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Comparison of Various Dietary Antibiotics for Turkey Poults1
COMPOSITION OF OVIDUCT androgens and oestrogens on birds. Vitamins and Hormones, 2: 361-408. Romanoff, A. L., and A. J. Romanoff, 1949. The Avian Egg. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. Schenck, E. G., 1932. II. Uber die Bildung der Proteine des Eies im Ovar und Eileiter der Huhnes. Z. Physiol. Chem. 211: 153-160. Schmidt, G., and S. J. Thannhauser, 1945. A method for the determination of desoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid and phosphoprotein in animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 161: 83-89. Schneider, W. C , 1945. Phosphorus compounds in animal tissues. 1. Extraction and estimation of desoxypentose nucleic acid and of pentose nucleic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 161: 293-303.
611
Schweigert, B. S., J. M. Mclntire, C. A. Elvehjem and F. M. Strong, 1944. The direct determination of valine and leucine in fresh animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 155: 183-191. Steele, B. F., H. E. Sauberlich, M. S. Reynolds and C. A. Bauman, 1949. Media for Leuconostoc mesenteriodes P-60 and Leuconostoc citrovorum 8081. J. Biol. Chem. 177: 533-544. Velardo, J. T., 1951. Effects of growth inhibitors on response of rat's uterus to estrogen. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 78: 872-874. Wood, T., 1956. Some applications of paper chromatography to the examination of meat extract. J. Sci. Food Agric. 7: 196-200.
P. E. WAIBEL, ELTON L. JOHNSON AND J. W. HASSING Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota(Received for publication August 27, 1959)
M
cGINNIS et al. (1958) called attention to the fact that obtaining a small growth response from the earlyantibiotics in use when antibiotic feeding began did not necessarily mean that larger responses were not obtainable from other antibiotics. Data were shown indicating that oleandomycin and erythromycin produced marked responses for turkey poults while responses to penicillin, streptomycin, and terramycin were considerably smaller. PROCEDURE Broad Breasted Bronze turkey poults were maintained in conventional electrically heated starting batteries containing raised wire mesh floors in four-week growth studies. At three weeks of age the 1 Published as Paper No. 4213, Scientific Journal Series, of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.
heating elements were removed to allow the turkeys more space. The room temperature was 72-76°F. Two experiments were conducted, each utilizing duplicate groups of seven males and seven females. The average results of both experiments are presented in Table 1. The percentage composition of the experimental diet follows: ground yellow corn, 33; soybean oil meal (dehulled), 46; bleachable fancy tallow (stabilized), 5; alfalfa meal (17% dehydrated), 3; fish solubles (100% equivalent, dried on SBM) 3; dried whole whey, 3; dicalcium phosphate, 3; calcium carbonate, 2.75; iodized salt, 0.6; trace mineral mixture* providing 60 ppm. manganese, 1.2 ppm. iodine, 20 ppm. iron, 2 ppm. copper, 20 ppm. zinc, and 0.2 ppm. cobalt, 0.1; vitamin A (5,000 I.U./gm.), 0.15; vitamin * Delamix containing 2% zinc. Limestone Products Corp. of America, Newton, New Jersey.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 18, 2015
Comparison of Various Dietary Antibiotics for Turkey Poults 1
612
P. E. WAIBEL, E. L. JOHNSON AND J. W. HASSING
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The levels of growth and livability of the birds in these experiments were excellent (Table 1). The statistical analysis (analysis of variance by Snedecor, 1956, and Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test, see Federer, 1955) allows one to conclude that erythromycin at 10, 20, and 50 gm./ton and SPS (containing 5/12 TABLE 1.—Effect
streptomycin sulfate, 2/12 procaine penicillin, and 5/12 sulfaquinoxaline) at 100 gm./ton improved the growth rate significantly over the basal group. In addition, erthyromycin at 50 gm./ton produced a significant increase in growth over that produced by procaine pencillin G (10 gm./ton) or arsanilic acid (60 gm./ton). In a non-statistical interpretation, it appeared that all antibiotics improved growth, although penicillin and arsanilic acid were not equal to the other antibiotics as evidenced by smaller growth responses. Erythromycin, SPS, oleandomycin, and chlortetracycline, each at the 10 gm./ton level, produced marked growth responses ranging from 8.1 to 10.5% over the basal ration. The higher levels of erythromycin and SPS (100 gm./ton) produced even greater growth responses than did the 10 gm./ton levels. The addition of SPS (50 gm./ton) or arsanilic acid (60 gm./ton) to erythromycin (10 gm./ton) resulted in some addi-
Miotics on performance of turkey poults of various antibiotics Four week weight data
v
Addition to basal
9 9
gm. 674
gm. 618
gm. 646
% —
1.69
% 2
710 733 793 798
657 695 675 690
684 714 734 744
5.8 10.5 13.6 15.2
1.70 1.64 1.66 1.65
5 4 4 2
748 735 731 791
649 647 652 675
698 691 692 733
8.1 7.0 7.0 13.4
1.72 1.67 1.65 1.64
4 5 2 2
10. As 1, combining treatments 3 and 8 11. As 1+60 gm./ton arsanilic acid 12. As 1, combining treatments 3 and 11
768 722 772
682 630 682
725 676 727
12.3 4.6 12.6
1.66 1.74 1.58
4 7 4
13. As 1 + 10 gm./ton chlortetracycline • HC1 14. As 1 + 10 gm./ton procaine penicillin G 15. As 1 + 10 gm./ton oleandomycin
