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Dietary Interactions Between Zn, Mn and Cu for Turkey Poults1
1686
R. J. MOYE, JR., K. W. WASHBURN AND T. M. HUSTON
These results demonstrate that the increase in packed erythrocyte volume is due to both an increase in erythrocyte numbers and an increase in mean cell volume at the colder temperature. SUMMARY
Dietary Interactions Between Zn, Mn and Cu for Turkey Poults1 PRAN VOHRA AND JULIANNA R. HEIL Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (Received for publication May 12, 1969)
T
HE antagonism between Zn and Cu for animals has been well documented (Vohra et al., 1968), but most of these studies involved a high level of Zn. The antagonistic behavior of low levels of dietary Zn (up to 300 p.p.m.) on the low levels of dietary Cu (less than 1-25 p.p.m.) has been reviewed by Hill (1968). The role of high levels of EDTA along 1 Supported by Public Health Service Grant No. AM-5334-7.
with the high levels of Zn and Cu on the mineral content of various tissues has also been studied (Vohra et al., 1968). No information is available between Zn and Mn interactions. The present investigation attempts to study the dietary interactions between supplementary levels of Zn, Mn and Cu (ISO p.p.m., each), singly or in combination with each other, and 191 p.p.m. of EDTANa2 • 2H 2 0 on the growth, bone ash, Ca
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Florida International University on June 2, 2015
A study was conducted to determine the effects of temperature on various hematological parameters, i.e., packed erythrocyte volume, erythrocyte count, and mean cell volume. In the 8°C. temperature, an increase over the 30°C. temperature was noted in all of the hematological parameters. The increase in packed erythrocyte volume was found to be due to increase in both erythrocyte counts and mean cell volume. When two groups, one from each temperature, were exchanged, a reversing of the effect produced by their original temperature environment was observed.
REFERENCES Dixon, J. M., and R. J. Torbert, 1958. Posthatching changes in the hemoglobin and erythrocytes of the chick. Poultry Sci. 37: 1198-1199. Huston, T. M., 1960. The influence of high environmental temperatures upon blood constituents and thyroid activity of domestic fowl. Poultry Sci. 39: 1260. Huston, T. M., 1965. The influence of different environmental temperatures on immature fowl. Poultry Sci. 44: 1032-1036. Olson, C , 1937. Variations in the cells and hemoglobin content in the blood of the normal domestic fowl. Cornell Vet. 27: 235. Subbas, T., and T. M. Huston, 1969. The influence of environmental temperature on the plasma levels of gonadotrophins in maturing female fowl. (In press). Washburn, K. W., and T. M. Huston, 1968. Effect of environmental temperature on iron deficiency anemia in Athens-Canadian randombred. Poultry Sci. 47: 1532-1535. Winter, A. R., 1935. Influence of egg production on hemoglobin content of chickens blood. Poultry Sci. 14: 316.
1687
ZN, M N AND CU INTERACTIONS
and P; tibia and liver Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe contents.
TABLE 1.—The composition of Zn and Mn-deficienl basal diet gm./kg.
Ingredients EXPERIMENTAL
Isolated soy protein Cellulose powder2 CaHPO<-2H 2 0 CaCO s Vitamin mix3 DL-Methionine Choline chloride (50%)" Soybean oil Mineral mix5 Starch
330.0 50.0 30.0 25.0 10.0 4.5 5.0 35.0 22.8 487.7
1 Assay Protein C-l (Skidmore Enterprises, Cincinnati, Ohio). 2 Solka Floe, Brown Company, New Hampshire. 3 Supplied the following: (in mg.) riboflavin, 10; thiamine HCl, 10; pyridoxine HCl, 10; Ca pantothenate, 30; niacin, 120; folic acid, 5; menadione, 10; biotin, 0.4; (in gm.) BHT, 1; inositol, 1; vitamin A, 5,000 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 4,500 I.C.U.; vitamin E, 88 I.U.; vitamin B12, 10 Mg. 4 50% in wheat middling carrier. 6 Supplied the following minerals: (in gm.) NaCl (uniodized), 9.9: FeS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.644; cobalt acetate tetrahydrate, 0.02; Kl, 0.009; A12(S04)3- 18H 2 0, 0.25; MgSCv7H 2 0, 3.97; KC1, 2.97; K 2 HP0 4 , 4.95; Na 2 Mo0 4 -2H 2 0, 0.009.
