7, 3.0 and .6%, respectively. With 5% menhaden fish meal in the diets, body weights were essentially unchanged by varying the added selenium or 2,048, 2,057, and 2,035 g for diets containing 0, . 1 , and .2 ppm added selenium, respectively. The majority of the increase in growth obtained from adding 5% menhaden fish meal to the basal ration used in this study appears to be directly associated with its selenium content. 1980 Poultry Science 59:128-134
UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTOR IN MENHADEN FISH MEAL TABLE 1. Composition of basal diet
129
Supplied per kilogram diet: 11,000 IU vitamin A, 3,300 ICU vitamin D 3 , 11 IU vitamin E, 3.5 mg menadione sodium bisulfite complex, 1.1 mg thiamine HCl, 4.4 mg riboflavin, 11 mg calcium D-pantothenate, 44 mg niacin, 500 mg choline chloride, 13 meg vitamin B 1 2 , 1.1 mg folic acid, 55 meg biotin, 1.1 mg pyridoxine HCl, and ground yellow corn as a diluent.
Average body weights, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies of turkeys fed each diet to eight weeks of age are presented in Table 2.
Ingredient
(g/kg)
Ground yellow corn Stabilized fat Dehulled soybean meal Meat and bone scrap Defluorinated phosphate Ground limestone Sodium chloride Methionine hydroxy analogue Ethoxyquin (66.6%) Bacitracin (88 mg/g) Trace mineral mix a Vitamin premix^ Total
402.187 20 510 25 25 5 4 3
.188 .625 2.5 2.5
1,000.000
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TABLE 2. Average body weights, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies of turkeys fed each diet from one day to eight weeks of age3Trace mineral premix (%) Menhaden fish meal (%)
Added selenium (ppm)
.50 vitamin premix (%)
.25 vitamin premix (%) .50
.25
.25
.50
1949 2019 2046 2034 2085 2052
1955 1996 2033 2075 2021 2076
3518 3578 3599 3598 3691 3654
3501 3596 3700 3710 3666 3690
Body weights, 8 weeks (g) 1845 2012 1977 2062 2105 2025
1930 1965 2047 2022 2018 2000
:onsumptions, 0 to 8 wee:ks (g) .1 .2
3400 3630 3606 3643 3700 3584
3516 3538 3694 3594 3632 3530
:d efficiencies , 0 to 8 weeks .5326 .5376 .5382 .5468 .5394 .5502
5271 5352 5329 5510 5536 5490
.5370 .5472 .5528 .5484 .5495 .5464
.5397 .5380 .5337 .5442 .5356 .5466
Each value is the average of eight values representing the turkeys in four pens of males and four pens of females.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at West Virginia University, Health Science Libraryy on April 13, 2015
Supplied per kilogram diet: 185 mg manganese sulfate, 70 mg zinc oxide, 167 mg ferric citrate, 20 mg anhydrous cupric sulfate, 1 mg cobalt acetate, 30 mg potassium iodate, 9 mg sodium molybdate, and 2.038 g ground yellow corn as a diluent.
local hatchery on July 21 and September 14, 1976, and turkeys of a medium size strain were hatched at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Research Center on October 19 and November 3, 1976. For each sex, poults were randomized into 24 groups with nine per group, wingbanded, and placed in 24 pens of a Petersime starter battery. Diets were assigned at random to the 24 pens. Feed and water were available ad libitum, and light was provided 24 hr per day. At three or four weeks of age, the poults were moved to larger pens in Oakes or Petersime grower batteries. Mortality was recorded daily, feed consumption by pens weekly, and body weight by pens biweekly. Analyses of variance of the body weights, body weight gains, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies by two-week periods were calculated.
POTTER ET AL.
