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Response from Menhaden Fish Meal in Diets of Young Turkeys
Response from Menhaden Fish Meal in Diets of Young Turkeys E. E. PIERSON 1 , L. M. POTTER, and J. R. SHELTON Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 (Received for publication July 19, 1978)
1979 Poultry Science 58:616-625 INTRODUCTION Since t h e early 1950's, n u m e r o u s investigators have r e p o r t e d evidence for an unidentified factor in fish p r o d u c t s added t o diets of y o u n g chickens (Sunde et al, 1 9 5 0 ; Matterson et al, 1 9 5 1 ; Branion and Hill, 1 9 5 3 ) . With m o r e highly fortified diets used during t h e past decade, an unidentified g r o w t h factor in fish meal and fish solubles has still been r e p o r t e d t o exist for chickens (Miller a n d Soares, 1 9 7 2 ; Hinners and Costa, 1 9 7 3 ; BjdSrnstad et al, 1 9 7 4 ; Miller, 1 9 7 4 ) and for t u r k e y s (Anderson and Warnick, 1 9 7 0 ; T o u c h b u r n et al, 1 9 7 4 ) . Evidence supporting this hypothesis has been o b t a i n e d in several controlled e x p e r i m e n t s with t u r k e y s in this l a b o r a t o r y (Potter, 1 9 7 4 ; P o t t e r and Shelton, 1 9 7 6 a , b ; P o t t e r et al, 1977b). A t t e m p t s have been m a d e t o c o n c e n t r a t e t h e responsible c o m p o n e n t s in fish m e a l . Using chicks, Hinners and M c K i n n e y ( 1 9 7 4 ) observed t h a t t h e residue from water e x t r a c t i o n of 10% fish meal increased b o d y weight, t h e ash
1
Portion of a thesis presented by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Present address of the senior author is Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830.
equivalent improved b o d y weight slightly, b u t t h e residue of an acid h y d r o l y z e d , 10% defatted fish meal failed t o e n h a n c e g r o w t h . Miller et al. ( 1 9 7 5 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e ash of fish meal with .45% a d d e d m e t h i o n i n e failed t o increase chick g r o w t h . Miller ( 1 9 7 4 ) n o t e d t h a t sulfate per se was n o t t h e unidentified factor in fishery p r o d u c t s . A l t h o u g h m a n y studies have been c o n d u c t e d w i t h fish m e a l in diets of y o u n g chickens and t u r k e y s , t h e i d e n t i t y of t h e g r o w t h activity in fish meal still remains obscure. T h e objectives of this s t u d y were 1) t o fractionate t h e unidentified growth factor in m e n h a d e n fish meal b y water or p e t r o l e u m ether e x t r a c t i o n , b y charring or b y ashing, and 2) t o d e t e r m i n e if t h e g r o w t h factor is similar in activity t o an antibiotic or t o a purified a m i n o acid m i x t u r e equivalent t o t h a t in m e n h a d e n fish meal.
MATERIALS AND METHODS M e n h a d e n fish m e a l in 6 0 0 g samples was e x t r a c t e d b y t w o m e t h o d s . A water e x t r a c t i o n was accomplished b y three repeated additions of 1.0 liter of 2 4 C water, shaking for 10 m i n and decanting t h e liquid. T h e liquid was centrifuged at 1 0 0 0 r p m for 5 m i n and t h e supernat a n t filtered t h r o u g h Whatman # 1 filter paper. T h e w a t e r e x t r a c t was dried a t 100 C in a forced draft oven. By weight t h e dried residue
616
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ABSTRACT Diets involving three or five fish meal treatments and two zinc bacitracin treatments were fed to 5410 poults. The poults were divided into 552 pens and raised to two, three or four weeks of age in five series of 3 X 2 or 5 X 2 factorial experiments. Body weights increased 9-0 to 31.3% from the addition of 5% menhaden fish meal and 5.4 to 11.9% from the addition of 44 ppm bacitracin. No interaction existed between fish meal and bacitracin. Residues derived from either water or petroleum ether extraction of fish meal, when added to diets at levels equivalent to those in 5% fish meal, produced body weight gains nearly equal to those obtained from 5% fish meal. Body weights were not increased by the addition of either water or petroleum soluble extracts or by charred or ashed fish meal. The addition of a mixture of crystalline amino acids, defluorinated phosphate, and fat equivalent to 5% fish meal produced only a 4.4% increase in body weight. An unidentified growth factor which is non-lipid, non-mineral, and non-water soluble appears to be present in menhaden fish meal when added to well fortified poult diets.
GROWTH RESPONSE FROM MENHADEN FISH MEAL TABLE 1. Composition of basal diet Ingredients
represented 7 7 . 2 % of t h e original fish meal, t h e dried w a t e r e x t r a c t 11.2%, and t h e m o i s t u r e 11.6% b y difference.
(g/kg) 373.082 30 550 33 5 5 .5 1.418 '2
Ground yellow corn Hydrolyzed animal and vegetable fat Dehulled soybean meal Defluorinated phosphate Ground limestone Iodized salt Trace mineral mix a Vitamin and feed additive premix" DL-Methionine c
1000.000
Total
617
The following quantities in ppm were supplied to the diet by the vitamin and feed additive premix: vitamin A (300,000 IU/g), 36.75; vitamin D 3 (400,000 ICU/g), 8.26; vitamin E (221 IU/g), 50.0; menadione sodium bisulfite complex, 7.05; thiamine HCl, 1.1; riboflavin 4.4; calcium pantothenate (d), 11.0; niacin, 44.0; choline chloride (50%), 1000; vitamin B 1 2 supplement (1.32 mg/g), 10; folic acid, 1.65; biotin (1 mg/g in cerelose), 55; pyridoxine HCl, 1.1; and ethoxyquin (66.6%), 187.5. c
.2428% Methionine hydroxy analogue used in the place of the DL-methionine with the amount of ground yellow corn adjusted accordingly in Series 3 and 4.
Of four sources of m e n h a d e n fish meal, # 2 a n d # 4 were ashed in a muffle furnace at 6 0 0 C for 5 hr. T h e ash represented 18.7% a n d 2 0 . 4 % of fish m e a l # 2 a n d # 4 , respectively. M e n h a d e n fish meal # 4 was also charred for 16 hr a t 2 7 5 C, a t e m p e r a t u r e b e l o w t h a t required t o vaporize selenium. T h e charred fish meal represented 55.6% of t h e original weight. T h e c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e basal diet is presented in T a b l e 1. Fish m e a l and e x t r a c t s of fish m e a l were substituted b y adjusting g r o u n d yellow corn, dehulled soybean meal, a n d defluorinated p h o s p h a t e t o maintain c o n s t a n t levels of p r o t e i n a n d p h o s p h o r u s . Changes m a d e in t h e c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e diets b y adding t h e test ingredients are presented in Table 2. One-half of t h e diets included 4 4 p p m bacitracin b y t h e addition of .05% zinc bacitracin s u p p l e m e n t in t h e place of an equal a m o u n t of g r o u n d yellow corn, e x c e p t in Series 5. In
TABLE 2. Percentage change in dietary composition by test ingredients Ingredients
Substitution identification rates
- r/o; — Menhaden fish meal Water extract Residue from water extraction Ether extract Residue from ether extraction Ash from fish meal Charred fish meal Ground yellow corn Dehulled soybean meal Defluorinated phosphate
5.0 .54 3.85 .5 4.4 .95 a 2.78 2.2 -6.5 -.7
-.05 -.49
1.74 -4.89 -.70
-.5
1.02% Ash from fish meal and -.32% ground yellow corn used in Series 5.
