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Evaluation of Hydrolyzed Feather Meal and Zinc Bacitracin Supplements of Various Purities in Diets of Young Turkeys
METABOLISM AND NUTRITION Evaluation of Hydrolyzed Feather Meal and Zinc Bacitracin Supplements of Various Purities in Diets of Young Turkeys L. M. POTTER and J. R. SHELTON Department of Poultry Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 (Received for publication May 20, 1977)
INTRODUCTION Hydrolyzed feather meal was first used successfully in chicken diets a b o u t t w o decades ago (Gerry and S m y t h , 1 9 5 4 ; Lillie et al, 1 9 5 6 ; Naber and Morgan, 1 9 5 6 ) . Sullivan and Stephenson ( 1 9 5 7 ) observed t h a t 5% h y d r o l y z e d feather meal decreased growth of broiler chicks. Moran and Summers ( 1 9 6 8 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t low quantities of feather meal in broiler diets p r o d u c e d satisfactory results b u t t h a t high levels produced deficiences in m e t h i o n i n e and lysine. Wessels ( 1 9 7 2 ) reported t h a t h y d r o l y z e d feather meal was deficient in m e t h i o n i n e , lysine, histidine, and t y r o s i n e in t h a t order. In broiler e x p e r i m e n t s c o n d u c t e d b y Morris and Balloun ( 1 9 7 3 a ) , 2.5% feather meal p r o d u c e d growth equal t o control-fed broilers b u t t h e 5% level p r o d u c e d deficiencies in m e t h i o n i n e and lysine. F e a t h e r meal lysine was r e p o r t e d t o be only 7 2 . 5 % available (Morris and Balloun, 1 9 7 3 b ) . F e a t h e r meal a d d e d at 10% also was reported t o p r o d u c e slower g r o w t h in t u r k e y s b e t w e e n 1 and 4 weeks of age b u t t o p r o d u c e n o change in growth between 4 and 8 weeks of age (Balloun and Khajarern, 1 9 7 4 ) . Zinc bacitracin a d d e d t o diets of y o u n g t u r k e y s p r o d u c e d 8 to 10% increases in b o d y weight a t 2 and 4 weeks of age (Potter et al., 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 4 ) . T h e percentage increase in b o d y weight decreased with age. T h e a m o u n t of increase in b o d y weight increased with t h e a m o u n t of zinc bacitracin added until t h e diet 1978 Poultry Sci 57:947-953
contained 5 0 mg bacitracin per kg diet. T h e objectives of this s t u d y were t o determine t h e values -of h y d r o l y z e d feather meal a n d zinc bacitracin of various grades of p u r i t y w h e n used in diets of y o u n g t u r k e y s t o 7 or 8 weeks of age. PROCEDURE Design of Experiments
and
Diets
Experiments 1 and 2. T w o replicate experim e n t s containing t h r e e dietary variables in a 2 X 3 x 4 factorial design of 2 4 diets were c o n d u c t e d . T h e variables were 0 and 5% h y d r o lyzed feather meal, 0, 11.0, a n d 27.6 p p m bacitracin activity from zinc bacitracin, and 0, 5, 10, and 1 5 % corn f e r m e n t a t i o n solubles. Compositions of t h e basal diets used in these e x p e r i m e n t s are presented in Table 1. T h e a d d i t i o n of 5.00% h y d r o l y z e d feather meal and 3.77% g r o u n d y e l l o w corn replaced 8.77% dehulled soybean meal t o h o l d p r o t e i n c o n s t a n t . Diets containing 11.0 and 27.6 p p m bacitracin were f o r m e d by adding 125 a n d 312.5 p p m Baciferm-40, which c o n t a i n e d 8.8% bacitracin from zinc bacitracin, in t h e place of an equal a m o u n t of g r o u n d yellow c o r n . Experiments 3 and 4. T w o replicate experim e n t s containing t h r e e dietary variables in 3 X 4 x 2 factorial design of 2 4 diets were c o n d u c t e d . T h e variables were t h r e e grades of zinc bacitracin each a d d e d t o t h e diets at 0, 5.5,
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ABSTRACT Diets varying in content of hydrolyzed feather meal and zinc bacitracin supplements of various purities were fed to 1728 turkeys from one day to seven or eight weeks of age. Hydrolyzed feather meal added at 5.0% with 3.77% ground yellow corn in the place of 8.77% soybean meal did not affect body weights but decreased feed consumption by 2.3% and increased feed efficiency by 1.9%, reflecting the corresponding increase in energy content of the diets. The observed increase in feed efficiency of 1.9 ± .6% was not significantly different from .8% expected based on a reported 2227 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram for hydrolyzed feather meal. Bacitracin increased body weights 5.8 and 5.1% when added to diets at 11.0 and 27.6 ppm in the first two experiments, and 1.4, 3.7, and 7.6% when added at 5.5,11.0, and 27.6 ppm, respectively, in the last two experiments. Pure zinc bacitracin increased body weight as much as equivalent amounts from a crude feed grade source, indicating that zinc bacitracin is the active component and that the carrier is the crude source is apparently inactive material.
