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Selenium Utilization from Menhaden Fish Meal as Affected by Processing1
Selenium Utilization from Menhaden Fish Meal as Affected by Processing1 M. WHITACRE and J. D. LATSHAW
Department of Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (Received for publication May 7, 1982)
INTRODUCTION Fish meals usually contain between 1.5 and 5.0 ppm selenium (Se) (Scott and Thompson, 1971). Although fish meals contain a relatively high level of Se, the Se is not effectively used from them. When the prevention of exudative diathesis in chicks was used as the criterion for evaluating Se availability from feed ingredients, plant sources were more effective (Cantor et al., 1975). Selenium in plant feed ingredients was approximately 60 to 70% as effective as Se in sodium selenite, but Se from fish or animal products was only about 15% as effective. If retention of Se by an animal was used as the criterion of Se utilization, Se from fish meal was also poorly used. Carcass Se values were higher when chicks were fed selenite or selenomethionine Se than when they were fed an equal level of fish meal Se (Miller et al., 1972). Eggs also contained less Se when dietary Se came from fish meal than when it came from plant feed ingredients (Martello and Latshaw, 1982). In researching the problem of Se utilization, two different hypotheses seemed appropriate. First, the chemical form of Se in fish or animals is different from that in plants and is not utilized well by chicks. The second hypothesis
1 Approved for publication as Journal Article No. 62-82 of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center and the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.
was that processing caused the poor Se utilization by making the Se in fish meal or animal products unavailable. Most fish meals and animal products are cooked and dried, but plant feed ingredients are generally not subjected to high temperatures for more than a few minutes. The second hypothesis was much easier to research and was investigated first. It was found that processing had a significant effect on Se utilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Menhaden fish from the Atlantic Ocean were used in this research. After the fish were unloaded from the fishing vessel, approximately 15 kg of fish were shipped in ice to our laboratory. They were stored at —20 until the fish were processed. At that time the fish were brought to a temperature of —4 , ground, and then lyophilized. The resulting fish product was reground with a Wiley mill. This material was called lyophilized fish meal (LFM). Commercial fish meal (CFM) prepared from the same lot of fish was sent to us after preparation. The CFM contained 2.33 ppm Se, and the LFM contained 2.04 ppm Se. (Olson et al, 1975). Broiler chicks were used to determine the utilization of Se in the fish meals for preventing a Se deficiency. Ten chicks, one-day-old, were randomly allotted to each pen, and three pens were assigned per treatment. Chicks were reared in electrically heated brooding units.
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Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 29, 2015
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to determine if the process used for making menhaden fish meal affected selenium (Se) utilization. One fish meal was made by grinding menhaden fish and then lyophilizing the resulting product (LFM). A second fish meal sample was prepared from the same catch of fish using commercial conditions (CFM). The fish meals were included in a low Se chick diet to provide .03 ppm Se. The LFM was comparable to selenite Se and was significantly better at preventing exudative diathesis in chicks than CFM was. The LFM and CMF were also included in a layer diet to provide .1 ppm Se. Yolks from eggs laid by hens fed LFM contained significantly more Se than yolks from hens fed CFM. The results show that the commercial preparation of fish meal significantly decreases the utilization of Se. (Key words: selenium utilization, fish meal, chicks, eggs) 1982 Poultry Science 61:2520-2522
RESEARCH NOTE
White Leghorn hens were used to determine the retention of Se from the CFM or the LFM. The layer diet that was fed is similar to that fed previously (Martello and Latshaw, 1982) with the following changes: the percentage of meat and bone meal was increased to 3.00; alfalfa meal was decreased to 4.00%; and corn was increased to 64.64%. Selenite Se was added to one diet to provide .1 ppm additional Se. Fish meals were substituted for equal parts of meat and bone meal (.30 ppm Se) and soybean meal (.08 ppm Se) to increase the Se content of the diet by .1 ppm Se. To provide the additional Se, 5.40% LFM was used and 4.74% CFM was used. Each diet was fed to 10 hens for 15 days to permit time for egg Se levels to reflect dietary levels. On day 15, eggs laid by seven hens from each treatment were collected. The egg white was separated from the yolk of each egg and lyophilized. The Se content of each sample was determined. Results were statistically compared by the use of Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan, 1955).
