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Computer designed chamber for magnetic bubble chips
Lewis, W. P., Samuel, A. E. and 74.121 Field, B. W. 'An example of the application of a systematic method to design' Operational Res. Quart., Vol 24 (1973) No 2, pp 2 1 7 - 2 3 3 Some uses of the computer to help solve a class of multivariable design problems are given. The required input is a set of design variables and a set of interactions between these variables. The output consists of a hierarchy of groups of highly interacting variables. The preparation of the input and the interpretation of the o u t p u t depend on the subjective nature and decisions made by the designer. An application is discu~ed in which different sets of inputs were compiled by three designers, using 18, 38, 58 and 185 variables. The outputs were compared in usefulness as a design aid in proportion to the effort required for their preparation.
Luus, R. and Jaackola, T. H . I .
74.122 'Optimization by direct search and systematic reduction of the size of search region' Amer Inst. Chem. Eng. J., Vol 19, No 4 (July 1973) pp 7 6 0 - 7 6 6 Nonlinear programming problems can be solved using this direct search procedure using pseudo-random numbers over a region. After each interaction the size of the region is reduced so that as accurate an o p t i m u m as desired can be reached. The ease of programming, the speed of convergence and the reliability of results make the procedure very attractive for solving nonlinear programming problems. The paper describes six sample problems to illustrate the procediare and to test its effectiveness. In each case, the o p t i m u m could be reached in less than ten seconds computation time on an IBM 370/165. Page, E. S. and Walter, L. 74.123 'An interactive approach for the solution of a class of discrete optimization problems'. Comput. J., Vol 17, No 1 (February 1974) pp 6 9 - 7 4 The design and implementation of an interactive system called IMPACT for handling discrete optimization problems is described. Thought has been given to the man/machine interface, operating system requirements and the variety of heuristic techniques that have to be provided. A description is given of the use of interaction to limit the amount of computation expended in a back-tracking approach for a branch-and-bound search. Phillips, D . A . 74.124 'A preliminary investigation of function optimization by a combination of methods'. Comput. J., Vol 17, No 1 (February 1974) pp 7 5 - 5 9 A combined method of function optimization is considered using several standard optimization techniques. This method attempts to use the techniques to which it has access, in a sequence, the order being defined by the requirements of optimal computing time. The Rosenbrock method modified by Swann, a simplex technique presented by Nelder and Mead, and Powell's method are used for the optimization of functions. The simplex method has been adapted to deal efficiently with initial step sizes that are too large. Results show the combined program to
198
bc slower in gcneral than the individual methods, but suggestions for improvements are given.
Mechanical engineering Akgerman, N. and Altan, T. 74.125 'Computer techniques in forging' Metals Eng. Quarterly, Vol 13, No 1 (February 1973) pp 2 6 - 2 8 Principles of both c.a.d, and c.a.m, in forging are discussed, together with the application of graphics and interactive techniques. The authors outline a six-step procedure for designing the preforming and finishing dies and manufacturing the forging dies with the aid of a computer. The authors verify their analyses and the related subroutines by the forging of a precision alunrinium part used in an airframe. The interactive terminal allows the designer to design and preform plot, the finish and the cross-section and then to assegs it, entering new data should the preform design be unsatisfactory. Allen, F . R . 74.126 'PRESTO-1 : a program for multigroup sourcesink calculations in pressure tube lattices'. Atomic Energy Est. Winfrith, UK (August 1973) 39 pp The program has been developed for studies of pressure tube reactors and includes a general treatment of both monopole and dipole components of the flux solutions. Classical Feinberg-Galanin theory is used. Arthorne, C. 74.127 'Design and implementation of the prototype fa~ reactor simulator' Nucl. Eng. Int. Vol 18, No 211 (December 1973) pp 952--956 Chace, M. A. and Sheth, P.N. 74.128 'Adaptation of computer techniques to the design of mechanical dynamic machinery' Presented at the Des. Eng. Tech. Conf. held at Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (September 9 t h 12th 1973) 17 pp. The paper describes two c.a.d, systems, DRAM and IMP -- type variant simulation programs - to help provide programs for the design of mechanical dynamic machinery systems, typified by mechanisms and machine suspensions. The authors believe that application of c.a.d, techniques in this area has definite potential for cost savings. The most apparent application of c.a.d, to machinery and vehicles is to the design of systems which are themselves products. Graphics is very effective in expressing the response of mechanical systems when large-scale multidimensional constrained motion is involved. D o l p h i n , T. J. and Mullins, D . H .