948
POTTER AND SHELTON TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diets Experiments 3 &4
Ingredients (g/kg)
Total
443.93
50 430 25 15 25 5 4
362.93 50 520
387.56 30 470 50
25 30 5 5
25 25 5 5
1.52
.55 1.52
.5 .42 1.52
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
.55
The following quantities of minerals in ppm were supplied to the complete diets by the trace mineral mix: manganese sulfate, 125; zinc oxide, 70; ferric citrate, 167; anhydrous copper sulfate, 20; cobalt acetate, 1; potassium iodate, 30; and sodium molybdate, 9. The trace mineral mix contained 250 ppm manganese sulfate in Experiments 1 and 2. The following quantities of vitamin supplements and feed additives in mg were supplied per kg of complete diet by the vitamin and feed additive mix: vitamin A (250,000 IU/g), 44; vitamin D 3 (200,000 ICU/g), 16.5; vitamin E (220 IU/g), 50; menadione sodium bisulfite complex, 3.5; thiamine HC1, 1.1; riboflavin, 4.4; Dcalcium pantothenate, 1 1 ; niacin, 44; choline chloride (50% pure), 1,000; vitamin B, 2 (132 mcg/g), 100;folic acid, 2.2;pyridoxine HC1, 1.1; D-biotin (1 mg/g), 55; and ethoxyquin (66.6% pure), 187.5.
11.0, and 27.6 ppm, and 0 and 10% corn fermentation solubles. The composition of the basal diet without any of these additions is presented in Table 1. Supplements of crude, intermediate, and pharmaceutical grades of zinc bacitracin were added to the diets in the place of an equal amount of ground yellow corn. These materials were assayed to contain the equivalent of 112, 220, and 1098 g of zinc bacitracin per kg and were added to the diets to provide 0, 5.5, 11.0, and 27.6 ppm of bacitracin activity. General Procedure for All
Experiments
The details concerning the mixing procedures, poults used, and data collection and analyses in these four experiments are outlined in our previous paper (Potter and Shelton, 1978). The effects of adding corn fermentation solubles to diets of these experiments are also presented in this same report. RESULTS Experiments 1 and 2 Average 8-week body weights and zero to
8-week feed consumptions and feed efficiencies of the turkeys fed diets containing each level of the hydrolyzed feather meal and zinc bacitracin in each experiment are presented in Table 2. Plots of the percentage increase in body weight from each variable on age of the turkeys are presented in Figure 1. Hydrolyzed Feather Meal. The addition of 5% hydrolyzed feather meal failed to affect body weight significantly but decreased feed consumption by 2.3% and increased feed efficiency by 1.9% (Table 2). By calculation, the 5% hydrolyzed feather meal and 3.77% ground yellow corn supplied about 1.3 and 0.8% more energy to the diets of Experiments 1 and 2 than did the 8.77% dehulled soybean meal which was replaced. Therefore, feed consumption would be expected to decrease and feed efficiency to increase accordingly from this substitution. The addition of hydrolyzed feather meal to the diets decreased feed consumption and increased feed efficiency more in the first experiment than in the second. This difference may be caused, in part, by the use in the first experiment of an unexpected low protein con-
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Ground yellow corn Hydrolyzed animal and vegetable fat Dehulled soybean meal Menhaden fish meal Meat and bone scrap Corn distillers dried solubles Defluorinated phosphate Ground limestone Iodized salt DL-methionine Trace mineral mix a Vitamin and feed additive mix"
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FEATHER MEAL AND ZINC BACITRACIN FOR TURKEYS TABLE 2.—Effects of various factors under study on body weight, feed consumption and feed efficiency of turkeys at eight weeks of age in two experiments Experiment number Factor under study
a
Average
2
1
change
Body weights, I ! weeks, g
Hydrolyzed feather meal, 0 5
1706 1827*** 1833***
177'6 1856 1826
1741 1842* 1829*
5.8* 5.1*
1802 1775
1816 1823
1809 1799
-.6
%
Feed consumptions, 0- - 8 weeks, g Bacitracin, ppm 0 11.0 27.6 Hydrolyzed feather meal, 0 5
3143 3310** 3264*
3281 3371 3327
3212 3340 3 296
4.0* 2.6
3306 3172**
3335 3317
3321 3245*
-2.3*
%
Feed effiiciencies, 0 - -8 weeks Bacitracin, ppm 0 11.0 27.6 Hydrolyzed feather meal, 0 5
.5256 .5348* .5442***
.5256 .5346* .5325
.5256 .5347* .5384**
1.7* 2.4**
.5279 .5419***
.5279 .5339
.5279 .5380*
1.9*
%
Difference required for significance at the 5% level for following comparisons: Body weight, g Bacitracin Hydrolyzed feather meal
53 43
90 74
Bacitracin Hydrolyzed feather meal
105 85
172 140
51 42 Feed consumption, g
Bacitracin Hydrolyzed feather meal
0086 0070
98 80 Feed efficiency .0087 ,C0060 .0071 X .0049
Each value represents 16 pens of turkeys fed diets containing each level of bacitracin, and 24 pens of turkeys fed diets containing each level of feather meal. 'Significant at the 5% level; "Significant at the 1% level; **'Significant at the .1% level.
tent dehulled soybean meal, which probably contributed less energy than normal, and the resulting unintended slight increase of .2% protein content of the diets by the hydrolyzed feather meal addition.
Bacitracin. The addition- of 11.0 or 27.6 ppm bacitracin to the diets significantly increased body weights by 5.8 and 5.1%, feed consumptions by 4.0 and 2.6%, and feed effiencies by 1.7 and 2.4%, respectively (Table
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Bacitracin, ppm 0 11.0 27.6
POTTER AND SHELTON
950
BODY WEIGHT
FEED CONSUMPTION
FEED
BODY WEIGHT
EFFICIENCY
FEED CONSUMPTION
EFFICIENCY
6
4
6
WEEKS
WEEKS
FIG. 3. Increases in body weights, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies of turkeys at various ages from bacitracin additions to the diets of Experiments 3 and 4 (data combined from two experiments).