2.8 -6.5 -.7
-.25a -.70
-2.08 -.70
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The following quantities in ppm were supplied to the diet by the trace mineral mix used in Series 1: manganese oxide, 125; zinc oxide, 70; ferric citrate, 167; anhydrous cupric sulfate, 20; cobalt acetate, 1; potassium iodate, 30; and sodium molybdate, 9; with ground yellow corn as a diluent. The following amounts of minerals were in the commercial trace mineral mix used in Series 2, 3, and 4:12% manganese, 12% zinc, 4% iron, .5% copper, .2% iodine, and .045% cobalt from manganese oxide, zinc oxide, ferrous sulfate, copper oxide, calcium iodate, and cobalt carbonate, respectively, and with calcium carbonate as a diluent.
A p e t r o l e u m ether e x t r a c t i o n was accomplished b y drying samples at 1 0 0 C for 16 hr followed by three repeated extractions w i t h f o u r p a r t s of p e t r o l e u m e t h e r t o e a c h p a r t fish meal. T h e liquid was centrifuged and t h e s u p e r n a t a n t evaporated first a t 40 C a n d t h e n a t 8 0 C in tared beakers. T h e dried p e t r o l e u m e t h e r e x t r a c t represented 1 0 . 5 % of t h e original fish meal, t h e m o i s t u r e 8.8%, and t h e residue 80.7% b y difference.
Large White Medium cross and Large White Medium Medium cross and Large White Medium white
1 2 3 4 5
3 4 2 5 1
One experiment had only 4 or 5 males or females per pen.
One experiment had only 9 males per pen.
Type of poult
Series
Number of experiments in the series Duration of experiments, weeks Number of control pens in the series
24 48 32 64 16
Fish meal source
1 and 2 2 and 3 2 2 4
TABLE 3. Numerical description of experiments
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10 10 10 10t> 9
Male
10 a 10 10 10b 9
Birds per pen
72 144 96 192 48
of pens
708 1440 960 1870 432
of birds
Total number in series
> r
m H
O Z
00
5.48
4.78
12.38 4.42 3.58 2.44
5.66 8.95 2.91 10.48 5.30 3.93 2.99
6.13 5.79 2.10 3.22 5.95 6.09 3.04 3.30 4.40
Laboratory #2
5.82 6.10 2.18 3.80 6.68 8.63 2.01 3.82 3.78
5.64 9.04
fish meal #2 and simulated
fish
meal
3.22
5.94 9.07 .90 12.70 4.58
6.04 10.39b 2.32 4.40 7.14 7.56c 2.82 3.95 3.97 1.07 5.10
Simulated fish m e a l a
A m o u n t s of amino acid as % of protein
of menhaden
5.94 9.07 .90 12.70 4.58 3.61 3.22
6.04 6.78 2.32 4.40 7.14 7.56 2.82 3.95 3.97 1.07 5.10
± + ± ± + ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± + ± ±
.29 .42 .11 .56 .27 .21 .23
.37 .41 .21 .22 34 39 16 19 20 15 21
Analysis from Kifer et al. (1968)
Essential in absence of sufficient phenylalanine.
Essential in absence of sufficient m e t h i o n i n e .
Lysine HC1, which contains 78.4% lysine, provided at t h e 9.64% level.
Glycine assumed t o s u b s t i t u t e for serine.
Crystalline amino acids were supplied in a pure form and as t h e L isomer e x c e p t for t h e L-lysine HC1 and glycine. T h e 5% simulated fish meal was c o m p o s e d of 2.894% crystalline a m i n o acids, . 8 2 8 % defluorinated p h o s p h a t e , .619% h y d r o l y z e d animal and vegetable fat, and . 6 5 9 % cellulose (Solka Floe) as a filler.
Non-essential Alanine Aspartic acid Cystine 0 " G l u t a m i c acid Proline Serine Tyrosinee
Essential Arginine Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine
A m i n o acid
Laboratory #1
acid composition
Analysis of fish meal # 2
T A B L E 4. Amino
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g > r
X
zm
> o
X
z
v o 2 2 w
(/) o z
m
O 73 O SH X 7)
620
PIERSON ET AL. TABLE 5. Observations at four weeks of age in the first series of experiments
Dietary variables
Feed consumption
Body weight
Feed efficiency
\b> Menhaden fish meal or its fractions: None Fish meal # 1 , 5 % Water extract from 5% fish meal # 1 Residue from 5% fish meal #1 Fish meal #2, 5%
Zinc bacitracin: None Bacitracin, 44 ppm Increase over none, %: Bacitracin, 44 ppm Difference for significance*
23.3*** 1.5 20.2*** 31.3*** 6.1b 492 c 550 11.9*** 4.3d
722 827 749 834 897 14.6*** 3.8 15.6*** 24.3*** 6.1 756 828 9.5*** 4.2
.561 .619 .552 .599 .613 10.3*** -1.8 6.7*** 9.2*** 4.3 .574 .595 3.7* 2.9
24 pens of turkeys fed diets without fish meal and 12 pens fed diets with each of the other treatments. Average of 24 pens compared with average of 12 pens. 36 pens of turkeys fed diets with each treatment. The increases in body weights from added bacitracin to the five fish meal diets were 78, 60, 20, 47, and 67 g, respectively, which were not significantly different from one another. Average of 36 pens compared with average of 36 pens. •Significant at the 5% level. **'Significant at the .1% level.
Series 5, a fermentation product 2 at the . 1 % level replaced the bacitracin variable. Experiments were factorially arranged with either 10 or 6 treatment combinations derived from a 5 X 2 or 3 X 2 design, respectively. Fish meal at three to five levels and bacitracin or the fermentation product at two levels were used in each experiment. Fifteen battery experiments were conducted using 5410 one-day old, sexed poults placed in 552 pens and raised to two, three, or four weeks of age. Further details of these experiments, which were divided into five series, are presented in Table 3. The simulated fish meal used in Series 4 was
2 A product containing Bacillus subtilis from Biochemical Corporation of America, Salem, Virginia 24153.
formulated to be equivalent in amino acids, phosphorus, and fat content to 5% mehaden fish meal. The 5% simulated fish meal consisted of 2.894% crystalline amino acids, .828% defluorinated phosphate, .619% hydrolyzed animal and vegetable fat, and .659% cellulose as filler. The crystalline amino acid composition of the simulated fish meal (Table 4) was adapted from the values reported by Kifer et al. (1968). Results of amino acid analysis of menhaden fish meal # 2 are also presented in Table 4. In Series 5, all diets contained double amounts of trace mineral mix, and of vitamin and feed additive premix, excluding ethoxyquin. These additions were made to assure that a trace mineral or a vitamin was not deficient in these diets. Analyses of variance of the data from the factorial experiments were calculated (Dixon, 1967).