TABLE 1. Selenium utilization as indicated by chick assay at 28 days
Source of Se
Added Se
Starter + Na 2 Se0 3 + Na 2 Se0 3 + CFM + LFM
... .015 .030 .030 .030
(ppm)
Exudative diathesis
(g)
(%)
500* 561* 549* 558* 565*
90* 79* 48bc 70ab 31c
' ' Means in a column with different are significantly different (P<.05).
letters
of selenite Se to the diet significantly reduced the incidence when compared to chicks fed the low Se starter. Chicks fed the LFM had a significantly lower incidence of exudative diathesis than those fed either the low Se starter or the CFM. Results from the Se study with eggs show that Se from LFM resulted in higher Se contents than Se from CFM (Table 2). The sources and levels of dietary Se had no statistically significant effect on egg white Se. In the yolk, CFM Se caused a significant increase in Se over that found in the yolk from hens fed the basal layer diet. The Se from selenite and from LFM produced similar yolk Se, and these values were significantly higher than yolk Se value after feeding CFM. These results show that Se from menhaden fish is well utilized to prevent a Se deficiency or to increase the Se level in eggs. Something in the process of making CFM affects the utiliza-
TABLE 2. Selenium in egg white and yolk as affected by processing fish meal Source ofSe
Added Se
Layer + CFM + LFM + Na2 Se0 3
... .1 .1 .1
White
Yolk
(ppm)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data from the chick experiment show that the level of Se fed and the source of Se had no statistically significant effect on the average weight of the chicks (Table 1). The percentage of chicks having exudative diathesis, however, was affected by Se treatment. Adding .03 ppm
Average weight
a
.39* .38* .41* .44*
.16 c .29 b .53* .48*
' ' Means in a column with different are significantly different (P<.05).
letters
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 29, 2015
They were weighed and checked for the visual signs of exudative diathesis at 28 days. The composition of the low Se (.03 ppm) starter diet is similar to that used previously (Martello and Latshaw, 1982) except as follows: meat and bone meal was increased to 1.72%; 4% stripped lard was replaced by 3% animal fat and 1% soybean oil; soybean meal was decreased to 13.88%; and the carbohydrate used to fill the diet to 100% was equally divided between corn starch and sucrose. A selenium dose response standard consisted of selenite Se added at .015 or .03 ppm. Fish meal was substituted for meat and bone meal in the starter diet at an amount that increased the Se content of the diet .03 ppm For example, substituting LFM (2.04 ppm Se) for a unit of meat and bone meal (.30 ppm Se) resulted in a net increase of 1.74 ppm Se. To increase the Se level of the diet by .03 ppm, 1.72% LFM was substituted for meat and bone meal.
2521
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WHITACRE AND LATSHAW
tion of Se. F u r t h e r studies are needed t o determine h o w t h e Se utilization is affected by processing and t o find o u t if o t h e r feed ingredients or foods are similarly affected.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS T h e a u t h o r s wish t o t h a n k A n t h o n y Bimbo and t h e Z a p a t a Haynie Corp., Reedville, V A , for t h e m e n h a d e n fish and fish meal supplied for this study.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 29, 2015
REFERENCES Cantor, A. H., M. L. Scon, and T. Noguchi, 1975. Biological availability of selenium in feedstuffs and selenium compounds for prevention of
exudative diathesis in chicks. J. Nutr. 105: 96-105. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1—42. Martello, M. A., and J. D. Latshaw, 1982. Utilization of dietary selenium as indicated by prevention of selenium deficiency and by retention in eggs. Nutr. Rep. Int. 26:43-50. Miller, D., J. H. Soares, P. Bauersfeld, and S. I. Cuppett, 1972. Comparative selenium retention by chicks fed sodium selenite, selenomethionine, fish meal and fish solubles. Poultry Sci. 51: 1669-1673. Olson, O. E., I. S. Palmer, and E. E. Cary, 1975. Modification of the official fluorometric method for selenium in plants. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem. 5 8 : 1 1 7 - 1 2 1 . Scott, M. L., and J. N. Thompson, 1971. Selenium content of feedstuffs and effects of dietary selenium levels upon tissue selenium in chicks and poults. Poultry Sci. 50:1742-1748.