Li u < HUl < (T 1U
on-
M 4
6
4
WEEKS
4
6
WEEKS
6
WEEKS
FIG. 1. Increases in body weights, feed consumption, and feed efficiencies of turkeys at various ages from bacitracin and hydrolyzed featheer meal additions to the diets of Experiments 1 and 2 (data combined from two experiments).
2). Increases in b o d y weights from bacitracin were relatively consistent t h r o u g h o u t t h e experiments (Figure 1). T h e increase in b o d y weight from bacitracin was greater in t h e first experim e n t (Table 2 ) , where low-protein diets were used, t h a n in t h e second experiment. Interactions. With o n e e x c e p t i o n , n o significant interactions were observed b e t w e e n t h e
Feather Meal, %
1.9
three factors u n d e r s t u d y o n b o d y weight, feed c o n s u m p t i o n , o r feed efficiency at t h e e n d of t h e e x p e r i m e n t s . In t h e first e x p e r i m e n t , h y d r o lyzed feather meal decreased b o d y weight a n d feed c o n s u m p t i o n in t h e absence of bacitracin b u t increased b o d y weight (Figure 2) a n d feed c o n s u m p t i o n in t h e presence of 2 7 . 6 p p m bacitracin; this interaction was n o t significant in t h e second e x p e r i m e n t . In t h e second e x p e r i m e n t , feed efficiency was decreased a m o n g males a n d increased a m o n g females when h y d r o l y z e d feather meal was a d d e d t o t h e diet. This observation is believed t o b e a chance occurrence with n o biological meaning. Experiments
3 and 4
Average b o d y weights, feed c o n s u m p t i o n s , and feed efficiencies of t h e t u r k e y s fed each level and source of zinc bacitracin for these t w o e x p e r i m e n t s are presented in Table 3. Plots of
S 1.8
Bacitracin Source Pharmaceutical Intemediate Crude
1.9 -
None
•o o CQ
1.8
1.7
•o
o
CQ
••-
1.6
1.7
_l_ 10
20
j _
0 30
Bacitracin, P.P.M.
FIG. 2. Eight-week body weights of turkeys fed diets varying in bacitracin and feather meal content from Experiments 1 and 2.
10
Corn Fermentation Solubles, %
FIG. 4. Body weights of turkeys fed diets varying in content of corn fermentation solubles and various sources of bacitracin from combined data of Experiments 3 and 4.
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4
FEED
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FEATHER MEAL AND ZINC BACITRACIN FOR TURKEYS TABLE 3 .—Effects of various factors under study on body weight, feed consumption and feed efficiency at end of experiments (Experiment 3, 7 weeks; Experiment 4, 8 weeks) Body weights (g)
Feed consumptions (g)
Feed efficiencies
Bacitracin source None(l) Crude (2) Intermediate (3) Pharmaceutical (4)
1727 a 1812 1793 1797
3177 3284 3253 3227
.5311 .5391 .5379 .5429
Difference (2) over (1) (3) over (1) (4) over (1) Bacitracin ppm 0 5.5 11.0 27.6 Difference 5.5 over 0 11.0 over 0 27.6 over 0 Difference required for significance at the 5% level
85*** 66** 70** 1727a 1752 1793 1858 25 66** 131*** 43
107** 76* 50
.0080* .0069 .0118**
3177 3185 3243 3337
.5311 .5357 .5396 .5447
8 66 160*** 75
.0046 .0085* .0136*** .0080
Each value represents 24 pens of turkeys fed diets containing each level of bacitracin or each grade of bacitracin from zinc bacitracin. 'Significant at the 5% level; "Significant at the 1% level; ***Significant at the .1% level.
the percentage increase in body weight on age of the turkeys for each level of bacitracin are illustrated in Figure 3. Sources of Bacitracin. The source of bacitracin failed to affect the response obtained in body weight, feed consumption, or feed efficiency (Table 3). Pure zinc bacitracin increased body weight as much as equivalent amounts of zinc bacitracin from the crude or intermediate supplements. This observation indicates that zinc bacitracin is the active component, and the carriers of the zinc bacitracin in the crude and intermediate products are apparently inactive materials. Levels of Bacitracin. Responses in body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency from various amounts of bacitracin were not significantly different from a linear response. Body weights were increased 1.4, 3.8, and 7.6%; feed consumptions were increased .2, 2.1 and 5.0%; and feed efficiencies were increased .9, 1.6, and 2.6% from the addition of 5.5,
11.0, and 27.6 ppm bacitracin, respectively. Interactions. With the exception of two cases, no significant interactions were observed between or among the three factors under study on body weight, feed consumption, or feed efficiency at the end of the experiment. A bacitracin X corn fermentation solubles interaction in the body weight data was present (Figure 4). It is difficult to rationalize the cause for this interaction, and it is believed to be a chance occurrence. In addition, corn fermentation solubles depressed body weight (Figure 5) and feed consumption in the absence of bacitracin but increased these measurements in the presence of 27.6 ppm bacitracin in Experiment 3. However, this interaction was not repeated in Experiment 4.
DISCUSSION
Based on the analysis of five different samples of hydrolyzed feather meal, Matterson
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Variable factors
952
POTTER AND SHELTON
CFS,% - o
2.0
E X P T
IO 1U
CO
ST>
£
/
/
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
/
V
ODY 00
4
^--"
+ 3
^•1 -—•"' /
1.7
1A
*f
1
•
i
10 20 BACITRACIN, P.P.M.