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Increase over none, %-. Fish meal # 1 , 5 % Water extracted from 5% fish meal #1 Residue from 5% fish meal #1 Fish meal #2, 5% Difference for significance*
462* 570 469 556 607
621
GROWTH RESPONSE FROM MENHADEN FISH MEAL
TABLE 6. Observation at four weeks of age in the second series of experiments
Dietary variables
Feed consumption
Body weight
Feed efficiency
(k> Menhaden fish meal or its fractions: None Fish meal #2, 5% Water extract from 5% fish meal #2 Residue from 5% Fish meal #2 Fish meal #3, 5%
Zinc bacitracin: None Bacitracin, 44 ppm Increase over none, %-. Bacitracin, 44 ppm Difference for significance*
16.6*** 2.9 13.5*** 15.6*** 3.6 b 552 c 600 8.6*** 2.5 d
829 907 871 886 892 9.4*** 5.0** 6.8*** 7.6*** 3.3 846 892 5.5*** 2.3
.577 .624 .567 .619 .628 7.9*** -1.8 7.3*** 8.7*** 1.9 .588 .611 4.0*** 1.3
a
48 pens of turkeys fed diets without fish meal and 24 pens fed diets with each of the other treatments. Average of 48 pens compared with average of 24 pens. c 72 pens of turkeys fed diets with each treatment. The increases in body weights from added bacitracin to the five fish meal diets were 54, 43, 41, 38, and 57 g, respectively, which were not significantly different from one another. Average of 72 pens compared with average of 72 pens. 'Significant at the 5% level. ** Significant at the 1% level. **'Significant at the .1% level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The addition of 5% fish meal increased body weights 9.0 to 31.3% over the control diet in the various experiments. Correspondingly, feed consumption was increased 2.7 to 14.6%, and feed efficiency was improved 6.1 to 10.3% (Tables 5 to 9). Some of these values were greater than those obtained in our previous studies (Potter, 1974; Potter and Shelton, 1976a,b; Potter et ah, 1977b). In the first series of experiments, the addition of the water extract from fish meal # 1 had no effect on four-week body weight, feed consumption, or feed efficiency, while the water extraction residue significantly increased body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency (Table 5). Similar results were obtained in the second series. The addition of
the water extract did not significantly affect four-week body weight and feed efficiency, but did increase feed consumption 5.0%. The addition of the extraction residue again significantly increased four-week body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency (Table 6). The observations that the water extract from menhaden fish meal failed to elicit an increase in growth but that the residue of the water extraction of fish meal stimulated body weight agree with those of Morimoto et al. (1955) and Ritchey (1957). In confirmation, Hinners and McKinney (1974) observed an increase in growth when the residue from the water extraction of fish meal was fed to chickens. The results of the third series show that the addition of the petroleum ether extract derived
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Increase over none, %-. Fish meal #2, 5% Water extract from 5% fish meal #2 Residue from 5% fish meal #2 Fish meal #3, 5% Difference for significance*
533 a 621 547 605 616
622
PIERSON ET AL. TABLE 7. Observations at two weeks of age in the third series of experiments
Dietary variables
Feed consumption
Body weight
Feed efficiency
(g) Menhaden fish meal #2 or its fractions: None Fish meal, 5% Petroleum ether extract from 5% fish meal Residue from 5% fish meal Ash from 5% fish meal
Zinc bacitracin: None Bacitracin, 44 ppm Increase over none, %-. Bacitracin, 44 ppm Difference for significance*
a
11.4*** 1.2 9.0*** 3.5 3.9 b 152.7 C 167.1 94*** 2.6 d
187.2 200.3 188.1 198.1 190.6 7.0** .5 5.8* 1.8 4.6 183.3 200.5 94*** 3.1
.543 .595 .550 .580 .562 9.6*** 1.3 6.9*** 3.6* 3.2 .551 .573 3.9*** 2.1
32 pens of turkeys fed diets without fish meal and 16 pens fed diets with each of the other treatments. Average of 32 pens compared with average of 16 pens.
c
48 pens of turkeys fed diets with each treatment. The increases in body weights from added bacitracin to the five fish meal diets were 14.0, 14.6, 20.1, 17.1, and 6.8 g, respectively, which were not significantly different from one another. Average of 48 pens compared with average of 48 pens. 'Significant at the 5% level. * 'Significant at the 1 % level. **'Significant at the .1% level.
from 5% fish meal failed to affect any of the measured response variables. The addition of the residue from the extraction significantly increased two-week body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency (Table 7). The addition of the ash fraction derived from the equivalent of 5% fish meal increased body weight 3.5%, an amount approaching statistical significance (.10>P>.05). This observation indicated that fish meal ash may contain unidentified growth activity, but in the fifth series, neither the ash nor the charred residue significantly affected body weight, feed consumption, or feed efficiency (Table 9). The increase in growth from the ash was much too small to account for the increase in growth from the intact fish meal. Hinners and McKinney (1974)
obtained a slight increase in body weight from the addition of fish meal ash to diets of young chickens, whereas Miller et al. (1975) did not. In Series 4 (Table 8), the simulated fish meal diet increased body weight about onethird and feed consumption over one-half as much as the control fish meal diet. The simulated fish meal had no effect on feed efficiency, Thus, it appears that the majority of the increase in growth from menhaden fish meal is due to factors other than its amino acid contribution. Ritchey (1957) observed no increase in growth from adding crystalline amino acids equivalent to 10% fish meal in diets of chicks, The presence of some polypeptide in fish meal could be responsible for its unexplained growth promoting effect.
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Increase over none, %•. Fish meal, 5% Petroleum ether extract from 5% fish meal Residue from 5% fish meal Ash from 5% fish meal Difference for significance*
153.5 171.0 155.4 167.3 158.8
a
GROWTH RESPONSE FROM MENHADEN FISH MEAL
623
TABLE 8. Observations at three weeks of age in the fourth series of experiments
Dietary variables
Feed consumption
Body weight
Feed efficiency
(g) Fish meal #2 or simulation: None Fish meal, 5% Simulated fish meal, 5%
Zinc bacitracin: None Bacitracin, 44 ppm Increase over none, %: Bacitracin, 44 ppm Difference for significance*
12.5*** 44** 2.6 362 b 382 5.4*** 2.1
470 506 491 7 7*** 4 4* * 2.4 483 496 2.7** 2.0
.645 .685 .648 6.1*** .5 1.5 .648 .670 5 4***
1.2
64 pens of turkeys fed diets with each treatment. 96 pens of turkeys fed diets with each treatment. The increases in body weights from added bacitracin to the three fish meal diets were 22, 19, and 17 g, respectively, which were not significantly different from one another. 'Significant at the 5% level. ** Significant at the 1% level. ••'Significant at the .1% level.