130
menhaden fish meal and from the regular and double levels of vitamin fortification are presented in Table 4. The required amounts of vitamins established by the NRC (1977) for young turkeys appear adequate. Trace Mineral Premix. Doubling the trace mineral fortification of the diets did not significantly (P>.05) influence average body weights, feed consumptions, or feed efficiencies at eight weeks of age (Table 3). However, the increases in these measurements (Fig. 1) at both two and four weeks of age were significant (P<.01, .01, and .05, respectively), and the increases in body weights and feed consumptions at six weeks of age were also significant (P<.05). The calculated amounts of the trace minerals supplied by the feed ingredients and by the regular and double levels of trace minerals in the diet are presented in Table 5. It appears that one or more of the listed trace minerals
TABLE 3. Effects of dietary variables on measured responses at eight weeks of age
Variable Vitamin premix (%) .25 .50
Difference
Feed consumption 0 to 8 weeks
Body weight 8 weeks
Feed efficiency 0 to 8 weeks
(,A
(g) 2014a 2015
3595 3620
1
25
2001 2028
3590 3625
27
35
1984 2028 2032
3560 3631 3632
.5438 .5405 -.0033
Trace mineral premix (%) .25 .50
Difference
.5411 .5433 .0022
Added selenium (ppm) 0 .1 .2
.1 minus 0 .2 minus .1
44* 4
71* 1
.5409 .5420 .5437 .0011 .0017
Menhaden fish meal (%) 0 5
Difference Difference required for significance (P = .05) 96 vs. 96 pens 64 vs. 64 pens
1981 2048 67***
33 40
67*
.5377 .5467 .0090***
56 68
.0051 .0041
3574 3641
Each value represents 96 pens of turkeys fed diets containing each level of vitamin premix, trace mineral mix and menhaden fish meal, and 64 pens containing each level of added selenium. •Significant at the 5% level. '"Significant at the .1% level.
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Averages of these measurements by variables are presented in Table 3. From the analyses of variance, the mean squares for sexes X diets, experiments X diets, and sexes X experiments X diets were found very uniform and were combined for measures of error mean square. The differences required for significance (Table 3) were calculated from these error mean squares. Percent increases at two-week intervals in body weights, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies from doubling the vitamin and trace mineral premixes and adding selenium and menhaden fish meal to the diets are presented in Figure 1. Vitamin Premix. Doubling the vitamin fortification of the diets did not significantly (P>.05) affect weights, feed consumptions, or feed efficiencies at any age (Table 3, Fig. 1). The calculated amounts of vitamins from the feed ingredients of the diets with 0 and 5%
UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTOR IN MENHADEN FISH MEAL 80DT WEIGHT
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premix with any other variable under test at any age or in any experiment was observed. Selenium. The addition of .1 and .2 ppm selenium to the diets increased (P<.05) body weights 44 and 48 g or 2.2 and 2.4%, and feed consumptions 71 and 72 g or 2.0 and 2.0%, respectively (Table 3). Significant (P <.01) increases in body weights from added selenium were obtained at four and six weeks of age, but differences at two weeks of age were not significant (Fig. 1). These data show, for the first time, that selenium additions to practical-type corn-soybean meal diets increase body weights of young turkeys. Several researchers (Walter and Jensen, 1963; Scott et al, 1967; Scott and Thompson, 1971, Cantor et al, 1975; Combs and Pesti, 1976) obtained increases in body weights of chickens and turkeys by adding selenium but used diets containing large amounts of torula yeast or glucose. Menhaden Fish Meal. The addition of 5% menhaden fish meal to the diets increased body weights 67 g or 3.5%, feed consumption 67 g or 1.9%, and feed efficiencies 1.7% (Table 3). The percentage increases in these measurements
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UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTOR IN MENHADEN FISH MEAL
haden fish meal increased body weights 4.1 and 5.5% (P<.01), respectively, further demonstrating the increase in body weights from added selenium to practical-type corn-soybean meal diets for young turkeys. However, the addition of .1 and .2 ppm selenium to diets containing 5% menhaden fish meal had no significant effect on body weight (.4 and —.5% changes, respectively). The 5% added menhaden fish meal supplied approximately .1 ppm selenium to the diet. These data indicate that a large part of the increase in body weights obtained from menhaden fish meal is due to its selenium content. However, the menhaden fish meal appears to
TABLE 6. Interaction effect of added selenium and menhaden fish meal on body weights expressed as percentages of average within each experiment
Menhaden fish meal (%)
Added selenium (ppm)
Experiment Average Body weights, 2 weeks (% of mean)
Difference (P = .05)*
95.3 96.3 99.5 100.7 104.8 103.5
97.4 92.2 100.2 106.2 100.1 103.4
99.7 94.5 102.0 102.5 103.7 97.6
94.2 98.9 98.3 106.3 103.3 99.1
96.5 95.4 100.1 103.8 103.3 101.3
7.2
9.7
8.9
8.6
3.9
Body weight:s, 4 weeks (% of mean) .1 .2 .1 .2 Difference (P = .05)*
93.8 100.1 97.9 101.7 102.0 104.3
91.2 98.6 102.8 99.8 105.2 102.5
95.1 97.5 103.0 101.0 103.5 99.9
91.1 98.7 100.8 104.7 102.7 102.1
92.7 98.9 100.9 101.7 103.3 102.4
5.1
8.1
9.0
8.3
3.6
Body weight s, 6 weeks (% of mean)
Difference (P = .05)*
94.9 100.0 98.8 101.7 101.7 102.9
92.2 99.0 100.9 100.1 105.0 102.8
95.4 97.4 102.9 101.0 103.4 99.1
93.2 97.0 101.8 104.0 101.8 102.4
93.9 98.5 100.9 101.7 102.9 102.1
4.0
8.3
8.1
7.0
3.1
Body weight s, 8 wee ks (% of mean) .1 .2 .1 .2 Difference (P = .05)* •Required for significance.