wet-digestion procedure (Allan, 1961) and the solutions were analyzed for Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin-Elmer, 1966). In general, the samples were analyzed in duplicates from each group and the data were analyzed for any statistical significance by the method of Duncan (1955). The average values ± the standard error of the mean for any determination is given in the Tables and the statistical significance is indicated by different letters after these values. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis of the test diets for Ca, P, Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe is given in Table 2 to indicate the variations in the mineral contents. The mineral salts were ground very fine, but difficulty was experienced in obtaining a perfectly uniform content of minerals in mixed feeds as is indicated by the data. The basal diet was deficient in Zn and Mn but not in Cu and Fe. It is very difficult to reduce the levels of these two
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Florida International University on June 2, 2015
The composition of the purified diet used in this study is given in Table 1 and it contained the old type of isolated soybean protein which is no longer available. The required levels of Zn, Mn and Cu for growing poults are 77, 55, and 6 p.p.m., respectively, according to the N.R.C. (1966). The basal diet was analyzed to contain the following levels of these elements: Zn, 16.0 ± 0.5 p.p.m.; Mn, 8.7 ± 0.7 p.p.m.; and Cu, 7.5 ± 0.02 p.p.m. It was deficient in Zn and Mn but not in Cu. This diet was supplemented with either ZnO, or MnS0 4 -H 2 0 or CuSCV5H 2 0, singly, or in combination with each other to provide 150 p.p.m. of the required element. The addition of EDTA-Na2 • 2H 2 0 was made at a level of 191 p.p.m. when needed. Day-old Broad Breasted Bronze turkey poults were fed a stock mash for 3 days and then purified basal diet for 2 days to let the birds get used to the diet before wing-banding and weighing. The poults were divided into groups of an approximately equal weight, each containing ten poults. These were housed in an electrically heated battery containing stainless steel cages, feeders and waterers. Each of the test diets was fed to two groups of poults randomly distributed in the battery cages. Feed and water was available all the time. The poults were weighed individually at the end of the experimental period of 21 days before killing them by the use of chloroform. The liver and the left tibia from half the poults in each group were collected for determination of the mineral contents. The ash, Ca and P contents of tibia were determined by A.O.A.C. method (1960). The ash was dissolved in dilute HCl. The pooled samples of liver were subjected to
1
1688
P . VOHRA AND J . R. HEIL TABLE 2.—The mineral content of various diets1,1 mg./kg. feed Ca,% 1.89 + 1.83 + 2.13 + 2.30 + 1.79 + 2.29 + 2.07 + 2.42 + 2.59 +
0.05 0.10 0.17 0.19 0.00 0.26 0.10 0.18 0.10
2.18 + 0.06
1.0 + 1.0 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 0.9 + 1.1 + 0.9 + 1.0 + 1.0 +
0.01 0.04 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.05
0.9 + 0.02
Cu
Mn
Zn
Fe
16.0 + 0.5 174 + 1 . 5 169 + 1 . 4 163 + 3 . 6 18.6 + 0.9 18.4+1.0 28.9 + 7.6 168 + 2 . 7 19.3 + 1.1
8.7+ 0.70 7.4+ 0.02 161 +18 8.6+ 0.70 133 +14 158 +15 8.6+ 0.70 163 +17 11.0+ 0.70
7.5+ 0.02 7.4+ 0.01 7.5+ 0.02 226 +86 7.2+ 0.20 173 +42 166 +77 175 +56 7.3+ 0.60
201 + 24 174 + 16 158 + 20 224+18 193 + 15 226 + 63 196 + 14 193+ 7 177 + 11
173
130
199
165 + 15
±1.3
+ 7
+44
1
Each of the minerals was added at a level of 150 p.p.m. and EDTA-Na 2 • 2H 2 0 was added at a level of 191 p.p.m. 2 The average value + standard error of the mean is given in this table for 4 determinations.