Bacitracin significantly increased body weight, feed c o n s u m p t i o n and feed efficiency (Tables 5 t o 8). T h e interaction effects b e t w e e n fish meal a n d t h e antibiotic were n o t significant in any series of e x p e r i m e n t s . T h e increased b o d y weight from fish m e a l appeared t o be i n d e p e n d e n t of, and additive t o , t h a t o b t a i n e d from bacitracin, suggesting t h a t t h e g r o w t h s t i m u l a n t in fish meal does n o t have t h e same m o d e of action as bacitracin. T h e a d d i t i o n of t h e f e r m e n t a t i o n p r o d u c t failed t o affect t h e measured response variables. Also, its interactions w i t h fish m e a l failed t o affect b o d y weight, feed c o n s u m p t i o n , o r feed efficiency. T h e calculated vitamin c o n t e n t s of t h e c o n t r o l a n d fish meal diets used in t h e experim e n t s of Series 1 t h r o u g h 4 exceeded t h e NRC ( 1 9 7 7 ) r e c o m m e n d e d vitamin r e q u i r e m e n t s for y o u n g p o u l t s with t h e exception of niacin. T h e c o n t r o l a n d fish meal diets c o n t a i n e d 6 4 and 6 6 m g of niacin, respectively, whereas t h e N R C suggested level for niacin is 70 m g / k g . T h e calculated mineral c o n t e n t s of t h e diets con-
taining 0 and 5% fish m e a l exceeded t h e NRC recommended requirements, except for selenium. These respective diets w e r e calculated t o contain .08 and .18 p p m selenium c o m p a r e d t o t h e .20 p p m N R C suggested level. Upon chemical analysis, t h e 0 and 5% fish m e a l diets contained .12 and .19 p p m selenium, respectively. T h e g r o w t h response from fish meal in t h e first four series may have been t h e result of fish meal fulfilling these deficiencies. However, in t h e final e x p e r i m e n t , d o u b l e a m o u n t s of vitamins and trace minerals, e x c e p t for selenium, were a d d e d t o t h e basal diet. In t h e presence of these higher levels of vitamins and trace minerals, 5% a d d e d fish meal increased b o d y weights 9.0%. In contrast, .2 p p m selenium increased b o d y weights o n l y 3.0%, indicating t h a t t h e g r o w t h response o b t a i n e d from fish meal was n o t d u e t o its selenium c o n t e n t alone. Similar results were o b t a i n e d in a n o t h e r of our studies (Potter et al, 1 9 7 7 a ) . A l t h o u g h b o d y weights of p o u l t s fed s u p p l e m e n t a l selenium a p p r o a c h e d those of poults fed fish m e a l at four and eight weeks of
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Increase over none, %-. Fish meal, 5% Simulated fish meal, 5% Difference for significance*
352 396 367
a
624
PIERSON ET AL. TABLE 9. Observation at four weeks of age in the final experiment (Series 5) Feed consumption
Body weight
Dietary variables
Feed efficiency
in} —•
vg) Menhaden fish meal #4 or its fractions: None Fish meal, 5% Charred residue from 5% fish meal Ash from 5% fish meal Selenium, .2 ppm (no fish meal)
485 a 529 481 494 500
Fermentation product: None Fermentation product, .1%
9.0** -.9 1.8 3.0 6.5b 495c 497
Increase over none, %: Fermentation product, .1% Difference for significance*
.4 3.1 d
2.7 -.3 -.3 -.1 5.9 763 752 -1.4 2.8
.575 .617 .572 .587 .595 7.2** -.6 2.0 3.4 5.3 .581 .593 2.2 2.5
16 pens of turkeys fed diets without fish meal and 8 pens fed diets with each of the other four treatments. Average of 16 pens compared with average of 8 pens. c
24 pens of turkeys fed diets with each treatment.
Average of 24 pens compared with average of 24 pens. 'Significant at the 5% level. * *Significant at the 1% level.
age, body weights were increased about onehalf as much as those from fish meal at two weeks of age. Also supporting these observations, Miller and Soares (1972) reported increased growth of chicks from 5% added fish meal to purified diets containing .5 ppm selenium. It appears that menhaden fish meal is supplying an unidentified factor or factors to the diets of young turkeys. The growth activity of fish meal is neither water nor petroleum ether soluble and is not present in the ash fraction. Furthermore, it appears that a part of the growth response is due to its selenium content and part may be due to its amino acid content. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Menhaden fish meal #2 used in this study was supplied by J. O. Hardin, Standard Products Inc., Kilmarnock, VA. Amino acids were supplied by Ajinomoto Co., Inc., New York,
NY. Vitamins were supplied by Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL.; Agricultural Processing Corporation, Salem, VA; and HoffmannLaRoche, Inc., Nutley, NJ. The assistance of K. E. Webb, Jr., and R. D. Brown, Jr., for amino acid analyses is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES Anderson, J. O., and R. E. Warnick, 1970. Effect of replacing part of the soybean meal in turkey poult rations with amino acid and carbohydrate mixtures. Poultry Sci. 49:459-467. Bjdrnstad, J., J. Opstavedt, and G. Lunde, 1974. Unidentified growth factors in fish meal: Experiments with organic arsenic compounds in broiler diets. Brit. Poultry Sci. 15:481-487. Branion, H. D., and D. C. Hill, 1953. Fish meal and the response of chicks to antibiotics. Poultry Sci. 32:151-158. Dixon, W. J., ed. 1967. University of California Publications on Automatic Computation No.
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Increase over none, %-. Fish meal, 5% Charred residue from 5% fish meal Ash from 5% fish meal Selenium, .2 ppm (no fish meal) Difference for significance*
755 775 753 753 755
GROWTH RESPONSE FROM MENHADEN FISH MEAL
1392-1395. National Research Council, 1977. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. No. 1. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 7th rev. ed. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Potter, L. M., 1974. Nutritional requirements of turkeys. Page 22—33. Proc. 3rd Europ. Symp. on the Use of Fish Meal in Animal Feeding held in Amsterdam. Int. Ass. Fish Meal Manuf., England. Potter, L. M., and J. R. Shelton, 1976a. Dried whey product, menhaden fish meal, methionine and erythromycin in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 55:2117-2127. Potter, L. M., and J. R. Shelton, 1976b. Protein, methinone, lysine and a fermentation residue as variables in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 55:1535-1543. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton, and C. M Parsons, 1977a. The unidentified growth factor in menhaden fish meal. Poultry Sci. 56:1749. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton, and E. E. Pierson. 1977b. Menhaden fish meal, dried fish solubles, methionine and zinc bacitracin in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 56:1189-1200. Ritchey, S. J., 1957. Studies on the unidentified chick growth factor in fish meal. Ph.D. dissertation, Univeristy of Illinois. Sunde, M. L., W. W. Cravens, C. A. Elvehjem, and J. G. Halpin, 1950. An unidentified factor required by chicks fed practical rations. Poultry Sci. 29: 204-207. Touchburn, S. P., R. D. M. Silva, and E. C. Naber, 1974. Further evidence for an unidentified' nutrient in fish solubles which improves hatchability and progeny growth of turkeys and Japanese quail. Poultry Sci. 53:1745-1758.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Oakland University on June 2, 2015