74.129
'Direct numerical control increases productivity of machine tools' Westinghouse Eng., Vol 33, No 5 (September 1973) pp 1 3 8 - 1 4 5 Eliminating punched paper tape from the information process extends n.c.'s potential for productivity. The authors describe a two-computer d.n.c, system at a gas-turbine plant together with two other systems in use at Westinghouse. Garcin, J. and Mastrangelo, V. 74.130 'SQFRAN - computer program for a BWR core'. Joint Nuclear Res. Centre, ISPRA Est. Italy (June 1973) 51pp (in French) The program treats one-and-half spatial
dimension and few energy group prnhteln', Other programs are used for power distribution calculations and thermo-hvdraulic calculation of the coolant channels. Th~ present version of SQFRAN may be uscd for calculating the power distribution in a c~re where the burn*up distribution is given Gerlach, H.D. 74&31 'The finite element method in roiling bearing engineering' Ball Bearing J , No 175 (1973) pp 1 - 1 0 The finite element method offers new ways of dimensionally optimizing complex mechanical components. Very large systems of simultaneous equations often have to be solved during the calculations. The author considers the STRESS small bar program and STRUDL2 for static analysis of threedimensional structures. Applications from bearing engineering include shafts, bearing housings and shells, with diagrams illustrating finite element models and deformation. German, U. and Liran, J. 74.132 'Simple computer program to calculate the radiation field in the presence of a right cylindrical source'. Atomkernener,gie Vol 22 (1973) No 4, pp 2 8 5 - 2 8 9 . Giles, A . J . 74.133 'Computer designed chamber for magnetic bubble chips' Mullard Res. Labs. Ammal Rev (1972) 4 pp The computer program TRIM can be umd for the analysis of magnetic circuits which may contain soft and hard magnetic materials, air spaces and current carrying regions. Finite difference techniques are used to solve P o i s o n ' s Equations for the circuit. The chamber was required to hold magnctic bubble chips in which uniform bias and electric fields could be produced and two series of computations were performed to achieve this. Hayes, R . N . 74.134 'Computer graphics used in numerical con trol programming', United Aircraft Corp, Silorsky Aircraft Div., Corm, USA (May 1973) 26pp Huang, M. and Soni, A . H . 74.135 'Application of linear and nonlinear graphs in structural synthesis of kinematic chains'
Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Eng. J. Eng. fbr Industry, Vol 95, No 2B (May 1973) pp 525 54O The paper describes the structural synthesis and analysis of planar and three-dimensional kinematic chains. A mathematical model is developed to perform the analysis with elements such as revolute pairs, cam pairs, springs, belt pulley, piston-cylinder and gears. Using displacement matrices, equations are derived to synthesize two seven link situation5 for six types of design. For three problems, closed form solutions are obtained using the principle of linear superposition. Illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the synthesis technique. Haynes, M. R. and Wilmore, D. 74.136 'FRUMP - a computer program for the calculation of stresses in reactor fuel pins'. Atomic Energy Est., Harwell, UK (August 1973) 09pp A mathematical model is given for the calculation of the elastic and plastic strains resulting from thermal stresses. The tech nique for linearizing equations has advan-
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
Luus, R. and Jaackola, T. H . I .
74.122 'Optimization by direct search and systematic reduction of the size of search region' Amer Inst. Chem. Eng. J., Vol 19, No 4 (July 1973) pp 7 6 0 - 7 6 6 Nonlinear programming problems can be solved using this direct search procedure using pseudo-random numbers over a region. After each interaction the size of the region is reduced so that as accurate an o p t i m u m as desired can be reached. The ease of programming, the speed of convergence and the reliability of results make the procedure very attractive for solving nonlinear programming problems. The paper describes six sample problems to illustrate the procediare and to test its effectiveness. In each case, the o p t i m u m could be reached in less than ten seconds computation time on an IBM 370/165. Page, E. S. and Walter, L. 74.123 'An interactive approach for the solution of a class of discrete optimization problems'. Comput. J., Vol 17, No 1 (February 1974) pp 6 9 - 7 4 The design and implementation of an interactive system called IMPACT for handling discrete optimization problems is described. Thought has been given to the man/machine interface, operating system requirements and the variety of heuristic techniques that have to be provided. A description is given of the use of interaction to limit the amount of computation expended in a back-tracking approach for a branch-and-bound search. Phillips, D . A . 74.124 'A preliminary investigation of function optimization by a combination of methods'. Comput. J., Vol 17, No 1 (February 1974) pp 7 5 - 5 9 A combined method of function optimization is considered using several standard optimization techniques. This method attempts to use the techniques to which it has access, in a sequence, the order being defined by the requirements of optimal computing time. The Rosenbrock method modified by Swann, a simplex technique presented by Nelder and Mead, and Powell's method are used for the optimization of functions. The simplex method has been adapted to deal efficiently with initial step sizes that are too large. Results show the combined program to
198
bc slower in gcneral than the individual methods, but suggestions for improvements are given.