elements unless the protein source is washed with EDTA. The addition of Cu and Mn, singly or together, did not improve the gain in body weight of the poults because the diet was still deficient in Zn (Table 3). However, the addition of EDTA to this basal diet significantly improved the growth rate, possibly by improving the availability of Zn already present in this diet. The addition of 150 p.p.m. Zn to the basal diet improved the gain in body weight significantly, and it was not further improved by the additions of Mn or Cu. The maximum gain in body weight was obtained by the addition of a combination of Zn, Mn, Cu and EDTA but the value was statistically of the same order as obtained by the addition of zinc alone. Also, a combination of Zn and Mn was needed for the prevention of perosis. The presence of Zn is also essential for optimal survival. There was no statistically significant difference in the ash or Ca content of tibia (Table 3). The highest P in the tibia was obtained by the supplementation of the basal diet with Cu, or Cu plus Mn when the poults were growing very poorly but the differences were not significant statistically. As the growth of the poults improved,
the P content of tibia tended to decrease. The Zn content of the tibia was only increased by a dietary supplementation with Zn and was not significantly influenced by the addition of either Mn, Cu or EDTA. The differences in the Cu content of tibia in presence and absence of supplementary Cu were non significant. An addition of dietary Mn tended to increase the tibia Mn significantly, and the maximum value was reached when EDTA was also present. None of the dietary treatments had a significant effect on the Fe content of the tibia. In contrast to the tibia, the Zn content of the liver is not affected by an addition of Zn to the diet (Table 4). This observation agrees with the findings of Savage et al. (1946) on chicks. The range of the determined values was extremely wide in case of Zn and Fe contents, and even though the average values show big differences, these differences were non significant. The Cu and Mn contents of liver were significantly increased by the presence of these elements in the diet in absence of Zn. The increase in Cu was much higher (ten-fold) than of Mn (two-fold). With an addition of Zn (150 p.p.m.) to the diet, the Cu content of the liver was reduced to the normal
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Florida International University on June 2, 2015
Basal +Zn +Zn+Mn +Zn+Cu +Mn +Mn+Cu +Cu +Cu+Zn+Mn +EDTA +Cu+Zn+Mn+ EDTA
P,%
49.3 + 5.8 a 178.8 + 5.5 b 5.8 + 2.0 a 7.0 + 0.8 a
45.0 + 0.1 a 43.6 + 0.0 a
17.1 + 0.1 a 16.3 + 0.5 a
8.3 + 0.06Jc 8 . 0 ± 0.07abc
50.9 + 2.2 a 187.6 + 1.1 b
4.5 + 0.8 a 4.2 + 0.8 a
5.6 + 1.3 ab 3.9 + 0.1 a
94.7 + 11.1 a 78.6+ 3.1 a
Basal +Zn
Basal +Zn
Basal +Zn
Basal +Zn
Basal +Zn
Basal +Zn
Basal +Zn
Tibia Ash,
Tibia Ca,
Tibia P, /c
Tibia Zn, mg./kg.
Tibia Cu, mg./kg.
Tibia Mn, mg./kg.
Tibia Fe, mg./kg.
2
1
93.1 + 5.6 a 76.3 + 3.2 a
5.5 + 0.4 ab 3.9 + 0.1 a
8.5 + 0.1 c 8.1 + 0.08abc
16.9 + 0.04a 17.8 + 0.7 a
45.0 + 1.0 a 43.1 + 0.7 a
12 20
The parentheses indicate the level of significance of the values. Single group values only.
%
%
13 20
Basal +Zn
a b
Survived 20 started
1.3 0.8
86+10 301 ±12
0.8 0.8
a b
Basal +Zn
+21 +11
Perosis
128 293
Basal +Zn
Cu
Body weight gain, gm.
None
Dietary treatment
Determination
8.4 + 3 3.4 + 0. 9.1 + 1. 9 . 6 ± 1. 83.6± 0 97.4 + 6
3.3 2 4 . 0 + 0.7 a (P<0.05) 9.4 2 9.1+ 0.2 be (P<0.01) 87.7 2 87.8+ 9.0 a (P<0.05)
8 . 9 ± 0. 7.7 + 0.
8.42 7.8+ O.OOSabc (P<0.01) 46.7 + 0. 179.7 + 1.
17.3 + 0. 21.2 + 4.
17.02 17.6+ 0.4 a (P<0.05)
46.3 2 192.0+ 0.2 b (P<0.01)
45.7 + 0. 42.3 + 1.