2: BMD Biomedical Computer Programs. University of California Press, Los Angeles, CA. Hinners, S. W., and P. C. Costa, 1973. The effect of protein level and calorie to protein ratio on the chicks' response to fish meal supplementation. Poultry Sci. 52:2039. Hinners, S. W., and C. W. McKinney, 1974. Some factors affecting chick response to defatted fish meal. Poultry Sci. 53:1935— 1936. Kifer, R. R., W. L. Payne, D. Miller, and M. E. Ambrose, 1968. The nutritive content of menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus and petronus) fish meal evaluated by chemical methods. Feedstuffs 40(20):36-37. Matterson, L. D., E. P. Singsen, L. Decker, and A. Kozeff, 1951. A comparison of several antibiotics as growth stimulants in practical chick starting rations. Storrs (Connecticut) Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull. 275. Miller, D., 1974. Crystalline amino acid diet supplemented with gelatin, sulfate, methionine and fishery products. Poultry Sci. 53:604-609. Miller, D., P. E. Bauersfeld, Jr., G. N. Biddle, and A. Former, 1975. Effect of sulfurcontaining dietary supplements on gizzard lining erosions. Poultry Sci. 54:428-435. Miller, D., and J. H. Soares, Jr., 1972. A study of the methodology for assaying unidentified growth factor in fish meal and fish solubles. Poultry Sci. 51:1288-1291. Morimoto, H., S. Ariyoshi, and H. Hoshii, 1955. Comparison of some sources of unidentified chick growth factors with fish meal. Poultry Sci. 34:
625
1979 Poultry Science 58:616-625 INTRODUCTION Since t h e early 1950's, n u m e r o u s investigators have r e p o r t e d evidence for an unidentified factor in fish p r o d u c t s added t o diets of y o u n g chickens (Sunde et al, 1 9 5 0 ; Matterson et al, 1 9 5 1 ; Branion and Hill, 1 9 5 3 ) . With m o r e highly fortified diets used during t h e past decade, an unidentified g r o w t h factor in fish meal and fish solubles has still been r e p o r t e d t o exist for chickens (Miller a n d Soares, 1 9 7 2 ; Hinners and Costa, 1 9 7 3 ; BjdSrnstad et al, 1 9 7 4 ; Miller, 1 9 7 4 ) and for t u r k e y s (Anderson and Warnick, 1 9 7 0 ; T o u c h b u r n et al, 1 9 7 4 ) . Evidence supporting this hypothesis has been o b t a i n e d in several controlled e x p e r i m e n t s with t u r k e y s in this l a b o r a t o r y (Potter, 1 9 7 4 ; P o t t e r and Shelton, 1 9 7 6 a , b ; P o t t e r et al, 1977b). A t t e m p t s have been m a d e t o c o n c e n t r a t e t h e responsible c o m p o n e n t s in fish m e a l . Using chicks, Hinners and M c K i n n e y ( 1 9 7 4 ) observed t h a t t h e residue from water e x t r a c t i o n of 10% fish meal increased b o d y weight, t h e ash
1
Portion of a thesis presented by the senior author in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Present address of the senior author is Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830.
equivalent improved b o d y weight slightly, b u t t h e residue of an acid h y d r o l y z e d , 10% defatted fish meal failed t o e n h a n c e g r o w t h . Miller et al. ( 1 9 7 5 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e ash of fish meal with .45% a d d e d m e t h i o n i n e failed t o increase chick g r o w t h . Miller ( 1 9 7 4 ) n o t e d t h a t sulfate per se was n o t t h e unidentified factor in fishery p r o d u c t s . A l t h o u g h m a n y studies have been c o n d u c t e d w i t h fish m e a l in diets of y o u n g chickens and t u r k e y s , t h e i d e n t i t y of t h e g r o w t h activity in fish meal still remains obscure. T h e objectives of this s t u d y were 1) t o fractionate t h e unidentified growth factor in m e n h a d e n fish meal b y water or p e t r o l e u m ether e x t r a c t i o n , b y charring or b y ashing, and 2) t o d e t e r m i n e if t h e g r o w t h factor is similar in activity t o an antibiotic or t o a purified a m i n o acid m i x t u r e equivalent t o t h a t in m e n h a d e n fish meal.
MATERIALS AND METHODS M e n h a d e n fish m e a l in 6 0 0 g samples was e x t r a c t e d b y t w o m e t h o d s . A water e x t r a c t i o n was accomplished b y three repeated additions of 1.0 liter of 2 4 C water, shaking for 10 m i n and decanting t h e liquid. T h e liquid was centrifuged at 1 0 0 0 r p m for 5 m i n and t h e supernat a n t filtered t h r o u g h Whatman # 1 filter paper. T h e w a t e r e x t r a c t was dried a t 100 C in a forced draft oven. By weight t h e dried residue
616
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ABSTRACT Diets involving three or five fish meal treatments and two zinc bacitracin treatments were fed to 5410 poults. The poults were divided into 552 pens and raised to two, three or four weeks of age in five series of 3 X 2 or 5 X 2 factorial experiments. Body weights increased 9-0 to 31.3% from the addition of 5% menhaden fish meal and 5.4 to 11.9% from the addition of 44 ppm bacitracin. No interaction existed between fish meal and bacitracin. Residues derived from either water or petroleum ether extraction of fish meal, when added to diets at levels equivalent to those in 5% fish meal, produced body weight gains nearly equal to those obtained from 5% fish meal. Body weights were not increased by the addition of either water or petroleum soluble extracts or by charred or ashed fish meal. The addition of a mixture of crystalline amino acids, defluorinated phosphate, and fat equivalent to 5% fish meal produced only a 4.4% increase in body weight. An unidentified growth factor which is non-lipid, non-mineral, and non-water soluble appears to be present in menhaden fish meal when added to well fortified poult diets.
GROWTH RESPONSE FROM MENHADEN FISH MEAL TABLE 1. Composition of basal diet Ingredients
represented 7 7 . 2 % of t h e original fish meal, t h e dried w a t e r e x t r a c t 11.2%, and t h e m o i s t u r e 11.6% b y difference.
(g/kg) 373.082 30 550 33 5 5 .5 1.418 '2
Ground yellow corn Hydrolyzed animal and vegetable fat Dehulled soybean meal Defluorinated phosphate Ground limestone Iodized salt Trace mineral mix a Vitamin and feed additive premix" DL-Methionine c
1000.000
Total
617
The following quantities in ppm were supplied to the diet by the vitamin and feed additive premix: vitamin A (300,000 IU/g), 36.75; vitamin D 3 (400,000 ICU/g), 8.26; vitamin E (221 IU/g), 50.0; menadione sodium bisulfite complex, 7.05; thiamine HCl, 1.1; riboflavin 4.4; calcium pantothenate (d), 11.0; niacin, 44.0; choline chloride (50%), 1000; vitamin B 1 2 supplement (1.32 mg/g), 10; folic acid, 1.65; biotin (1 mg/g in cerelose), 55; pyridoxine HCl, 1.1; and ethoxyquin (66.6%), 187.5. c
.2428% Methionine hydroxy analogue used in the place of the DL-methionine with the amount of ground yellow corn adjusted accordingly in Series 3 and 4.