I
30
FIG. 5. Body weights of turkeys fed diets varying in bacitracin and corn fermentation solubles (CFS) content from Experiments 3 and 4.
et al. ( 1 9 6 5 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t it contained 2 2 8 7 kcal M E / k g . Using values of 3 3 0 0 an 2 4 7 0 kcal/kg for g r o u n d yellow corn and dehulled soybean meal, respectively, 22 kcal/kg m o r e metabolizable energy would be present in t h e diets where 8.77% dehulled soybean meal was replaced b y 5.0% h y d r o l y z e d feather meal and 3.77% g r o u n d yellow corn. Because of t h e . 8 % increased energy c o n t e n t of diets containing h y d r o l y z e d feather meal in E x p e r i m e n t 2, feed efficiency was e x p e c t e d t o increase . 8 % . T h e observed increase of 1.9 ± . 6 % was n o t significantly different from t h a t e x p e c t e d . In t h e studies of Moran and S u m m e r s ( 1 9 6 8 ) , Morris a n d Balloun ( 1 9 7 3 a ) , and Balloun a n d Khajarern ( 1 9 7 4 ) , t h e addition of 5% feather meal t o diets of chickens caused a decrease in b o d y weight which was corrected by the addition of m e t h i o n i n e . No m e t h i o n i n e was a d d e d t o t h e basal diet of E x p e r i m e n t s 1 and 2 of this s t u d y . Based on o t h e r studies in o u r l a b o r a t o r y (Potter and Shelton, 1 9 7 6 ; Potter et al., 1 9 7 7 ) , t h e total sulfur a m i n o acid r e q u i r e m e n t of y o u n g t u r k e y s u n d e r eight weeks of age is p r o b a b l y between 1.0 and 1.1%. T h e basal diets used in E x p e r i m e n t s 1 and 2 contained b y calculation only .87 and . 9 1 % total sulfur a m i n o acids, respectively. F u r t h e r studies with h y d r o l y z e d feather meal and me-
This s t u d y was s u p p o r t e d in part by grantsin-aid from Clinton Corn Processing C o m p a n y , Clinton, Iowa, and from Commercial Solvents C o r p o r a t i o n , Terre H a u t e , Indiana. Vitamins were supplied by Agricultural Processing Corporation, Salem, Virginia; A b b o t t Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois; and Hoffmann L a R o che, Inc., Nutley, N e w Jersey. T h e assistance of Mr. L. G. Melton in p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e diets and in collection of d a t a is acknowledged. REFERENCES Balloun, S. L., and J. K. Khajarern, 1974. The effects of whey and yeast on digestibility of nutrients in feather meal. Poultry Sci. 53:1084-1095. Gerry, R. W., and J. R. Smyth, 1954. The value of feather meal in rations for poultry. Poultry Sci. 33:1089. Lillie, R. J., J. R. Sizemore, and C. A. Denton, 1956. Feather meal in chick nutrition. Poultry Sci. 35:316-318. Matterson, L. D., L. M. Potter, M. W. Stutz, and E. P. Singsen, 1965. The metabolizable energy of feed ingredients for chickens. University of Connecticut, Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. #7. Moran, E. T., Jr. and J. D. Summers, 1968. Keratins as sources of protein for the growing chick. 5. Practical application of feather and hog hair meals in broiler diets: Effects of growth, feed utilization and carcass quality. Poultry Sci. 47:940—945. Morris, W. C , and S. L. Balloun, 1973a. Effect of processing methods on utilization of feather meal by broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 52:858-866. Morris, W. C , and S. L. Balloun, 1973b. Evaluation of five differently processed feather meals by nitrogen retention, net protein values, xanthine dehydrogenase activity and chemical analysis. Poultry Sci. 52:1075-1084. Naber, E. C , and C. L. Morgan, 1956. Feather meal and poultry meat scrap in chick starting rations. Poultry Sci. 35:888-895. Pierson, E. E., 1976. Response from menhaden fish meal in diets of young turkeys. M. S. Thesis, V.P.I. and S. U. Potter, L. M., and J. R. Shelton, 1976. Protein, methionine, lysine and a fermentation residue as variables in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 55:1535-1543. Potter, L. M., and J. R. Shelton, 1978. Evidence of an unidentified growth factor in corn fermentation solubles for young turkeys. Nutr. Reps. Int. 17: Accepted for publication.
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EIGHT,
co'-
^ *
9
thionine are n e e d e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e availability of t h e sulfur a m i n o acids in h y d r o l y z e d feather meal. Zinc bacitracin p r o d u c e d increases in growth comparable t o those observed in o t h e r r e p o r t e d studies (Potter et al, 1971, 1 9 7 4 , 1 9 7 7 ; Pierson, 1 9 7 6 ) .