Department of Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 674 West Lane Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (Received for publication May 7, 1982)
INTRODUCTION Fish meals usually contain between 1.5 and 5.0 ppm selenium (Se) (Scott and Thompson, 1971). Although fish meals contain a relatively high level of Se, the Se is not effectively used from them. When the prevention of exudative diathesis in chicks was used as the criterion for evaluating Se availability from feed ingredients, plant sources were more effective (Cantor et al., 1975). Selenium in plant feed ingredients was approximately 60 to 70% as effective as Se in sodium selenite, but Se from fish or animal products was only about 15% as effective. If retention of Se by an animal was used as the criterion of Se utilization, Se from fish meal was also poorly used. Carcass Se values were higher when chicks were fed selenite or selenomethionine Se than when they were fed an equal level of fish meal Se (Miller et al., 1972). Eggs also contained less Se when dietary Se came from fish meal than when it came from plant feed ingredients (Martello and Latshaw, 1982). In researching the problem of Se utilization, two different hypotheses seemed appropriate. First, the chemical form of Se in fish or animals is different from that in plants and is not utilized well by chicks. The second hypothesis
1 Approved for publication as Journal Article No. 62-82 of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center and the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.
was that processing caused the poor Se utilization by making the Se in fish meal or animal products unavailable. Most fish meals and animal products are cooked and dried, but plant feed ingredients are generally not subjected to high temperatures for more than a few minutes. The second hypothesis was much easier to research and was investigated first. It was found that processing had a significant effect on Se utilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Menhaden fish from the Atlantic Ocean were used in this research. After the fish were unloaded from the fishing vessel, approximately 15 kg of fish were shipped in ice to our laboratory. They were stored at —20 until the fish were processed. At that time the fish were brought to a temperature of —4 , ground, and then lyophilized. The resulting fish product was reground with a Wiley mill. This material was called lyophilized fish meal (LFM). Commercial fish meal (CFM) prepared from the same lot of fish was sent to us after preparation. The CFM contained 2.33 ppm Se, and the LFM contained 2.04 ppm Se. (Olson et al, 1975). Broiler chicks were used to determine the utilization of Se in the fish meals for preventing a Se deficiency. Ten chicks, one-day-old, were randomly allotted to each pen, and three pens were assigned per treatment. Chicks were reared in electrically heated brooding units.
2520
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 29, 2015
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to determine if the process used for making menhaden fish meal affected selenium (Se) utilization. One fish meal was made by grinding menhaden fish and then lyophilizing the resulting product (LFM). A second fish meal sample was prepared from the same catch of fish using commercial conditions (CFM). The fish meals were included in a low Se chick diet to provide .03 ppm Se. The LFM was comparable to selenite Se and was significantly better at preventing exudative diathesis in chicks than CFM was. The LFM and CMF were also included in a layer diet to provide .1 ppm Se. Yolks from eggs laid by hens fed LFM contained significantly more Se than yolks from hens fed CFM. The results show that the commercial preparation of fish meal significantly decreases the utilization of Se. (Key words: selenium utilization, fish meal, chicks, eggs) 1982 Poultry Science 61:2520-2522
RESEARCH NOTE
White Leghorn hens were used to determine the retention of Se from the CFM or the LFM. The layer diet that was fed is similar to that fed previously (Martello and Latshaw, 1982) with the following changes: the percentage of meat and bone meal was increased to 3.00; alfalfa meal was decreased to 4.00%; and corn was increased to 64.64%. Selenite Se was added to one diet to provide .1 ppm additional Se. Fish meals were substituted for equal parts of meat and bone meal (.30 ppm Se) and soybean meal (.08 ppm Se) to increase the Se content of the diet by .1 ppm Se. To provide the additional Se, 5.40% LFM was used and 4.74% CFM was used. Each diet was fed to 10 hens for 15 days to permit time for egg Se levels to reflect dietary levels. On day 15, eggs laid by seven hens from each treatment were collected. The egg white was separated from the yolk of each egg and lyophilized. The Se content of each sample was determined. Results were statistically compared by the use of Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan, 1955).