Of four sources of m e n h a d e n fish meal, # 2 a n d # 4 were ashed in a muffle furnace at 6 0 0 C for 5 hr. T h e ash represented 18.7% a n d 2 0 . 4 % of fish m e a l # 2 a n d # 4 , respectively. M e n h a d e n fish meal # 4 was also charred for 16 hr a t 2 7 5 C, a t e m p e r a t u r e b e l o w t h a t required t o vaporize selenium. T h e charred fish meal represented 55.6% of t h e original weight. T h e c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e basal diet is presented in T a b l e 1. Fish m e a l and e x t r a c t s of fish m e a l were substituted b y adjusting g r o u n d yellow corn, dehulled soybean meal, a n d defluorinated p h o s p h a t e t o maintain c o n s t a n t levels of p r o t e i n a n d p h o s p h o r u s . Changes m a d e in t h e c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e diets b y adding t h e test ingredients are presented in Table 2. One-half of t h e diets included 4 4 p p m bacitracin b y t h e addition of .05% zinc bacitracin s u p p l e m e n t in t h e place of an equal a m o u n t of g r o u n d yellow corn, e x c e p t in Series 5. In
TABLE 2. Percentage change in dietary composition by test ingredients Ingredients
Substitution identification rates
- r/o; — Menhaden fish meal Water extract Residue from water extraction Ether extract Residue from ether extraction Ash from fish meal Charred fish meal Ground yellow corn Dehulled soybean meal Defluorinated phosphate
5.0 .54 3.85 .5 4.4 .95 a 2.78 2.2 -6.5 -.7
-.05 -.49
1.74 -4.89 -.70
-.5
1.02% Ash from fish meal and -.32% ground yellow corn used in Series 5.
2.8 -6.5 -.7
-.25a -.70
-2.08 -.70
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The following quantities in ppm were supplied to the diet by the trace mineral mix used in Series 1: manganese oxide, 125; zinc oxide, 70; ferric citrate, 167; anhydrous cupric sulfate, 20; cobalt acetate, 1; potassium iodate, 30; and sodium molybdate, 9; with ground yellow corn as a diluent. The following amounts of minerals were in the commercial trace mineral mix used in Series 2, 3, and 4:12% manganese, 12% zinc, 4% iron, .5% copper, .2% iodine, and .045% cobalt from manganese oxide, zinc oxide, ferrous sulfate, copper oxide, calcium iodate, and cobalt carbonate, respectively, and with calcium carbonate as a diluent.
A p e t r o l e u m ether e x t r a c t i o n was accomplished b y drying samples at 1 0 0 C for 16 hr followed by three repeated extractions w i t h f o u r p a r t s of p e t r o l e u m e t h e r t o e a c h p a r t fish meal. T h e liquid was centrifuged and t h e s u p e r n a t a n t evaporated first a t 40 C a n d t h e n a t 8 0 C in tared beakers. T h e dried p e t r o l e u m e t h e r e x t r a c t represented 1 0 . 5 % of t h e original fish meal, t h e m o i s t u r e 8.8%, and t h e residue 80.7% b y difference.
Large White Medium cross and Large White Medium Medium cross and Large White Medium white
1 2 3 4 5
3 4 2 5 1
One experiment had only 4 or 5 males or females per pen.
One experiment had only 9 males per pen.
Type of poult
Series
Number of experiments in the series Duration of experiments, weeks Number of control pens in the series
24 48 32 64 16
Fish meal source
1 and 2 2 and 3 2 2 4
TABLE 3. Numerical description of experiments
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10 10 10 10t> 9
Male
10 a 10 10 10b 9
Birds per pen
72 144 96 192 48
of pens
708 1440 960 1870 432
of birds
Total number in series
> r
m H
O Z
00
5.48
4.78
12.38 4.42 3.58 2.44
5.66 8.95 2.91 10.48 5.30 3.93 2.99
6.13 5.79 2.10 3.22 5.95 6.09 3.04 3.30 4.40
Laboratory #2
5.82 6.10 2.18 3.80 6.68 8.63 2.01 3.82 3.78
5.64 9.04
fish meal #2 and simulated
fish
meal
3.22
5.94 9.07 .90 12.70 4.58
6.04 10.39b 2.32 4.40 7.14 7.56c 2.82 3.95 3.97 1.07 5.10
Simulated fish m e a l a
A m o u n t s of amino acid as % of protein
of menhaden
5.94 9.07 .90 12.70 4.58 3.61 3.22
6.04 6.78 2.32 4.40 7.14 7.56 2.82 3.95 3.97 1.07 5.10
± + ± ± + ± ±
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± + ± ±
.29 .42 .11 .56 .27 .21 .23
.37 .41 .21 .22 34 39 16 19 20 15 21
Analysis from Kifer et al. (1968)
Essential in absence of sufficient phenylalanine.
Essential in absence of sufficient m e t h i o n i n e .
Lysine HC1, which contains 78.4% lysine, provided at t h e 9.64% level.
Glycine assumed t o s u b s t i t u t e for serine.
Crystalline amino acids were supplied in a pure form and as t h e L isomer e x c e p t for t h e L-lysine HC1 and glycine. T h e 5% simulated fish meal was c o m p o s e d of 2.894% crystalline a m i n o acids, . 8 2 8 % defluorinated p h o s p h a t e , .619% h y d r o l y z e d animal and vegetable fat, and . 6 5 9 % cellulose (Solka Floe) as a filler.
Non-essential Alanine Aspartic acid Cystine 0 " G l u t a m i c acid Proline Serine Tyrosinee
Essential Arginine Glycine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine
A m i n o acid
Laboratory #1
acid composition
Analysis of fish meal # 2
T A B L E 4. Amino
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g > r
X
zm
> o
X
z
v o 2 2 w
(/) o z
m
O 73 O SH X 7)
620
PIERSON ET AL. TABLE 5. Observations at four weeks of age in the first series of experiments
Dietary variables
Feed consumption
Body weight
Feed efficiency
\b> Menhaden fish meal or its fractions: None Fish meal # 1 , 5 % Water extract from 5% fish meal # 1 Residue from 5% fish meal #1 Fish meal #2, 5%
Zinc bacitracin: None Bacitracin, 44 ppm Increase over none, %: Bacitracin, 44 ppm Difference for significance*
23.3*** 1.5 20.2*** 31.3*** 6.1b 492 c 550 11.9*** 4.3d
722 827 749 834 897 14.6*** 3.8 15.6*** 24.3*** 6.1 756 828 9.5*** 4.2
.561 .619 .552 .599 .613 10.3*** -1.8 6.7*** 9.2*** 4.3 .574 .595 3.7* 2.9
24 pens of turkeys fed diets without fish meal and 12 pens fed diets with each of the other treatments. Average of 24 pens compared with average of 12 pens. 36 pens of turkeys fed diets with each treatment. The increases in body weights from added bacitracin to the five fish meal diets were 78, 60, 20, 47, and 67 g, respectively, which were not significantly different from one another. Average of 36 pens compared with average of 36 pens. •Significant at the 5% level. **'Significant at the .1% level.
Series 5, a fermentation product 2 at the . 1 % level replaced the bacitracin variable. Experiments were factorially arranged with either 10 or 6 treatment combinations derived from a 5 X 2 or 3 X 2 design, respectively. Fish meal at three to five levels and bacitracin or the fermentation product at two levels were used in each experiment. Fifteen battery experiments were conducted using 5410 one-day old, sexed poults placed in 552 pens and raised to two, three, or four weeks of age. Further details of these experiments, which were divided into five series, are presented in Table 3. The simulated fish meal used in Series 4 was
2 A product containing Bacillus subtilis from Biochemical Corporation of America, Salem, Virginia 24153.
formulated to be equivalent in amino acids, phosphorus, and fat content to 5% mehaden fish meal. The 5% simulated fish meal consisted of 2.894% crystalline amino acids, .828% defluorinated phosphate, .619% hydrolyzed animal and vegetable fat, and .659% cellulose as filler. The crystalline amino acid composition of the simulated fish meal (Table 4) was adapted from the values reported by Kifer et al. (1968). Results of amino acid analysis of menhaden fish meal # 2 are also presented in Table 4. In Series 5, all diets contained double amounts of trace mineral mix, and of vitamin and feed additive premix, excluding ethoxyquin. These additions were made to assure that a trace mineral or a vitamin was not deficient in these diets. Analyses of variance of the data from the factorial experiments were calculated (Dixon, 1967).