FEATHER MEAL AND ZINC BACITRACIN FOR TURKEYS Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton, and M. Kelly, 1971. Effects of zinc bacitracin, dried bakery product, different fish meals in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 50:1109-1115. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton, and L. G. Melton, 1974. Zinc bacitracin and added fat in diets of growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 53:2072-2081. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton, and E. E. Pierson, 1977. Menhaden fish meal, dried fish solubles, methio-
953
nine and zinc bacitracin in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 56:1189-1200. Sullivan, T. W., and E. L. Stephenson, 1957. Effect of processing methods on the utilization of hydrolyzed poultry feathers by growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 36:361-365. Wessels, J. P. H., 1972. A study of the protein quality of d i f f e r e n t feather meals. Poultry Sci. 51:537-541. Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 15, 2015
INTRODUCTION Hydrolyzed feather meal was first used successfully in chicken diets a b o u t t w o decades ago (Gerry and S m y t h , 1 9 5 4 ; Lillie et al, 1 9 5 6 ; Naber and Morgan, 1 9 5 6 ) . Sullivan and Stephenson ( 1 9 5 7 ) observed t h a t 5% h y d r o l y z e d feather meal decreased growth of broiler chicks. Moran and Summers ( 1 9 6 8 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t low quantities of feather meal in broiler diets p r o d u c e d satisfactory results b u t t h a t high levels produced deficiences in m e t h i o n i n e and lysine. Wessels ( 1 9 7 2 ) reported t h a t h y d r o l y z e d feather meal was deficient in m e t h i o n i n e , lysine, histidine, and t y r o s i n e in t h a t order. In broiler e x p e r i m e n t s c o n d u c t e d b y Morris and Balloun ( 1 9 7 3 a ) , 2.5% feather meal p r o d u c e d growth equal t o control-fed broilers b u t t h e 5% level p r o d u c e d deficiencies in m e t h i o n i n e and lysine. F e a t h e r meal lysine was r e p o r t e d t o be only 7 2 . 5 % available (Morris and Balloun, 1 9 7 3 b ) . F e a t h e r meal a d d e d at 10% also was reported t o p r o d u c e slower g r o w t h in t u r k e y s b e t w e e n 1 and 4 weeks of age b u t t o p r o d u c e n o change in growth between 4 and 8 weeks of age (Balloun and Khajarern, 1 9 7 4 ) . Zinc bacitracin a d d e d t o diets of y o u n g t u r k e y s p r o d u c e d 8 to 10% increases in b o d y weight a t 2 and 4 weeks of age (Potter et al., 1 9 7 1 , 1 9 7 4 ) . T h e percentage increase in b o d y weight decreased with age. T h e a m o u n t of increase in b o d y weight increased with t h e a m o u n t of zinc bacitracin added until t h e diet 1978 Poultry Sci 57:947-953
contained 5 0 mg bacitracin per kg diet. T h e objectives of this s t u d y were t o determine t h e values -of h y d r o l y z e d feather meal a n d zinc bacitracin of various grades of p u r i t y w h e n used in diets of y o u n g t u r k e y s t o 7 or 8 weeks of age. PROCEDURE Design of Experiments
and
Diets
Experiments 1 and 2. T w o replicate experim e n t s containing t h r e e dietary variables in a 2 X 3 x 4 factorial design of 2 4 diets were c o n d u c t e d . T h e variables were 0 and 5% h y d r o lyzed feather meal, 0, 11.0, a n d 27.6 p p m bacitracin activity from zinc bacitracin, and 0, 5, 10, and 1 5 % corn f e r m e n t a t i o n solubles. Compositions of t h e basal diets used in these e x p e r i m e n t s are presented in Table 1. T h e a d d i t i o n of 5.00% h y d r o l y z e d feather meal and 3.77% g r o u n d y e l l o w corn replaced 8.77% dehulled soybean meal t o h o l d p r o t e i n c o n s t a n t . Diets containing 11.0 and 27.6 p p m bacitracin were f o r m e d by adding 125 a n d 312.5 p p m Baciferm-40, which c o n t a i n e d 8.8% bacitracin from zinc bacitracin, in t h e place of an equal a m o u n t of g r o u n d yellow c o r n . Experiments 3 and 4. T w o replicate experim e n t s containing t h r e e dietary variables in 3 X 4 x 2 factorial design of 2 4 diets were c o n d u c t e d . T h e variables were t h r e e grades of zinc bacitracin each a d d e d t o t h e diets at 0, 5.5,
947
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ABSTRACT Diets varying in content of hydrolyzed feather meal and zinc bacitracin supplements of various purities were fed to 1728 turkeys from one day to seven or eight weeks of age. Hydrolyzed feather meal added at 5.0% with 3.77% ground yellow corn in the place of 8.77% soybean meal did not affect body weights but decreased feed consumption by 2.3% and increased feed efficiency by 1.9%, reflecting the corresponding increase in energy content of the diets. The observed increase in feed efficiency of 1.9 ± .6% was not significantly different from .8% expected based on a reported 2227 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram for hydrolyzed feather meal. Bacitracin increased body weights 5.8 and 5.1% when added to diets at 11.0 and 27.6 ppm in the first two experiments, and 1.4, 3.7, and 7.6% when added at 5.5,11.0, and 27.6 ppm, respectively, in the last two experiments. Pure zinc bacitracin increased body weight as much as equivalent amounts from a crude feed grade source, indicating that zinc bacitracin is the active component and that the carrier is the crude source is apparently inactive material.
948
POTTER AND SHELTON TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diets Experiments 3 &4
Ingredients (g/kg)
Total
443.93
50 430 25 15 25 5 4
362.93 50 520
387.56 30 470 50
25 30 5 5
25 25 5 5
1.52
.55 1.52
.5 .42 1.52
1000.00
1000.00
1000.00
.55
The following quantities of minerals in ppm were supplied to the complete diets by the trace mineral mix: manganese sulfate, 125; zinc oxide, 70; ferric citrate, 167; anhydrous copper sulfate, 20; cobalt acetate, 1; potassium iodate, 30; and sodium molybdate, 9. The trace mineral mix contained 250 ppm manganese sulfate in Experiments 1 and 2. The following quantities of vitamin supplements and feed additives in mg were supplied per kg of complete diet by the vitamin and feed additive mix: vitamin A (250,000 IU/g), 44; vitamin D 3 (200,000 ICU/g), 16.5; vitamin E (220 IU/g), 50; menadione sodium bisulfite complex, 3.5; thiamine HC1, 1.1; riboflavin, 4.4; Dcalcium pantothenate, 1 1 ; niacin, 44; choline chloride (50% pure), 1,000; vitamin B, 2 (132 mcg/g), 100;folic acid, 2.2;pyridoxine HC1, 1.1; D-biotin (1 mg/g), 55; and ethoxyquin (66.6% pure), 187.5.