TABLE 1. Selenium utilization as indicated by chick assay at 28 days
Source of Se
Added Se
Starter + Na 2 Se0 3 + Na 2 Se0 3 + CFM + LFM
... .015 .030 .030 .030
(ppm)
Exudative diathesis
(g)
(%)
500* 561* 549* 558* 565*
90* 79* 48bc 70ab 31c
' ' Means in a column with different are significantly different (P<.05).
letters
of selenite Se to the diet significantly reduced the incidence when compared to chicks fed the low Se starter. Chicks fed the LFM had a significantly lower incidence of exudative diathesis than those fed either the low Se starter or the CFM. Results from the Se study with eggs show that Se from LFM resulted in higher Se contents than Se from CFM (Table 2). The sources and levels of dietary Se had no statistically significant effect on egg white Se. In the yolk, CFM Se caused a significant increase in Se over that found in the yolk from hens fed the basal layer diet. The Se from selenite and from LFM produced similar yolk Se, and these values were significantly higher than yolk Se value after feeding CFM. These results show that Se from menhaden fish is well utilized to prevent a Se deficiency or to increase the Se level in eggs. Something in the process of making CFM affects the utiliza-
TABLE 2. Selenium in egg white and yolk as affected by processing fish meal Source ofSe
Added Se
Layer + CFM + LFM + Na2 Se0 3
... .1 .1 .1
White
Yolk
(ppm)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data from the chick experiment show that the level of Se fed and the source of Se had no statistically significant effect on the average weight of the chicks (Table 1). The percentage of chicks having exudative diathesis, however, was affected by Se treatment. Adding .03 ppm
Average weight
a
.39* .38* .41* .44*
.16 c .29 b .53* .48*
' ' Means in a column with different are significantly different (P<.05).
letters
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 29, 2015
They were weighed and checked for the visual signs of exudative diathesis at 28 days. The composition of the low Se (.03 ppm) starter diet is similar to that used previously (Martello and Latshaw, 1982) except as follows: meat and bone meal was increased to 1.72%; 4% stripped lard was replaced by 3% animal fat and 1% soybean oil; soybean meal was decreased to 13.88%; and the carbohydrate used to fill the diet to 100% was equally divided between corn starch and sucrose. A selenium dose response standard consisted of selenite Se added at .015 or .03 ppm. Fish meal was substituted for meat and bone meal in the starter diet at an amount that increased the Se content of the diet .03 ppm For example, substituting LFM (2.04 ppm Se) for a unit of meat and bone meal (.30 ppm Se) resulted in a net increase of 1.74 ppm Se. To increase the Se level of the diet by .03 ppm, 1.72% LFM was substituted for meat and bone meal.
2521
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WHITACRE AND LATSHAW
tion of Se. F u r t h e r studies are needed t o determine h o w t h e Se utilization is affected by processing and t o find o u t if o t h e r feed ingredients or foods are similarly affected.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS T h e a u t h o r s wish t o t h a n k A n t h o n y Bimbo and t h e Z a p a t a Haynie Corp., Reedville, V A , for t h e m e n h a d e n fish and fish meal supplied for this study.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Purdue University Libraries ADMN on June 29, 2015
REFERENCES Cantor, A. H., M. L. Scon, and T. Noguchi, 1975. Biological availability of selenium in feedstuffs and selenium compounds for prevention of
exudative diathesis in chicks. J. Nutr. 105: 96-105. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1—42. Martello, M. A., and J. D. Latshaw, 1982. Utilization of dietary selenium as indicated by prevention of selenium deficiency and by retention in eggs. Nutr. Rep. Int. 26:43-50. Miller, D., J. H. Soares, P. Bauersfeld, and S. I. Cuppett, 1972. Comparative selenium retention by chicks fed sodium selenite, selenomethionine, fish meal and fish solubles. Poultry Sci. 51: 1669-1673. Olson, O. E., I. S. Palmer, and E. E. Cary, 1975. Modification of the official fluorometric method for selenium in plants. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem. 5 8 : 1 1 7 - 1 2 1 . Scott, M. L., and J. N. Thompson, 1971. Selenium content of feedstuffs and effects of dietary selenium levels upon tissue selenium in chicks and poults. Poultry Sci. 50:1742-1748.