45.1' 2 42.9+ 0.3 a (P<0.05)
±16 +22
9 19
1.0 0.0
121 300
Cu, M
12 19
0.5 0.0
106 +11 a 299 +13 b (P = 0.01)>
Mn
Dietary supplement
TABLE 3.—The effect of dietary interactions between Zn, Cu, Mn and EDTA on the gain poults and the mineral content of tibia. The basal diet is deficient in Zn
om http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Florida International University on June 2, 2015
1690
P . VOHRA AND J. R. HEIL
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SUMMARY The growth of turkey poults is significantly improved by an addition of Zn and not Mn to a Zn and Mn-deficient purified diet. The bone ash was not affected by any of the treatments and neither was the Cu and Fe contents of the tibia. Zn was increased 4-fold and Mn only 2-fold in the tibia of poults by the supplementation of the deficient diet with Zn and Mn, respectively. Mn and Cu contents of the liver were significantly increased by the inclusion of supplementary Mn and Cu in the diet. The supplementary Zn had no effect on the Zn content of the liver. An antagonistic effect of Zn on storage of Cu, and of Zn and Cu on the accumulation of Mn in the liver was observed.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Florida International University on June 2, 2015
values but not the Mn content. A combination of Zn and Cu was needed to reduce the Mn content of liver to any significant extent. EDTA at this low level had no significant influence on the mineral content of the liver. An antagonism between Zn and Cu as reported by Hill and Matrone (1962) is confirmed in this study even at this low level of Zn (ISO p.p.m.) as is evidenced from the data on liver. The dietary Cu (ISO p.p.m.) did not reduce the Zn content but an addition of Zn to the diet reduced the Cu content of the liver. No direct antagonism between Zn and Mn was observed but a combination of Zn and Cu did reduce an increase in the deposition of Mn in the liver due to a dietary excess of this element. A deficiency of Zn is far more severe than of Mn because the growth of the poults was markedly improved by the addition of Zn to a Mn-deficient diet but not by the addition of Mn to a Zn-deficient diet. Zn and Mn are needed at the same time for prevention of perosis.
ZN, M N AND CU INTERACTIONS
N.R.C., 1966. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals No. 1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Acad, of Sciences—National Research Council Publication 1345, Washington, D.C. Perkin-Elmer, 1966. No. 990-9341, Supplement to Analytical Methods for Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Perkin-Elmer Corp., Norwalk, Conn. Savage, J. E., J. M. Yohe, E. E. Pickett and B. L. O'Dell, 1964. Zinc metabolism in the growing chick. Tissue concentrations and effect of phytate on absorption. Poultry Sci: 43 : 420-426. Vohra, P., G. D. Gottfredson and F. H. Kratzer, 1968. The effects of high levels of dietary EDTA, zinc or copper on the mineral contents of some tissues of turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 47: 1334-1343.
Changes in Relative Aggressiveness of Lines Selected for Part-Record Egg Production Under Floor Housing R. FEANKHAM 1 AND G. M. WEISS Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Station, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada (Received for publication May 12, 1969)
INTRODUCTION NDER floor housing a bird's position in the peck order, and her aggressiveness are correlated with her egg production (Sanctuary, 1932; Guhl, 1953; McBride, 1958, 1964). This effect is most probably related to her ability to freely obtain food and water. McBride (1958) suggested that selection for egg production under floor housing would lead to an increase in relative aggressiveness. The experiments described in this paper were designed to determine whether the relative aggressiveness of two lines of White Leghorn poultry selected for increased
U
1 Present address: Department of Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637.
part-record egg production under floor housing had changed relative to that in their unselected base population. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The lines of White Leghorns used were S275, S% and O.C.S. (the Ottawa Control strain of Gowe et al., 1959). S275 originated in 1955 from a sample of O.C.S. and has been selected for number of eggs from housing (147 to 156 days of age) till 275 days of age. S% was split from S275 in 1963 and has been selected since then for percent production from age at first egg to 275 days of age. The selection lines have both been maintained using 20 sires and 160 to 200 dams per generation and the control strain using about 40 sires and 200
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REFERENCES Allan, J. E., 1961. The determination of zinc in agricultural materials by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Analyst, 86: 530-534. A.O.A.C., 1960. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D.C. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Hill, C. H., 1968. A concept of chemical parameters in the biological interaction of trace elements. Proc. 1968 Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers, Ithaca, N.Y., pp. 5056. Hill, C. H., and G. Matrone, 1962. A study of copper and zinc interrelationships. XHth World's Poultry Congress, Australia, pp. 219-222.