11.0, and 27.6 ppm, and 0 and 10% corn fermentation solubles. The composition of the basal diet without any of these additions is presented in Table 1. Supplements of crude, intermediate, and pharmaceutical grades of zinc bacitracin were added to the diets in the place of an equal amount of ground yellow corn. These materials were assayed to contain the equivalent of 112, 220, and 1098 g of zinc bacitracin per kg and were added to the diets to provide 0, 5.5, 11.0, and 27.6 ppm of bacitracin activity. General Procedure for All
Experiments
The details concerning the mixing procedures, poults used, and data collection and analyses in these four experiments are outlined in our previous paper (Potter and Shelton, 1978). The effects of adding corn fermentation solubles to diets of these experiments are also presented in this same report. RESULTS Experiments 1 and 2 Average 8-week body weights and zero to
8-week feed consumptions and feed efficiencies of the turkeys fed diets containing each level of the hydrolyzed feather meal and zinc bacitracin in each experiment are presented in Table 2. Plots of the percentage increase in body weight from each variable on age of the turkeys are presented in Figure 1. Hydrolyzed Feather Meal. The addition of 5% hydrolyzed feather meal failed to affect body weight significantly but decreased feed consumption by 2.3% and increased feed efficiency by 1.9% (Table 2). By calculation, the 5% hydrolyzed feather meal and 3.77% ground yellow corn supplied about 1.3 and 0.8% more energy to the diets of Experiments 1 and 2 than did the 8.77% dehulled soybean meal which was replaced. Therefore, feed consumption would be expected to decrease and feed efficiency to increase accordingly from this substitution. The addition of hydrolyzed feather meal to the diets decreased feed consumption and increased feed efficiency more in the first experiment than in the second. This difference may be caused, in part, by the use in the first experiment of an unexpected low protein con-
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Ground yellow corn Hydrolyzed animal and vegetable fat Dehulled soybean meal Menhaden fish meal Meat and bone scrap Corn distillers dried solubles Defluorinated phosphate Ground limestone Iodized salt DL-methionine Trace mineral mix a Vitamin and feed additive mix"
949
FEATHER MEAL AND ZINC BACITRACIN FOR TURKEYS TABLE 2.—Effects of various factors under study on body weight, feed consumption and feed efficiency of turkeys at eight weeks of age in two experiments Experiment number Factor under study
a
Average
2
1
change
Body weights, I ! weeks, g
Hydrolyzed feather meal, 0 5
1706 1827*** 1833***
177'6 1856 1826
1741 1842* 1829*
5.8* 5.1*
1802 1775
1816 1823
1809 1799
-.6
%
Feed consumptions, 0- - 8 weeks, g Bacitracin, ppm 0 11.0 27.6 Hydrolyzed feather meal, 0 5
3143 3310** 3264*
3281 3371 3327
3212 3340 3 296
4.0* 2.6
3306 3172**
3335 3317
3321 3245*
-2.3*
%
Feed effiiciencies, 0 - -8 weeks Bacitracin, ppm 0 11.0 27.6 Hydrolyzed feather meal, 0 5
.5256 .5348* .5442***
.5256 .5346* .5325
.5256 .5347* .5384**
1.7* 2.4**
.5279 .5419***
.5279 .5339
.5279 .5380*
1.9*
%
Difference required for significance at the 5% level for following comparisons: Body weight, g Bacitracin Hydrolyzed feather meal
53 43
90 74
Bacitracin Hydrolyzed feather meal
105 85
172 140
51 42 Feed consumption, g
Bacitracin Hydrolyzed feather meal
0086 0070
98 80 Feed efficiency .0087 ,C0060 .0071 X .0049
Each value represents 16 pens of turkeys fed diets containing each level of bacitracin, and 24 pens of turkeys fed diets containing each level of feather meal. 'Significant at the 5% level; "Significant at the 1% level; **'Significant at the .1% level.
tent dehulled soybean meal, which probably contributed less energy than normal, and the resulting unintended slight increase of .2% protein content of the diets by the hydrolyzed feather meal addition.
Bacitracin. The addition- of 11.0 or 27.6 ppm bacitracin to the diets significantly increased body weights by 5.8 and 5.1%, feed consumptions by 4.0 and 2.6%, and feed effiencies by 1.7 and 2.4%, respectively (Table
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Bacitracin, ppm 0 11.0 27.6
POTTER AND SHELTON
950
BODY WEIGHT
FEED CONSUMPTION
FEED
BODY WEIGHT
EFFICIENCY
FEED CONSUMPTION
EFFICIENCY
6
4
6
WEEKS
WEEKS
FIG. 3. Increases in body weights, feed consumptions, and feed efficiencies of turkeys at various ages from bacitracin additions to the diets of Experiments 3 and 4 (data combined from two experiments).