726 685 732
674 655 676
700 670 704
8.3 3.7 8.9
1.69 1.73 1.69
11 4 5
1. None 2. 3. 4. 5.
A s l + 4 gm./ton erythromycin As 1 + 10 gm./ton erythromycin As 1+20 gm./ton erythromycin As 1+50 gm./ton erythromycin
6. 7. 8. 9.
As As As As
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
10 gm./ton 20 gm./ton 50 gm./ton 100 gm./ton
thiocyanate thiocyanate thiocyanate thiocyanate
SPS* SPS* SPS* SPS*
d" 9 av. Response
,, P . X Mortality
* SPS contains 5/12 streptomycin sulfate, 2/12 procaine penicillin, and 5/12 sulfaquinoxaline. Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) Multiple Range Test: 646,670,676,684,691,692,698,700, 704, 714, 725,727, 733, 734, 744
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 18, 2015
D (3,000 I.C.U./gm.), 0.05; vitamin E (rf-alpha tocopheryl acetate, 20,000 I.U. /lb.), 0.025; menadione sodium bisulfite63% (4gm./lb.), 0.0125; vitamin mixture containing 4 gm. riboflavin, 4 gm. calcium pantothenate, 24 gm. niacin, and 104 gm. choline chloride per pound, 0.05; choline chloride (25%), 0.10; vitamin B12 (20 mg./lb.), 0.05; and methionine hydroxy analog calcium (90%), 0.10. This ration calculated to contain 28.88% crude protein, 851 Calories of productive energy per pound (Fraps), and a Calorie/% protein ratio of 29.4.
613
ANTIBIOTICS I N P O U L T D I E T S
The most consistently used antibiotic in our experimental facilities has been procaine penicillin G. I n noting the tremendous responses obtainable by penicillin with turkeys in experiments b y others (for example, Branion and Hill, 1951), it is apparent t h a t under certain conditions penicillin is capable of remarkable growth promoting properties. I t is notable t h a t chlortetracycline at 10 gm. / t o n produced a substantial growth response comparable to t h a t of the new
antibiotics. This antibiotic was used sparingly in our laboratory in the year preceding these experiments. I n view of the altered responsiveness of certain antibiotics, it is worthy of consideration to question whether even the new antibiotics may suffer similar consequences after a period of continued use. Additional work is required to determine the plausibility of routinely switching antibiotics and determining the time to effectively re-use antibiotics. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study was partially supported b y grants-in-aid from A b b o t t Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois, and Merck and Company, Rahway, New Jersey. T h e assistance of Dr. Charles E. Gates, Station Statistician, is appreciated. REFERENCES Branion, H. D., and D. C. Hill, 1951. The comparative effects of antibiotics on the growth of poults. Poultry Sci. 30: 793-798. Federer, W. T., 1955. Experimental Design. Macmillan Co., New York. McGinnis, J., L. H. Merril, R. E. Fry and L. S. Jensen, 1958. Use-history of antibiotics as related to their efficacy in promoting growth of turkeys. Poultry Sci. 37: 810-813. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 587) NTA NOTES At the annual convention of the National Turkey Federation held in Minneapolis, January 5-7, the following officers were elected: President— C. N. Thurnbeck, Forest Lake, Minnesota; First Vice-President—C. Stout, Richmond, Missouri; Second Vice-President—M. Smith, Ellicott City, Maryland; Third Vice-President—R. McPherrin, Riverside, California; and Fourth Vice-President —R. Thompson, Ellsworth, Iowa.
The Executive Committee includes: W. Schwedler, Portland, Oregon; R. Higgins, Hot Springs, Arkansas; and W. D. Wampler, Harrisonburg, Virginia. The Executive Secretary-Treasurer is M. C. Small, Mount Morris, Illinois. H. I. Miller, Chief of the Poultry Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture, was made Honorary Life Member of the Federation. This honor is given to individuals, not directly connected with turkey production, who have rendered out-
{Continuedon page 630)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 18, 2015
tional growth improvement, b u t the resultant responses were not greater t h a n might have been expected on an additive basis, especially considering t h a t higher levels of erythromycin produced faster growth. While both males and females responded similarly to the antibiotic supplementation, it appeared t h a t larger responses were obtainable with the male turkeys. Three of the fourteen antibiotic treatments produced greater t h a n 1 7 % growth responses in the male turkeys. Considering the excellent general performance in this experiment, it is thought t h a t no serious disease stress was present to affect the turkeys. I t was somewhat surprising t h a t under these conditions antibiotics produced such excellent growth responses.