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Increase over none, %-. Fish meal # 1 , 5 % Water extracted from 5% fish meal #1 Residue from 5% fish meal #1 Fish meal #2, 5% Difference for significance*
462* 570 469 556 607
621
GROWTH RESPONSE FROM MENHADEN FISH MEAL
TABLE 6. Observation at four weeks of age in the second series of experiments
Dietary variables
Feed consumption
Body weight
Feed efficiency
(k> Menhaden fish meal or its fractions: None Fish meal #2, 5% Water extract from 5% fish meal #2 Residue from 5% Fish meal #2 Fish meal #3, 5%
Zinc bacitracin: None Bacitracin, 44 ppm Increase over none, %-. Bacitracin, 44 ppm Difference for significance*
16.6*** 2.9 13.5*** 15.6*** 3.6 b 552 c 600 8.6*** 2.5 d
829 907 871 886 892 9.4*** 5.0** 6.8*** 7.6*** 3.3 846 892 5.5*** 2.3
.577 .624 .567 .619 .628 7.9*** -1.8 7.3*** 8.7*** 1.9 .588 .611 4.0*** 1.3
a
48 pens of turkeys fed diets without fish meal and 24 pens fed diets with each of the other treatments. Average of 48 pens compared with average of 24 pens. c 72 pens of turkeys fed diets with each treatment. The increases in body weights from added bacitracin to the five fish meal diets were 54, 43, 41, 38, and 57 g, respectively, which were not significantly different from one another. Average of 72 pens compared with average of 72 pens. 'Significant at the 5% level. ** Significant at the 1% level. **'Significant at the .1% level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The addition of 5% fish meal increased body weights 9.0 to 31.3% over the control diet in the various experiments. Correspondingly, feed consumption was increased 2.7 to 14.6%, and feed efficiency was improved 6.1 to 10.3% (Tables 5 to 9). Some of these values were greater than those obtained in our previous studies (Potter, 1974; Potter and Shelton, 1976a,b; Potter et ah, 1977b). In the first series of experiments, the addition of the water extract from fish meal # 1 had no effect on four-week body weight, feed consumption, or feed efficiency, while the water extraction residue significantly increased body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency (Table 5). Similar results were obtained in the second series. The addition of
the water extract did not significantly affect four-week body weight and feed efficiency, but did increase feed consumption 5.0%. The addition of the extraction residue again significantly increased four-week body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency (Table 6). The observations that the water extract from menhaden fish meal failed to elicit an increase in growth but that the residue of the water extraction of fish meal stimulated body weight agree with those of Morimoto et al. (1955) and Ritchey (1957). In confirmation, Hinners and McKinney (1974) observed an increase in growth when the residue from the water extraction of fish meal was fed to chickens. The results of the third series show that the addition of the petroleum ether extract derived
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Increase over none, %-. Fish meal #2, 5% Water extract from 5% fish meal #2 Residue from 5% fish meal #2 Fish meal #3, 5% Difference for significance*
533 a 621 547 605 616
622
PIERSON ET AL. TABLE 7. Observations at two weeks of age in the third series of experiments
Dietary variables
Feed consumption
Body weight
Feed efficiency
(g) Menhaden fish meal #2 or its fractions: None Fish meal, 5% Petroleum ether extract from 5% fish meal Residue from 5% fish meal Ash from 5% fish meal
Zinc bacitracin: None Bacitracin, 44 ppm Increase over none, %-. Bacitracin, 44 ppm Difference for significance*
a
11.4*** 1.2 9.0*** 3.5 3.9 b 152.7 C 167.1 94*** 2.6 d
187.2 200.3 188.1 198.1 190.6 7.0** .5 5.8* 1.8 4.6 183.3 200.5 94*** 3.1
.543 .595 .550 .580 .562 9.6*** 1.3 6.9*** 3.6* 3.2 .551 .573 3.9*** 2.1
32 pens of turkeys fed diets without fish meal and 16 pens fed diets with each of the other treatments. Average of 32 pens compared with average of 16 pens.
c
48 pens of turkeys fed diets with each treatment. The increases in body weights from added bacitracin to the five fish meal diets were 14.0, 14.6, 20.1, 17.1, and 6.8 g, respectively, which were not significantly different from one another. Average of 48 pens compared with average of 48 pens. 'Significant at the 5% level. * 'Significant at the 1 % level. **'Significant at the .1% level.
from 5% fish meal failed to affect any of the measured response variables. The addition of the residue from the extraction significantly increased two-week body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency (Table 7). The addition of the ash fraction derived from the equivalent of 5% fish meal increased body weight 3.5%, an amount approaching statistical significance (.10>P>.05). This observation indicated that fish meal ash may contain unidentified growth activity, but in the fifth series, neither the ash nor the charred residue significantly affected body weight, feed consumption, or feed efficiency (Table 9). The increase in growth from the ash was much too small to account for the increase in growth from the intact fish meal. Hinners and McKinney (1974)
obtained a slight increase in body weight from the addition of fish meal ash to diets of young chickens, whereas Miller et al. (1975) did not. In Series 4 (Table 8), the simulated fish meal diet increased body weight about onethird and feed consumption over one-half as much as the control fish meal diet. The simulated fish meal had no effect on feed efficiency, Thus, it appears that the majority of the increase in growth from menhaden fish meal is due to factors other than its amino acid contribution. Ritchey (1957) observed no increase in growth from adding crystalline amino acids equivalent to 10% fish meal in diets of chicks, The presence of some polypeptide in fish meal could be responsible for its unexplained growth promoting effect.
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Increase over none, %•. Fish meal, 5% Petroleum ether extract from 5% fish meal Residue from 5% fish meal Ash from 5% fish meal Difference for significance*
153.5 171.0 155.4 167.3 158.8
a
GROWTH RESPONSE FROM MENHADEN FISH MEAL
623
TABLE 8. Observations at three weeks of age in the fourth series of experiments
Dietary variables
Feed consumption
Body weight
Feed efficiency
(g) Fish meal #2 or simulation: None Fish meal, 5% Simulated fish meal, 5%
Zinc bacitracin: None Bacitracin, 44 ppm Increase over none, %: Bacitracin, 44 ppm Difference for significance*
12.5*** 44** 2.6 362 b 382 5.4*** 2.1
470 506 491 7 7*** 4 4* * 2.4 483 496 2.7** 2.0
.645 .685 .648 6.1*** .5 1.5 .648 .670 5 4***
1.2
64 pens of turkeys fed diets with each treatment. 96 pens of turkeys fed diets with each treatment. The increases in body weights from added bacitracin to the three fish meal diets were 22, 19, and 17 g, respectively, which were not significantly different from one another. 'Significant at the 5% level. ** Significant at the 1% level. ••'Significant at the .1% level.