95.5 100.8 98.5 102.2 101.2 101.9
95.0 100.1 99.3 102.0 103.4 102.0
96.8 96.8 102.4 101.0 103.3 99.7
94.1 98.3 102.6 103.4 100.7 100.8
95.3 99.2 100.6 101.7 102.1 101.2
3.7
6.8
6.5
5.9
2.8
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were largest at two weeks of age and decreased with age (Fig. 1). In general, the increases in average body weights were not as large in this study as in previous studies (Potter et al, 1977; Pierson et al., 1979) due to the presence of added selenium in some of the diets. Interaction of Selenium and Menhaden Fish Meal. A significant (P<.05) interaction between selenium and menhaden fish meal was observed in the body weight data at all ages (Table 6, Fig. 2). The addition of 5% menhaden fish meal to diets containing 0, .1 and .2 ppm added selenium increased eight-week body weights 6.7, 3.0, and .6%, respectively. The addition of .1 and .2 ppm selenium to diets without men-
POTTER ET AL.
134
REFERENCES Cantor, A. H., M. L. Langevin, T. Noguchi, and M. L. Scott, 1975. Efficacy of selenium compounds and feedstuffs for prevention of pancreatic fibrosis in chicks. J. Nutr. 105:106-111. Combs, G. F., Jr., and G. M. Pesti, 1976. Influence of ascorbic acid on selenium nutrition in the chick. J. Nutr. 106:958-966. National Research Council, 1977. Nutrient require-
ments of domestic animals. 1. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 7th rev. ed. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Pierson, E. E., L. M. Potter, and J. R. Shelton, 1979. Response from menhaden fish meal in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 58:616—625. Potter, L. M., and J. R. Shelton, 1976. Dried whey product, menhaden fish meal, methionine and erythromycin in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 55:2117-2127. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton, and E. E. Pierson, 1977. Menhaden fish meal, dried fish solubles, methionine and zinc bacitracin in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 56:1189-1200. Scott, M. L., G. Olson, L. Krook, and W. R. Brown, 1967. Selenium-responsive myopathies of myocardium and of smooth muscle in the young poult. J. Nutr. 9 1 : 5 7 3 - 5 8 3 . Scott, M. L., and J. N. Thompson, 1971. Selenium content of feedstuffs and effects of dietary selenium levels upon tissue selenium in chicks and poults. Poultry Sci. 50:1742-1748. Walter, E. D., and L. S. Jensen, 1963. Effectiveness of selenium and noneffectiveness of sulfur amino acids in preventing muscular dystrophy in the turkey poult. J. Nutr. 8 0 : 3 2 7 - 3 3 1 .
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produce a larger increase in eight-week weights (3.4%) than does selenium per se (2.2 and 2.4% from .1 and .2 ppm, respectively). The comparable increases in two-week body weights were even greater in favor of menhaden fish meal or 5.5% from menhaden fish meal and —.8 and .5% from .1 and .2 ppm selenium, respectively (Table 6). These data indicate that the growth factor in menhaden fish meal is not entirely selenium but that another factor is yet to be identified.