611
Schweigert, B. S., J. M. Mclntire, C. A. Elvehjem and F. M. Strong, 1944. The direct determination of valine and leucine in fresh animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 155: 183-191. Steele, B. F., H. E. Sauberlich, M. S. Reynolds and C. A. Bauman, 1949. Media for Leuconostoc mesenteriodes P-60 and Leuconostoc citrovorum 8081. J. Biol. Chem. 177: 533-544. Velardo, J. T., 1951. Effects of growth inhibitors on response of rat's uterus to estrogen. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 78: 872-874. Wood, T., 1956. Some applications of paper chromatography to the examination of meat extract. J. Sci. Food Agric. 7: 196-200.
P. E. WAIBEL, ELTON L. JOHNSON AND J. W. HASSING Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota(Received for publication August 27, 1959)
M
cGINNIS et al. (1958) called attention to the fact that obtaining a small growth response from the earlyantibiotics in use when antibiotic feeding began did not necessarily mean that larger responses were not obtainable from other antibiotics. Data were shown indicating that oleandomycin and erythromycin produced marked responses for turkey poults while responses to penicillin, streptomycin, and terramycin were considerably smaller. PROCEDURE Broad Breasted Bronze turkey poults were maintained in conventional electrically heated starting batteries containing raised wire mesh floors in four-week growth studies. At three weeks of age the 1 Published as Paper No. 4213, Scientific Journal Series, of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.
heating elements were removed to allow the turkeys more space. The room temperature was 72-76°F. Two experiments were conducted, each utilizing duplicate groups of seven males and seven females. The average results of both experiments are presented in Table 1. The percentage composition of the experimental diet follows: ground yellow corn, 33; soybean oil meal (dehulled), 46; bleachable fancy tallow (stabilized), 5; alfalfa meal (17% dehydrated), 3; fish solubles (100% equivalent, dried on SBM) 3; dried whole whey, 3; dicalcium phosphate, 3; calcium carbonate, 2.75; iodized salt, 0.6; trace mineral mixture* providing 60 ppm. manganese, 1.2 ppm. iodine, 20 ppm. iron, 2 ppm. copper, 20 ppm. zinc, and 0.2 ppm. cobalt, 0.1; vitamin A (5,000 I.U./gm.), 0.15; vitamin * Delamix containing 2% zinc. Limestone Products Corp. of America, Newton, New Jersey.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 18, 2015
Comparison of Various Dietary Antibiotics for Turkey Poults 1
612
P. E. WAIBEL, E. L. JOHNSON AND J. W. HASSING
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The levels of growth and livability of the birds in these experiments were excellent (Table 1). The statistical analysis (analysis of variance by Snedecor, 1956, and Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test, see Federer, 1955) allows one to conclude that erythromycin at 10, 20, and 50 gm./ton and SPS (containing 5/12 TABLE 1.—Effect
streptomycin sulfate, 2/12 procaine penicillin, and 5/12 sulfaquinoxaline) at 100 gm./ton improved the growth rate significantly over the basal group. In addition, erthyromycin at 50 gm./ton produced a significant increase in growth over that produced by procaine pencillin G (10 gm./ton) or arsanilic acid (60 gm./ton). In a non-statistical interpretation, it appeared that all antibiotics improved growth, although penicillin and arsanilic acid were not equal to the other antibiotics as evidenced by smaller growth responses. Erythromycin, SPS, oleandomycin, and chlortetracycline, each at the 10 gm./ton level, produced marked growth responses ranging from 8.1 to 10.5% over the basal ration. The higher levels of erythromycin and SPS (100 gm./ton) produced even greater growth responses than did the 10 gm./ton levels. The addition of SPS (50 gm./ton) or arsanilic acid (60 gm./ton) to erythromycin (10 gm./ton) resulted in some addi-
Miotics on performance of turkey poults of various antibiotics Four week weight data
v
Addition to basal
9 9
gm. 674
gm. 618
gm. 646
% —
1.69
% 2
710 733 793 798
657 695 675 690
684 714 734 744
5.8 10.5 13.6 15.2
1.70 1.64 1.66 1.65
5 4 4 2
748 735 731 791
649 647 652 675
698 691 692 733
8.1 7.0 7.0 13.4
1.72 1.67 1.65 1.64
4 5 2 2
10. As 1, combining treatments 3 and 8 11. As 1+60 gm./ton arsanilic acid 12. As 1, combining treatments 3 and 11
768 722 772
682 630 682
725 676 727
12.3 4.6 12.6
1.66 1.74 1.58
4 7 4
13. As 1 + 10 gm./ton chlortetracycline • HC1 14. As 1 + 10 gm./ton procaine penicillin G 15. As 1 + 10 gm./ton oleandomycin
726 685 732
674 655 676
700 670 704
8.3 3.7 8.9
1.69 1.73 1.69
11 4 5
1. None 2. 3. 4. 5.
A s l + 4 gm./ton erythromycin As 1 + 10 gm./ton erythromycin As 1+20 gm./ton erythromycin As 1+50 gm./ton erythromycin
6. 7. 8. 9.