Li u < HUl < (T 1U
on-
M 4
6
4
WEEKS
4
6
WEEKS
6
WEEKS
FIG. 1. Increases in body weights, feed consumption, and feed efficiencies of turkeys at various ages from bacitracin and hydrolyzed featheer meal additions to the diets of Experiments 1 and 2 (data combined from two experiments).
2). Increases in b o d y weights from bacitracin were relatively consistent t h r o u g h o u t t h e experiments (Figure 1). T h e increase in b o d y weight from bacitracin was greater in t h e first experim e n t (Table 2 ) , where low-protein diets were used, t h a n in t h e second experiment. Interactions. With o n e e x c e p t i o n , n o significant interactions were observed b e t w e e n t h e
Feather Meal, %
1.9
three factors u n d e r s t u d y o n b o d y weight, feed c o n s u m p t i o n , o r feed efficiency at t h e e n d of t h e e x p e r i m e n t s . In t h e first e x p e r i m e n t , h y d r o lyzed feather meal decreased b o d y weight a n d feed c o n s u m p t i o n in t h e absence of bacitracin b u t increased b o d y weight (Figure 2) a n d feed c o n s u m p t i o n in t h e presence of 2 7 . 6 p p m bacitracin; this interaction was n o t significant in t h e second e x p e r i m e n t . In t h e second e x p e r i m e n t , feed efficiency was decreased a m o n g males a n d increased a m o n g females when h y d r o l y z e d feather meal was a d d e d t o t h e diet. This observation is believed t o b e a chance occurrence with n o biological meaning. Experiments
3 and 4
Average b o d y weights, feed c o n s u m p t i o n s , and feed efficiencies of t h e t u r k e y s fed each level and source of zinc bacitracin for these t w o e x p e r i m e n t s are presented in Table 3. Plots of
S 1.8
Bacitracin Source Pharmaceutical Intemediate Crude
1.9 -
None
•o o CQ
1.8
1.7
•o
o
CQ
••-
1.6
1.7
_l_ 10
20
j _
0 30
Bacitracin, P.P.M.
FIG. 2. Eight-week body weights of turkeys fed diets varying in bacitracin and feather meal content from Experiments 1 and 2.
10
Corn Fermentation Solubles, %
FIG. 4. Body weights of turkeys fed diets varying in content of corn fermentation solubles and various sources of bacitracin from combined data of Experiments 3 and 4.
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4
FEED
951
FEATHER MEAL AND ZINC BACITRACIN FOR TURKEYS TABLE 3 .—Effects of various factors under study on body weight, feed consumption and feed efficiency at end of experiments (Experiment 3, 7 weeks; Experiment 4, 8 weeks) Body weights (g)
Feed consumptions (g)
Feed efficiencies
Bacitracin source None(l) Crude (2) Intermediate (3) Pharmaceutical (4)
1727 a 1812 1793 1797
3177 3284 3253 3227
.5311 .5391 .5379 .5429
Difference (2) over (1) (3) over (1) (4) over (1) Bacitracin ppm 0 5.5 11.0 27.6 Difference 5.5 over 0 11.0 over 0 27.6 over 0 Difference required for significance at the 5% level
85*** 66** 70** 1727a 1752 1793 1858 25 66** 131*** 43
107** 76* 50
.0080* .0069 .0118**
3177 3185 3243 3337
.5311 .5357 .5396 .5447
8 66 160*** 75
.0046 .0085* .0136*** .0080
Each value represents 24 pens of turkeys fed diets containing each level of bacitracin or each grade of bacitracin from zinc bacitracin. 'Significant at the 5% level; "Significant at the 1% level; ***Significant at the .1% level.
the percentage increase in body weight on age of the turkeys for each level of bacitracin are illustrated in Figure 3. Sources of Bacitracin. The source of bacitracin failed to affect the response obtained in body weight, feed consumption, or feed efficiency (Table 3). Pure zinc bacitracin increased body weight as much as equivalent amounts of zinc bacitracin from the crude or intermediate supplements. This observation indicates that zinc bacitracin is the active component, and the carriers of the zinc bacitracin in the crude and intermediate products are apparently inactive materials. Levels of Bacitracin. Responses in body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency from various amounts of bacitracin were not significantly different from a linear response. Body weights were increased 1.4, 3.8, and 7.6%; feed consumptions were increased .2, 2.1 and 5.0%; and feed efficiencies were increased .9, 1.6, and 2.6% from the addition of 5.5,
11.0, and 27.6 ppm bacitracin, respectively. Interactions. With the exception of two cases, no significant interactions were observed between or among the three factors under study on body weight, feed consumption, or feed efficiency at the end of the experiment. A bacitracin X corn fermentation solubles interaction in the body weight data was present (Figure 4). It is difficult to rationalize the cause for this interaction, and it is believed to be a chance occurrence. In addition, corn fermentation solubles depressed body weight (Figure 5) and feed consumption in the absence of bacitracin but increased these measurements in the presence of 27.6 ppm bacitracin in Experiment 3. However, this interaction was not repeated in Experiment 4.
DISCUSSION
Based on the analysis of five different samples of hydrolyzed feather meal, Matterson
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Variable factors
952
POTTER AND SHELTON
CFS,% - o
2.0
E X P T
IO 1U
CO
ST>
£
/
/
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
/
V
ODY 00
4
^--"
+ 3
^•1 -—•"' /
1.7
1A
*f
1
•
i
10 20 BACITRACIN, P.P.M.