Bacitracin significantly increased body weight, feed c o n s u m p t i o n and feed efficiency (Tables 5 t o 8). T h e interaction effects b e t w e e n fish meal a n d t h e antibiotic were n o t significant in any series of e x p e r i m e n t s . T h e increased b o d y weight from fish m e a l appeared t o be i n d e p e n d e n t of, and additive t o , t h a t o b t a i n e d from bacitracin, suggesting t h a t t h e g r o w t h s t i m u l a n t in fish meal does n o t have t h e same m o d e of action as bacitracin. T h e a d d i t i o n of t h e f e r m e n t a t i o n p r o d u c t failed t o affect t h e measured response variables. Also, its interactions w i t h fish m e a l failed t o affect b o d y weight, feed c o n s u m p t i o n , o r feed efficiency. T h e calculated vitamin c o n t e n t s of t h e c o n t r o l a n d fish meal diets used in t h e experim e n t s of Series 1 t h r o u g h 4 exceeded t h e NRC ( 1 9 7 7 ) r e c o m m e n d e d vitamin r e q u i r e m e n t s for y o u n g p o u l t s with t h e exception of niacin. T h e c o n t r o l a n d fish meal diets c o n t a i n e d 6 4 and 6 6 m g of niacin, respectively, whereas t h e N R C suggested level for niacin is 70 m g / k g . T h e calculated mineral c o n t e n t s of t h e diets con-
taining 0 and 5% fish m e a l exceeded t h e NRC recommended requirements, except for selenium. These respective diets w e r e calculated t o contain .08 and .18 p p m selenium c o m p a r e d t o t h e .20 p p m N R C suggested level. Upon chemical analysis, t h e 0 and 5% fish m e a l diets contained .12 and .19 p p m selenium, respectively. T h e g r o w t h response from fish meal in t h e first four series may have been t h e result of fish meal fulfilling these deficiencies. However, in t h e final e x p e r i m e n t , d o u b l e a m o u n t s of vitamins and trace minerals, e x c e p t for selenium, were a d d e d t o t h e basal diet. In t h e presence of these higher levels of vitamins and trace minerals, 5% a d d e d fish meal increased b o d y weights 9.0%. In contrast, .2 p p m selenium increased b o d y weights o n l y 3.0%, indicating t h a t t h e g r o w t h response o b t a i n e d from fish meal was n o t d u e t o its selenium c o n t e n t alone. Similar results were o b t a i n e d in a n o t h e r of our studies (Potter et al, 1 9 7 7 a ) . A l t h o u g h b o d y weights of p o u l t s fed s u p p l e m e n t a l selenium a p p r o a c h e d those of poults fed fish m e a l at four and eight weeks of
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Increase over none, %-. Fish meal, 5% Simulated fish meal, 5% Difference for significance*
352 396 367
a
624
PIERSON ET AL. TABLE 9. Observation at four weeks of age in the final experiment (Series 5) Feed consumption
Body weight
Dietary variables
Feed efficiency
in} —•
vg) Menhaden fish meal #4 or its fractions: None Fish meal, 5% Charred residue from 5% fish meal Ash from 5% fish meal Selenium, .2 ppm (no fish meal)
485 a 529 481 494 500
Fermentation product: None Fermentation product, .1%
9.0** -.9 1.8 3.0 6.5b 495c 497
Increase over none, %: Fermentation product, .1% Difference for significance*
.4 3.1 d
2.7 -.3 -.3 -.1 5.9 763 752 -1.4 2.8
.575 .617 .572 .587 .595 7.2** -.6 2.0 3.4 5.3 .581 .593 2.2 2.5
16 pens of turkeys fed diets without fish meal and 8 pens fed diets with each of the other four treatments. Average of 16 pens compared with average of 8 pens. c
24 pens of turkeys fed diets with each treatment.
Average of 24 pens compared with average of 24 pens. 'Significant at the 5% level. * *Significant at the 1% level.
age, body weights were increased about onehalf as much as those from fish meal at two weeks of age. Also supporting these observations, Miller and Soares (1972) reported increased growth of chicks from 5% added fish meal to purified diets containing .5 ppm selenium. It appears that menhaden fish meal is supplying an unidentified factor or factors to the diets of young turkeys. The growth activity of fish meal is neither water nor petroleum ether soluble and is not present in the ash fraction. Furthermore, it appears that a part of the growth response is due to its selenium content and part may be due to its amino acid content. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Menhaden fish meal #2 used in this study was supplied by J. O. Hardin, Standard Products Inc., Kilmarnock, VA. Amino acids were supplied by Ajinomoto Co., Inc., New York,
NY. Vitamins were supplied by Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL.; Agricultural Processing Corporation, Salem, VA; and HoffmannLaRoche, Inc., Nutley, NJ. The assistance of K. E. Webb, Jr., and R. D. Brown, Jr., for amino acid analyses is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES Anderson, J. O., and R. E. Warnick, 1970. Effect of replacing part of the soybean meal in turkey poult rations with amino acid and carbohydrate mixtures. Poultry Sci. 49:459-467. Bjdrnstad, J., J. Opstavedt, and G. Lunde, 1974. Unidentified growth factors in fish meal: Experiments with organic arsenic compounds in broiler diets. Brit. Poultry Sci. 15:481-487. Branion, H. D., and D. C. Hill, 1953. Fish meal and the response of chicks to antibiotics. Poultry Sci. 32:151-158. Dixon, W. J., ed. 1967. University of California Publications on Automatic Computation No.
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Increase over none, %-. Fish meal, 5% Charred residue from 5% fish meal Ash from 5% fish meal Selenium, .2 ppm (no fish meal) Difference for significance*
755 775 753 753 755
GROWTH RESPONSE FROM MENHADEN FISH MEAL
1392-1395. National Research Council, 1977. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. No. 1. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 7th rev. ed. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Potter, L. M., 1974. Nutritional requirements of turkeys. Page 22—33. Proc. 3rd Europ. Symp. on the Use of Fish Meal in Animal Feeding held in Amsterdam. Int. Ass. Fish Meal Manuf., England. Potter, L. M., and J. R. Shelton, 1976a. Dried whey product, menhaden fish meal, methionine and erythromycin in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 55:2117-2127. Potter, L. M., and J. R. Shelton, 1976b. Protein, methinone, lysine and a fermentation residue as variables in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 55:1535-1543. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton, and C. M Parsons, 1977a. The unidentified growth factor in menhaden fish meal. Poultry Sci. 56:1749. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton, and E. E. Pierson. 1977b. Menhaden fish meal, dried fish solubles, methionine and zinc bacitracin in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 56:1189-1200. Ritchey, S. J., 1957. Studies on the unidentified chick growth factor in fish meal. Ph.D. dissertation, Univeristy of Illinois. Sunde, M. L., W. W. Cravens, C. A. Elvehjem, and J. G. Halpin, 1950. An unidentified factor required by chicks fed practical rations. Poultry Sci. 29: 204-207. Touchburn, S. P., R. D. M. Silva, and E. C. Naber, 1974. Further evidence for an unidentified' nutrient in fish solubles which improves hatchability and progeny growth of turkeys and Japanese quail. Poultry Sci. 53:1745-1758.
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625