Mechanical engineering Akgerman, N. and Altan, T. 74.125 'Computer techniques in forging' Metals Eng. Quarterly, Vol 13, No 1 (February 1973) pp 2 6 - 2 8 Principles of both c.a.d, and c.a.m, in forging are discussed, together with the application of graphics and interactive techniques. The authors outline a six-step procedure for designing the preforming and finishing dies and manufacturing the forging dies with the aid of a computer. The authors verify their analyses and the related subroutines by the forging of a precision alunrinium part used in an airframe. The interactive terminal allows the designer to design and preform plot, the finish and the cross-section and then to assegs it, entering new data should the preform design be unsatisfactory. Allen, F . R . 74.126 'PRESTO-1 : a program for multigroup sourcesink calculations in pressure tube lattices'. Atomic Energy Est. Winfrith, UK (August 1973) 39 pp The program has been developed for studies of pressure tube reactors and includes a general treatment of both monopole and dipole components of the flux solutions. Classical Feinberg-Galanin theory is used. Arthorne, C. 74.127 'Design and implementation of the prototype fa~ reactor simulator' Nucl. Eng. Int. Vol 18, No 211 (December 1973) pp 952--956 Chace, M. A. and Sheth, P.N. 74.128 'Adaptation of computer techniques to the design of mechanical dynamic machinery' Presented at the Des. Eng. Tech. Conf. held at Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (September 9 t h 12th 1973) 17 pp. The paper describes two c.a.d, systems, DRAM and IMP -- type variant simulation programs - to help provide programs for the design of mechanical dynamic machinery systems, typified by mechanisms and machine suspensions. The authors believe that application of c.a.d, techniques in this area has definite potential for cost savings. The most apparent application of c.a.d, to machinery and vehicles is to the design of systems which are themselves products. Graphics is very effective in expressing the response of mechanical systems when large-scale multidimensional constrained motion is involved. D o l p h i n , T. J. and Mullins, D . H .
74.129
'Direct numerical control increases productivity of machine tools' Westinghouse Eng., Vol 33, No 5 (September 1973) pp 1 3 8 - 1 4 5 Eliminating punched paper tape from the information process extends n.c.'s potential for productivity. The authors describe a two-computer d.n.c, system at a gas-turbine plant together with two other systems in use at Westinghouse. Garcin, J. and Mastrangelo, V. 74.130 'SQFRAN - computer program for a BWR core'. Joint Nuclear Res. Centre, ISPRA Est. Italy (June 1973) 51pp (in French) The program treats one-and-half spatial
dimension and few energy group prnhteln', Other programs are used for power distribution calculations and thermo-hvdraulic calculation of the coolant channels. Th~ present version of SQFRAN may be uscd for calculating the power distribution in a c~re where the burn*up distribution is given Gerlach, H.D. 74&31 'The finite element method in roiling bearing engineering' Ball Bearing J , No 175 (1973) pp 1 - 1 0 The finite element method offers new ways of dimensionally optimizing complex mechanical components. Very large systems of simultaneous equations often have to be solved during the calculations. The author considers the STRESS small bar program and STRUDL2 for static analysis of threedimensional structures. Applications from bearing engineering include shafts, bearing housings and shells, with diagrams illustrating finite element models and deformation. German, U. and Liran, J. 74.132 'Simple computer program to calculate the radiation field in the presence of a right cylindrical source'. Atomkernener,gie Vol 22 (1973) No 4, pp 2 8 5 - 2 8 9 . Giles, A . J . 74.133 'Computer designed chamber for magnetic bubble chips' Mullard Res. Labs. Ammal Rev (1972) 4 pp The computer program TRIM can be umd for the analysis of magnetic circuits which may contain soft and hard magnetic materials, air spaces and current carrying regions. Finite difference techniques are used to solve P o i s o n ' s Equations for the circuit. The chamber was required to hold magnctic bubble chips in which uniform bias and electric fields could be produced and two series of computations were performed to achieve this. Hayes, R . N . 74.134 'Computer graphics used in numerical con trol programming', United Aircraft Corp, Silorsky Aircraft Div., Corm, USA (May 1973) 26pp Huang, M. and Soni, A . H . 74.135 'Application of linear and nonlinear graphs in structural synthesis of kinematic chains'
Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Eng. J. Eng. fbr Industry, Vol 95, No 2B (May 1973) pp 525 54O The paper describes the structural synthesis and analysis of planar and three-dimensional kinematic chains. A mathematical model is developed to perform the analysis with elements such as revolute pairs, cam pairs, springs, belt pulley, piston-cylinder and gears. Using displacement matrices, equations are derived to synthesize two seven link situation5 for six types of design. For three problems, closed form solutions are obtained using the principle of linear superposition. Illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the synthesis technique. Haynes, M. R. and Wilmore, D. 74.136 'FRUMP - a computer program for the calculation of stresses in reactor fuel pins'. Atomic Energy Est., Harwell, UK (August 1973) 09pp A mathematical model is given for the calculation of the elastic and plastic strains resulting from thermal stresses. The tech nique for linearizing equations has advan-
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN