- Email: [email protected]
Conservation agricultural practices in sustainable food production
Accepted Manuscript Conservation agricultural practices in sustainable food production Vijay Singh Meena, Sunita Kumari Meena, J.K. Bisht, A. Pattanayak PII:
S0959-6526(16)31032-0
DOI:
10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.134
Reference:
JCLP 7706
To appear in:
Journal of Cleaner Production
Received Date: 15 July 2016 Accepted Date: 21 July 2016
Please cite this article as: Meena VS, Meena SK, Bisht JK, Pattanayak A, Conservation agricultural practices in sustainable food production, Journal of Cleaner Production (2016), doi: 10.1016/ j.jclepro.2016.07.134. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
1
Conservation agricultural practices in sustainable food production
2
Vijay Singh Meenaa, b • Sunita Kumari Meenaa,b • JK Bishtc • A. Pattanayakc
3
a
4
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
5
b
6
Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
7
b
8
India
9
To whom correspondence should be addressed:
SC
ICAR – Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora 263601, Uttarakhand,
Fax: +91-5962-241250; E-mail addresses: [email protected]
11 12
RI PT
Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agriculture Research
M AN U
10
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
Abstarct
This review has focused on a new book “conservation agriculture” which edited by
14
Muhammad Farooq, Kadambot H. M. Siddique (Eds.) and published by Springer (2015). 665
15
pp., Price 124.94 €, ISBN 978-3-319-11620-4. This book provides a concurrent consideration
16
conservation agriculture practices (CAP) and climate change, with emphasis on the significance
17
agricultural sustainability. According to literature survery, the need of CA is an important
18
agronomic practices for management of soil fertility and health as well as enhancement of
19
agricultural productivity. Soil health and fertility is an integrative properties that reflects the
20
competence of soil to respond for agricultural intervention. Hence, it continues to support the
21
agricultural production and other ecosystem services (Kibblewhite et al., 2008). The degradation
22
of soil fertility and health has been started due to the intensive uses of chemical fertilizers at the
23
time of green revolution, this goldan era has successfully increased crop yields by adopting
AC C
EP
TE D
13
1
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
intensive farming practices, including genetic crop improvement, massive agrochemical inputs
25
(e.g., fertilizers, insecticide and pesticides), and intensive tillage. However, this high input
26
agricultural management has generated many negative environmental impacts, such as soil
27
erosion, greenhouse gas emission (GHGs), and ground water pollution, eutrophication of lakes
28
and rivers, and biodiversity loss (Vanlauwe et al., 2014).
29
Keywords:- Conservation agriculture, clmate change, best managemgent practices
RI PT
24
The conservation agriculture (CA) is characterized by minimal soil disturbance,
31
diversified crop rotations, and surface crop residue retention to reduce soil and environmental
32
degradation while sustaining crop production. The CA has been promoted as a major way
33
forward to make sustainable development of ecosystem, through protecting soils from
34
degradation processes. The morden and intensive agricultural practice mainly depends on the
35
conservation, zero, minimum and no-tillage system along with crop residue management.
36
Nutrient management has received little attention in CA despite the fact that it has a direct effect
37
not only on crop yield, but also on the tolerance of crop plants to pests. Genetically modified
38
genotype for better nutrient and water use efficiency in CA is also important, as is the control of
39
weeds, insect pests, and diseases. Currently, South America has the largest area of CA, with
40
46.6% of the total global area under CA, followed by North America (37.5%), Australia and
41
New Zealand (11.4%), Asia (2.3%), Europe (1.4%) and Africa (0.4%) (Kassam et al., 2009).
42
Although adoption of CA is increasing globally, in some regions it is either slow or nonexistent
43
(Faroo et al., 2011). The adoption of CA has both agricultural and environmental benefits, but
44
there is a lack of information on the effects and interactions of key CA components which affect
45
yield and hinder its adoption. Increased the demand of organic products indicates consumer
46
preference for reduced chemical use. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel sustainable
AC C
EP
TE D
M AN U
SC
30
2
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
strategies for crop protection and enhancement that do not rely on genetic modification and/or
48
harmful chemicals (Kanchiswamy et al., 2015). A sustainable land management should aim at
49
high production, while minimizing risk, maintaining quality of soil and water. Excessive tillage
50
can decrease soil carbon storage and influence the soil environment of a crop (Henneron et al.,
51
2015). New incentives and policies for ensuring the conservation agriculture will be played a
52
crucial role for improving yields without compromising soil‒plant‒environmental integrity.
RI PT
47
The above concerns will really persuade a reader to read the book ‘conservation
54
agriculture’ since the book might be having some novel and simple solutions for modern and
55
conservation agriculture by adopting alternative crop management systems which is based on
56
minimum tillage, permanent living, or dead organic soil cover and rotations, and organic farming
57
(Henneron et al., 2015). The editors attempted to integrate all such kind of knowledge for
58
promote CA in the different agricultural ecosystem. As a result, the editors divided book into
59
five major part along with a small introductory part. The part one focuses on the conservation
60
agriculture: concepts, brief history, and impacts of agricultural systems, whereas the part two
61
deal with elements of conservation agriculture. The part third and fourth cover the details about
62
modeling and crop improvement for conservation agriculture with some case studies, while fifth
63
part deal with the conservation agriculture in agricultural systems. Although this categorization
64
was highly thoughtful and systematic, few chapters in concerned part were not much relevant
65
and informative. We wonder the sequence by which the editors have cocktailed the individual
66
chapters in each category.
M AN U
TE D
EP
AC C
67
SC
53
For instance, introductory part CA concepts, brief history, and impacts of agricultural
68
systems, after that in the elements of conservation agriculture, there are five different chapter
69
describes different aspect viz. (i) crop rotations and residue management in conservation
3
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
70
agriculture (ii) weed management in conservation
71
agriculture
72
perspectives in conservation agriculture (iv) farm
73
machinery for conservation agriculture and (v) insect
74
pest
75
Although the chapters discuss one or other aspects of
76
different CA technology, weed, insect and pest
77
management, none of the chapters suggest any
78
sustainable solution or any quantitative information
79
for
80
conditions.
81
expected that this book has the collective research and review papers related to various
82
technologies to promote CA and enhance the crop sustainability under climate change scenarios
83
of agriculture. CA practice enhance the nutrient use efficiency (NUE), C-sequestration, soil and
84
plant health, minimization of soil and environmental degradation, and it’s also help to reduce
85
GHGs emissions. However, the section on ‘modeling and crop improvement in conservation
86
agriculture’ has only two chapter on the crop breeding and modeling for conservation agriculture
87
with very less informative.
promoting
CA
agriculture.
RI PT
conservation
under
changing
climatic
scientists
would
definitely
EP
TE D
Many
management
SC
in
nutrient
M AN U
management
(iii)
AC C
88
systems
But, in the section ‘status of conservation agriculture: some case studies’ there are ten
89
different chapter describes different aspect viz. (i) evolution and adoption of conservation
90
agriculture in the middle east (ii) explaining adoption and measuring impacts of conservation
91
agriculture on productive efficiency, income, poverty, and food security in Syria (iii)
92
conservation agriculture in South Asia (iv) conservation agriculture in Southeast Asia (v)
4
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
conservation agriculture in rainfed areas of China (vi) conservation agriculture in Australia and
94
New Zealand (vii) conservation agriculture in Europe (viii) conservation agriculture in Latin
95
America (ix) conservation agriculture in North America (x) conservation agriculture in Sub-
96
Saharan Africa is really enriched by some case studies relevance with importance of CA in
97
economic and food production sustainability in different developing and developed countries.
RI PT
93
We prefer to read about the scientific contribution of the cases related with CA from
99
worldwide, CA can also helps us to enhance the socio-economic condition of farmers and
100
stakeholders. But the session would be more interesting, if the editors could manage and consider
101
the book chapters on the application of different agromnomic practices such as agricultural
102
importance microorganisms that helps to improve soil structure and its quality as well as mitigate
103
the GHGs emission under CA. The last section of the ‘conservation agriculture in agricultural
104
systems’, in which the editors have paid considerable attention to the different CA practices in
105
different agro‒ecosystem and this can be further evidenced by the various issues presented in this
106
section. There are five different chapter describes different aspect viz. (i) conservation
107
agriculture and soil carbon sequestration (ii) application of microbiology in conservation
108
agriculture (iii) conservation agriculture in organic farming: experiences, challenges and
109
opportunities in Europe (iv) conservation agriculture and climate change (v) farmer adoption of
110
conservation agriculture: a review, but none of the chapter offers any complete information
111
regarding worldwide current scenario with major crops under CA, climate change with effeicent
112
(SMART) agricultural importances microorganism. Although the book has 40 illustrations in
113
colour, many of the illustrations are not conveying the intended theme. In general, the book is
114
suitable for researchers, policy makers and agro‒industries.