I
30
FIG. 5. Body weights of turkeys fed diets varying in bacitracin and corn fermentation solubles (CFS) content from Experiments 3 and 4.
et al. ( 1 9 6 5 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t it contained 2 2 8 7 kcal M E / k g . Using values of 3 3 0 0 an 2 4 7 0 kcal/kg for g r o u n d yellow corn and dehulled soybean meal, respectively, 22 kcal/kg m o r e metabolizable energy would be present in t h e diets where 8.77% dehulled soybean meal was replaced b y 5.0% h y d r o l y z e d feather meal and 3.77% g r o u n d yellow corn. Because of t h e . 8 % increased energy c o n t e n t of diets containing h y d r o l y z e d feather meal in E x p e r i m e n t 2, feed efficiency was e x p e c t e d t o increase . 8 % . T h e observed increase of 1.9 ± . 6 % was n o t significantly different from t h a t e x p e c t e d . In t h e studies of Moran and S u m m e r s ( 1 9 6 8 ) , Morris a n d Balloun ( 1 9 7 3 a ) , and Balloun a n d Khajarern ( 1 9 7 4 ) , t h e addition of 5% feather meal t o diets of chickens caused a decrease in b o d y weight which was corrected by the addition of m e t h i o n i n e . No m e t h i o n i n e was a d d e d t o t h e basal diet of E x p e r i m e n t s 1 and 2 of this s t u d y . Based on o t h e r studies in o u r l a b o r a t o r y (Potter and Shelton, 1 9 7 6 ; Potter et al., 1 9 7 7 ) , t h e total sulfur a m i n o acid r e q u i r e m e n t of y o u n g t u r k e y s u n d e r eight weeks of age is p r o b a b l y between 1.0 and 1.1%. T h e basal diets used in E x p e r i m e n t s 1 and 2 contained b y calculation only .87 and . 9 1 % total sulfur a m i n o acids, respectively. F u r t h e r studies with h y d r o l y z e d feather meal and me-
This s t u d y was s u p p o r t e d in part by grantsin-aid from Clinton Corn Processing C o m p a n y , Clinton, Iowa, and from Commercial Solvents C o r p o r a t i o n , Terre H a u t e , Indiana. Vitamins were supplied by Agricultural Processing Corporation, Salem, Virginia; A b b o t t Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois; and Hoffmann L a R o che, Inc., Nutley, N e w Jersey. T h e assistance of Mr. L. G. Melton in p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e diets and in collection of d a t a is acknowledged. REFERENCES Balloun, S. L., and J. K. Khajarern, 1974. The effects of whey and yeast on digestibility of nutrients in feather meal. Poultry Sci. 53:1084-1095. Gerry, R. W., and J. R. Smyth, 1954. The value of feather meal in rations for poultry. Poultry Sci. 33:1089. Lillie, R. J., J. R. Sizemore, and C. A. Denton, 1956. Feather meal in chick nutrition. Poultry Sci. 35:316-318. Matterson, L. D., L. M. Potter, M. W. Stutz, and E. P. Singsen, 1965. The metabolizable energy of feed ingredients for chickens. University of Connecticut, Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. #7. Moran, E. T., Jr. and J. D. Summers, 1968. Keratins as sources of protein for the growing chick. 5. Practical application of feather and hog hair meals in broiler diets: Effects of growth, feed utilization and carcass quality. Poultry Sci. 47:940—945. Morris, W. C , and S. L. Balloun, 1973a. Effect of processing methods on utilization of feather meal by broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 52:858-866. Morris, W. C , and S. L. Balloun, 1973b. Evaluation of five differently processed feather meals by nitrogen retention, net protein values, xanthine dehydrogenase activity and chemical analysis. Poultry Sci. 52:1075-1084. Naber, E. C , and C. L. Morgan, 1956. Feather meal and poultry meat scrap in chick starting rations. Poultry Sci. 35:888-895. Pierson, E. E., 1976. Response from menhaden fish meal in diets of young turkeys. M. S. Thesis, V.P.I. and S. U. Potter, L. M., and J. R. Shelton, 1976. Protein, methionine, lysine and a fermentation residue as variables in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 55:1535-1543. Potter, L. M., and J. R. Shelton, 1978. Evidence of an unidentified growth factor in corn fermentation solubles for young turkeys. Nutr. Reps. Int. 17: Accepted for publication.
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EIGHT,
co'-
^ *
9
thionine are n e e d e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e availability of t h e sulfur a m i n o acids in h y d r o l y z e d feather meal. Zinc bacitracin p r o d u c e d increases in growth comparable t o those observed in o t h e r r e p o r t e d studies (Potter et al, 1971, 1 9 7 4 , 1 9 7 7 ; Pierson, 1 9 7 6 ) .
FEATHER MEAL AND ZINC BACITRACIN FOR TURKEYS Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton, and M. Kelly, 1971. Effects of zinc bacitracin, dried bakery product, different fish meals in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 50:1109-1115. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton, and L. G. Melton, 1974. Zinc bacitracin and added fat in diets of growing turkeys. Poultry Sci. 53:2072-2081. Potter, L. M., J. R. Shelton, and E. E. Pierson, 1977. Menhaden fish meal, dried fish solubles, methio-
953
nine and zinc bacitracin in diets of young turkeys. Poultry Sci. 56:1189-1200. Sullivan, T. W., and E. L. Stephenson, 1957. Effect of processing methods on the utilization of hydrolyzed poultry feathers by growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 36:361-365. Wessels, J. P. H., 1972. A study of the protein quality of d i f f e r e n t feather meals. Poultry Sci. 51:537-541. Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 15, 2015