1691
R. J. MOYE, JR., K. W. WASHBURN AND T. M. HUSTON
These results demonstrate that the increase in packed erythrocyte volume is due to both an increase in erythrocyte numbers and an increase in mean cell volume at the colder temperature. SUMMARY
Dietary Interactions Between Zn, Mn and Cu for Turkey Poults1 PRAN VOHRA AND JULIANNA R. HEIL Department of Poultry Husbandry, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (Received for publication May 12, 1969)
T
HE antagonism between Zn and Cu for animals has been well documented (Vohra et al., 1968), but most of these studies involved a high level of Zn. The antagonistic behavior of low levels of dietary Zn (up to 300 p.p.m.) on the low levels of dietary Cu (less than 1-25 p.p.m.) has been reviewed by Hill (1968). The role of high levels of EDTA along 1 Supported by Public Health Service Grant No. AM-5334-7.
with the high levels of Zn and Cu on the mineral content of various tissues has also been studied (Vohra et al., 1968). No information is available between Zn and Mn interactions. The present investigation attempts to study the dietary interactions between supplementary levels of Zn, Mn and Cu (ISO p.p.m., each), singly or in combination with each other, and 191 p.p.m. of EDTANa2 • 2H 2 0 on the growth, bone ash, Ca
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Florida International University on June 2, 2015
A study was conducted to determine the effects of temperature on various hematological parameters, i.e., packed erythrocyte volume, erythrocyte count, and mean cell volume. In the 8°C. temperature, an increase over the 30°C. temperature was noted in all of the hematological parameters. The increase in packed erythrocyte volume was found to be due to increase in both erythrocyte counts and mean cell volume. When two groups, one from each temperature, were exchanged, a reversing of the effect produced by their original temperature environment was observed.
REFERENCES Dixon, J. M., and R. J. Torbert, 1958. Posthatching changes in the hemoglobin and erythrocytes of the chick. Poultry Sci. 37: 1198-1199. Huston, T. M., 1960. The influence of high environmental temperatures upon blood constituents and thyroid activity of domestic fowl. Poultry Sci. 39: 1260. Huston, T. M., 1965. The influence of different environmental temperatures on immature fowl. Poultry Sci. 44: 1032-1036. Olson, C , 1937. Variations in the cells and hemoglobin content in the blood of the normal domestic fowl. Cornell Vet. 27: 235. Subbas, T., and T. M. Huston, 1969. The influence of environmental temperature on the plasma levels of gonadotrophins in maturing female fowl. (In press). Washburn, K. W., and T. M. Huston, 1968. Effect of environmental temperature on iron deficiency anemia in Athens-Canadian randombred. Poultry Sci. 47: 1532-1535. Winter, A. R., 1935. Influence of egg production on hemoglobin content of chickens blood. Poultry Sci. 14: 316.
1687
ZN, M N AND CU INTERACTIONS
and P; tibia and liver Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe contents.
TABLE 1.—The composition of Zn and Mn-deficienl basal diet gm./kg.
Ingredients EXPERIMENTAL
Isolated soy protein Cellulose powder2 CaHPO<-2H 2 0 CaCO s Vitamin mix3 DL-Methionine Choline chloride (50%)" Soybean oil Mineral mix5 Starch
330.0 50.0 30.0 25.0 10.0 4.5 5.0 35.0 22.8 487.7
1 Assay Protein C-l (Skidmore Enterprises, Cincinnati, Ohio). 2 Solka Floe, Brown Company, New Hampshire. 3 Supplied the following: (in mg.) riboflavin, 10; thiamine HCl, 10; pyridoxine HCl, 10; Ca pantothenate, 30; niacin, 120; folic acid, 5; menadione, 10; biotin, 0.4; (in gm.) BHT, 1; inositol, 1; vitamin A, 5,000 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 4,500 I.C.U.; vitamin E, 88 I.U.; vitamin B12, 10 Mg. 4 50% in wheat middling carrier. 6 Supplied the following minerals: (in gm.) NaCl (uniodized), 9.9: FeS0 4 -7H 2 0, 0.644; cobalt acetate tetrahydrate, 0.02; Kl, 0.009; A12(S04)3- 18H 2 0, 0.25; MgSCv7H 2 0, 3.97; KC1, 2.97; K 2 HP0 4 , 4.95; Na 2 Mo0 4 -2H 2 0, 0.009.
wet-digestion procedure (Allan, 1961) and the solutions were analyzed for Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Perkin-Elmer, 1966). In general, the samples were analyzed in duplicates from each group and the data were analyzed for any statistical significance by the method of Duncan (1955). The average values ± the standard error of the mean for any determination is given in the Tables and the statistical significance is indicated by different letters after these values. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The analysis of the test diets for Ca, P, Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe is given in Table 2 to indicate the variations in the mineral contents. The mineral salts were ground very fine, but difficulty was experienced in obtaining a perfectly uniform content of minerals in mixed feeds as is indicated by the data. The basal diet was deficient in Zn and Mn but not in Cu and Fe. It is very difficult to reduce the levels of these two
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Florida International University on June 2, 2015
The composition of the purified diet used in this study is given in Table 1 and it contained the old type of isolated soybean protein which is no longer available. The required levels of Zn, Mn and Cu for growing poults are 77, 55, and 6 p.p.m., respectively, according to the N.R.C. (1966). The basal diet was analyzed to contain the following levels of these elements: Zn, 16.0 ± 0.5 p.p.m.; Mn, 8.7 ± 0.7 p.p.m.; and Cu, 7.5 ± 0.02 p.p.m. It was deficient in Zn and Mn but not in Cu. This diet was supplemented with either ZnO, or MnS0 4 -H 2 0 or CuSCV5H 2 0, singly, or in combination with each other to provide 150 p.p.m. of the required element. The addition of EDTA-Na2 • 2H 2 0 was made at a level of 191 p.p.m. when needed. Day-old Broad Breasted Bronze turkey poults were fed a stock mash for 3 days and then purified basal diet for 2 days to let the birds get used to the diet before wing-banding and weighing. The poults were divided into groups of an approximately equal weight, each containing ten poults. These were housed in an electrically heated battery containing stainless steel cages, feeders and waterers. Each of the test diets was fed to two groups of poults randomly distributed in the battery cages. Feed and water was available all the time. The poults were weighed individually at the end of the experimental period of 21 days before killing them by the use of chloroform. The liver and the left tibia from half the poults in each group were collected for determination of the mineral contents. The ash, Ca and P contents of tibia were determined by A.O.A.C. method (1960). The ash was dissolved in dilute HCl. The pooled samples of liver were subjected to
1
1688
P . VOHRA AND J . R. HEIL TABLE 2.—The mineral content of various diets1,1 mg./kg. feed Ca,% 1.89 + 1.83 + 2.13 + 2.30 + 1.79 + 2.29 + 2.07 + 2.42 + 2.59 +
0.05 0.10 0.17 0.19 0.00 0.26 0.10 0.18 0.10
2.18 + 0.06
1.0 + 1.0 + 1.1 + 1.1 + 0.9 + 1.1 + 0.9 + 1.0 + 1.0 +
0.01 0.04 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.05
0.9 + 0.02
Cu
Mn
Zn
Fe
16.0 + 0.5 174 + 1 . 5 169 + 1 . 4 163 + 3 . 6 18.6 + 0.9 18.4+1.0 28.9 + 7.6 168 + 2 . 7 19.3 + 1.1
8.7+ 0.70 7.4+ 0.02 161 +18 8.6+ 0.70 133 +14 158 +15 8.6+ 0.70 163 +17 11.0+ 0.70
7.5+ 0.02 7.4+ 0.01 7.5+ 0.02 226 +86 7.2+ 0.20 173 +42 166 +77 175 +56 7.3+ 0.60
201 + 24 174 + 16 158 + 20 224+18 193 + 15 226 + 63 196 + 14 193+ 7 177 + 11
173
130
199
165 + 15
±1.3
+ 7
+44
1
Each of the minerals was added at a level of 150 p.p.m. and EDTA-Na 2 • 2H 2 0 was added at a level of 191 p.p.m. 2 The average value + standard error of the mean is given in this table for 4 determinations.
elements unless the protein source is washed with EDTA. The addition of Cu and Mn, singly or together, did not improve the gain in body weight of the poults because the diet was still deficient in Zn (Table 3). However, the addition of EDTA to this basal diet significantly improved the growth rate, possibly by improving the availability of Zn already present in this diet. The addition of 150 p.p.m. Zn to the basal diet improved the gain in body weight significantly, and it was not further improved by the additions of Mn or Cu. The maximum gain in body weight was obtained by the addition of a combination of Zn, Mn, Cu and EDTA but the value was statistically of the same order as obtained by the addition of zinc alone. Also, a combination of Zn and Mn was needed for the prevention of perosis. The presence of Zn is also essential for optimal survival. There was no statistically significant difference in the ash or Ca content of tibia (Table 3). The highest P in the tibia was obtained by the supplementation of the basal diet with Cu, or Cu plus Mn when the poults were growing very poorly but the differences were not significant statistically. As the growth of the poults improved,
the P content of tibia tended to decrease. The Zn content of the tibia was only increased by a dietary supplementation with Zn and was not significantly influenced by the addition of either Mn, Cu or EDTA. The differences in the Cu content of tibia in presence and absence of supplementary Cu were non significant. An addition of dietary Mn tended to increase the tibia Mn significantly, and the maximum value was reached when EDTA was also present. None of the dietary treatments had a significant effect on the Fe content of the tibia. In contrast to the tibia, the Zn content of the liver is not affected by an addition of Zn to the diet (Table 4). This observation agrees with the findings of Savage et al. (1946) on chicks. The range of the determined values was extremely wide in case of Zn and Fe contents, and even though the average values show big differences, these differences were non significant. The Cu and Mn contents of liver were significantly increased by the presence of these elements in the diet in absence of Zn. The increase in Cu was much higher (ten-fold) than of Mn (two-fold). With an addition of Zn (150 p.p.m.) to the diet, the Cu content of the liver was reduced to the normal
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Basal +Zn +Zn+Mn +Zn+Cu +Mn +Mn+Cu +Cu +Cu+Zn+Mn +EDTA +Cu+Zn+Mn+ EDTA
P,%
49.3 + 5.8 a 178.8 + 5.5 b 5.8 + 2.0 a 7.0 + 0.8 a
45.0 + 0.1 a 43.6 + 0.0 a
17.1 + 0.1 a 16.3 + 0.5 a
8.3 + 0.06Jc 8 . 0 ± 0.07abc
50.9 + 2.2 a 187.6 + 1.1 b
4.5 + 0.8 a 4.2 + 0.8 a
5.6 + 1.3 ab 3.9 + 0.1 a
94.7 + 11.1 a 78.6+ 3.1 a
Basal +Zn
Basal +Zn
Basal +Zn
Basal +Zn
Basal +Zn
Basal +Zn
Basal +Zn
Tibia Ash,
Tibia Ca,
Tibia P, /c
Tibia Zn, mg./kg.
Tibia Cu, mg./kg.
Tibia Mn, mg./kg.
Tibia Fe, mg./kg.
2
1
93.1 + 5.6 a 76.3 + 3.2 a
5.5 + 0.4 ab 3.9 + 0.1 a
8.5 + 0.1 c 8.1 + 0.08abc
16.9 + 0.04a 17.8 + 0.7 a
45.0 + 1.0 a 43.1 + 0.7 a
12 20
The parentheses indicate the level of significance of the values. Single group values only.
%
%
13 20
Basal +Zn
a b
Survived 20 started
1.3 0.8
86+10 301 ±12
0.8 0.8
a b
Basal +Zn
+21 +11
Perosis
128 293
Basal +Zn
Cu
Body weight gain, gm.
None
Dietary treatment
Determination
8.4 + 3 3.4 + 0. 9.1 + 1. 9 . 6 ± 1. 83.6± 0 97.4 + 6
3.3 2 4 . 0 + 0.7 a (P<0.05) 9.4 2 9.1+ 0.2 be (P<0.01) 87.7 2 87.8+ 9.0 a (P<0.05)
8 . 9 ± 0. 7.7 + 0.
8.42 7.8+ O.OOSabc (P<0.01) 46.7 + 0. 179.7 + 1.
17.3 + 0. 21.2 + 4.
17.02 17.6+ 0.4 a (P<0.05)
46.3 2 192.0+ 0.2 b (P<0.01)
45.7 + 0. 42.3 + 1.
45.1' 2 42.9+ 0.3 a (P<0.05)
±16 +22
9 19
1.0 0.0
121 300
Cu, M
12 19
0.5 0.0
106 +11 a 299 +13 b (P = 0.01)>
Mn
Dietary supplement
TABLE 3.—The effect of dietary interactions between Zn, Cu, Mn and EDTA on the gain poults and the mineral content of tibia. The basal diet is deficient in Zn
om http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Florida International University on June 2, 2015
1690
P . VOHRA AND J. R. HEIL
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SUMMARY The growth of turkey poults is significantly improved by an addition of Zn and not Mn to a Zn and Mn-deficient purified diet. The bone ash was not affected by any of the treatments and neither was the Cu and Fe contents of the tibia. Zn was increased 4-fold and Mn only 2-fold in the tibia of poults by the supplementation of the deficient diet with Zn and Mn, respectively. Mn and Cu contents of the liver were significantly increased by the inclusion of supplementary Mn and Cu in the diet. The supplementary Zn had no effect on the Zn content of the liver. An antagonistic effect of Zn on storage of Cu, and of Zn and Cu on the accumulation of Mn in the liver was observed.
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values but not the Mn content. A combination of Zn and Cu was needed to reduce the Mn content of liver to any significant extent. EDTA at this low level had no significant influence on the mineral content of the liver. An antagonism between Zn and Cu as reported by Hill and Matrone (1962) is confirmed in this study even at this low level of Zn (ISO p.p.m.) as is evidenced from the data on liver. The dietary Cu (ISO p.p.m.) did not reduce the Zn content but an addition of Zn to the diet reduced the Cu content of the liver. No direct antagonism between Zn and Mn was observed but a combination of Zn and Cu did reduce an increase in the deposition of Mn in the liver due to a dietary excess of this element. A deficiency of Zn is far more severe than of Mn because the growth of the poults was markedly improved by the addition of Zn to a Mn-deficient diet but not by the addition of Mn to a Zn-deficient diet. Zn and Mn are needed at the same time for prevention of perosis.
ZN, M N AND CU INTERACTIONS
N.R.C., 1966. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals No. 1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Acad, of Sciences—National Research Council Publication 1345, Washington, D.C. Perkin-Elmer, 1966. No. 990-9341, Supplement to Analytical Methods for Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Perkin-Elmer Corp., Norwalk, Conn. Savage, J. E., J. M. Yohe, E. E. Pickett and B. L. O'Dell, 1964. Zinc metabolism in the growing chick. Tissue concentrations and effect of phytate on absorption. Poultry Sci: 43 : 420-426. Vohra, P., G. D. Gottfredson and F. H. Kratzer, 1968. The effects of high levels of dietary EDTA, zinc or copper on the mineral contents of some tissues of turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 47: 1334-1343.
Changes in Relative Aggressiveness of Lines Selected for Part-Record Egg Production Under Floor Housing R. FEANKHAM 1 AND G. M. WEISS Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Station, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada (Received for publication May 12, 1969)
INTRODUCTION NDER floor housing a bird's position in the peck order, and her aggressiveness are correlated with her egg production (Sanctuary, 1932; Guhl, 1953; McBride, 1958, 1964). This effect is most probably related to her ability to freely obtain food and water. McBride (1958) suggested that selection for egg production under floor housing would lead to an increase in relative aggressiveness. The experiments described in this paper were designed to determine whether the relative aggressiveness of two lines of White Leghorn poultry selected for increased
U
1 Present address: Department of Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637.
part-record egg production under floor housing had changed relative to that in their unselected base population. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The lines of White Leghorns used were S275, S% and O.C.S. (the Ottawa Control strain of Gowe et al., 1959). S275 originated in 1955 from a sample of O.C.S. and has been selected for number of eggs from housing (147 to 156 days of age) till 275 days of age. S% was split from S275 in 1963 and has been selected since then for percent production from age at first egg to 275 days of age. The selection lines have both been maintained using 20 sires and 160 to 200 dams per generation and the control strain using about 40 sires and 200
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REFERENCES Allan, J. E., 1961. The determination of zinc in agricultural materials by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Analyst, 86: 530-534. A.O.A.C., 1960. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D.C. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Hill, C. H., 1968. A concept of chemical parameters in the biological interaction of trace elements. Proc. 1968 Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers, Ithaca, N.Y., pp. 5056. Hill, C. H., and G. Matrone, 1962. A study of copper and zinc interrelationships. XHth World's Poultry Congress, Australia, pp. 219-222.
1691