As As As As
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
10 gm./ton 20 gm./ton 50 gm./ton 100 gm./ton
thiocyanate thiocyanate thiocyanate thiocyanate
SPS* SPS* SPS* SPS*
d" 9 av. Response
,, P . X Mortality
* SPS contains 5/12 streptomycin sulfate, 2/12 procaine penicillin, and 5/12 sulfaquinoxaline. Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) Multiple Range Test: 646,670,676,684,691,692,698,700, 704, 714, 725,727, 733, 734, 744
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 18, 2015
D (3,000 I.C.U./gm.), 0.05; vitamin E (rf-alpha tocopheryl acetate, 20,000 I.U. /lb.), 0.025; menadione sodium bisulfite63% (4gm./lb.), 0.0125; vitamin mixture containing 4 gm. riboflavin, 4 gm. calcium pantothenate, 24 gm. niacin, and 104 gm. choline chloride per pound, 0.05; choline chloride (25%), 0.10; vitamin B12 (20 mg./lb.), 0.05; and methionine hydroxy analog calcium (90%), 0.10. This ration calculated to contain 28.88% crude protein, 851 Calories of productive energy per pound (Fraps), and a Calorie/% protein ratio of 29.4.
613
ANTIBIOTICS I N P O U L T D I E T S
The most consistently used antibiotic in our experimental facilities has been procaine penicillin G. I n noting the tremendous responses obtainable by penicillin with turkeys in experiments b y others (for example, Branion and Hill, 1951), it is apparent t h a t under certain conditions penicillin is capable of remarkable growth promoting properties. I t is notable t h a t chlortetracycline at 10 gm. / t o n produced a substantial growth response comparable to t h a t of the new
antibiotics. This antibiotic was used sparingly in our laboratory in the year preceding these experiments. I n view of the altered responsiveness of certain antibiotics, it is worthy of consideration to question whether even the new antibiotics may suffer similar consequences after a period of continued use. Additional work is required to determine the plausibility of routinely switching antibiotics and determining the time to effectively re-use antibiotics. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This study was partially supported b y grants-in-aid from A b b o t t Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois, and Merck and Company, Rahway, New Jersey. T h e assistance of Dr. Charles E. Gates, Station Statistician, is appreciated. REFERENCES Branion, H. D., and D. C. Hill, 1951. The comparative effects of antibiotics on the growth of poults. Poultry Sci. 30: 793-798. Federer, W. T., 1955. Experimental Design. Macmillan Co., New York. McGinnis, J., L. H. Merril, R. E. Fry and L. S. Jensen, 1958. Use-history of antibiotics as related to their efficacy in promoting growth of turkeys. Poultry Sci. 37: 810-813. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 587) NTA NOTES At the annual convention of the National Turkey Federation held in Minneapolis, January 5-7, the following officers were elected: President— C. N. Thurnbeck, Forest Lake, Minnesota; First Vice-President—C. Stout, Richmond, Missouri; Second Vice-President—M. Smith, Ellicott City, Maryland; Third Vice-President—R. McPherrin, Riverside, California; and Fourth Vice-President —R. Thompson, Ellsworth, Iowa.
The Executive Committee includes: W. Schwedler, Portland, Oregon; R. Higgins, Hot Springs, Arkansas; and W. D. Wampler, Harrisonburg, Virginia. The Executive Secretary-Treasurer is M. C. Small, Mount Morris, Illinois. H. I. Miller, Chief of the Poultry Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture, was made Honorary Life Member of the Federation. This honor is given to individuals, not directly connected with turkey production, who have rendered out-
{Continuedon page 630)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 18, 2015
tional growth improvement, b u t the resultant responses were not greater t h a n might have been expected on an additive basis, especially considering t h a t higher levels of erythromycin produced faster growth. While both males and females responded similarly to the antibiotic supplementation, it appeared t h a t larger responses were obtainable with the male turkeys. Three of the fourteen antibiotic treatments produced greater t h a n 1 7 % growth responses in the male turkeys. Considering the excellent general performance in this experiment, it is thought t h a t no serious disease stress was present to affect the turkeys. I t was somewhat surprising t h a t under these conditions antibiotics produced such excellent growth responses.