AC C
EP
TE D
M AN U
SC
98
5
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
However, my overall impression is that the editors have passed to provide a blueprint to
116
promote CA developed countries, but editors have failed to provide this information with
117
developing countries, they failed to discuss how to promote CA in marginal farmers with
118
different agro‒ecosystem under intensive cropping system and ‘Direct sowing through a cover of
119
crop residues, avoiding ploughing and minimizing soil disturbance’ as an innovative concept for
120
promoting CA and climate change mitigation (Palm et al., 2014; Henneron et al., 2015; ) soil C-
121
sequestration (Corsi et al., 2012; Grace et al., 2012), reduce the GHGs emissions and enhance the
122
soil and plant health (Palm at al., 2015). Nevertheless, the book is interesting as it ‘contains
123
several research cases on worldwide that had not been actively explored in the past’. Readers
124
have the ‘option to choose their favourite chapters according to their individual interests in CA.
M AN U
SC
RI PT
115
In summary, this book is an excellent scientific contribution describing CA for
126
sustainable farming, and outlines pathways towards next-generation ideal conservational
127
practices along with superior farmers asoption strategies. In our view, this book can be
128
recommended to anyone interested in conservation agricultural production system.
129
References
130
Corsi, S., Friedrich, T., Kassam, A., Pisante, M., Sà, J. D. M., 2012. Soil organic carbon
131
accumulation and greenhouse gas emission reductions from conservation agriculture: a
132
literature review, In: Corsi, S., Friedrich, T., Kassam, A., Pisante, M., Sà, J. D. M.,
134
EP
AC C
133
TE D
125
(Eds.), Soil organic carbon accumulation and greenhouse gas emission reductions from conservation agriculture: a literature review, Integrated Crop Management Vol.16.
135
Faroo, M., Flower, K.C., Jabran, K., Wahid, A., Kadambot, Siddique, H.M., 2011. Crop yield
136
and weed managemet in rainfed conservation agriculture. Soil and Tillage Research, 117,
137
172-183.
6
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
138
Grace, P.R., Antle, J., Ogle, S., Paustian, K., Basso, B., 2012. Soil carbon sequestration rates and
139
associated economic costs for farming systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Agriculture,
140
Ecosystem and Environment, 146, 137–146. Henneron, L., Bernard, L., Hedde, M., Pelosi, C., Villenave, C., Chenu, C., Bertrand, M.,
142
Girardin, C., Blanchart, E. 2015. Fourteen years of evidence for positive effects of
143
conservation agriculture and organic farming on soil life. Agronomy for Sustainable
144
Development, 35:169–181
SC
RI PT
141
Kanchiswamy, C.N., Malnoy, M., Maffei, M.E. 2015. Chemical diversity of microbial volatiles
146
and their potential for plant growth and productivity. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00151
147
Kassam, A., Friedrich, T., Shaxson, F., Pretty, J., 2009. The spread of conservation agriculture:
148
M AN U
145
justification, sustainability and uptake. Int. J. Agric. Sustain. 7, 292–320. Kibblewhite, M.G., Ritz, K., Swift, M.J. 2008. Soil health in agricultural systems. Philosophical
150
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 27; 363(1492), 685–701. doi:
151
10.1098/rstb.2007.2178
TE D
149
Palm, C., Blanco-Canqui, H., DeClerck, F., Gatere, L., Grace, P. 2014. Conservation agriculture
153
and ecosystem services: An overview. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 187,
154
87–105
EP
152
Vanlauwea, B., Wendt, J., Giller, K.E., Corbeels, M., Gerard, B., Nolte, C. 2014. A fourth
156
principle is required to define Conservation Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: The
157 158
AC C
155
appropriate use of fertilizer to enhance crop productivity. Field Crops Research 155, 10– 13
7
S0959-6526(16)31032-0
DOI:
10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.134
Reference:
JCLP 7706
To appear in:
Journal of Cleaner Production
Received Date: 15 July 2016 Accepted Date: 21 July 2016
Please cite this article as: Meena VS, Meena SK, Bisht JK, Pattanayak A, Conservation agricultural practices in sustainable food production, Journal of Cleaner Production (2016), doi: 10.1016/ j.jclepro.2016.07.134. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
1
Conservation agricultural practices in sustainable food production
2
Vijay Singh Meenaa, b • Sunita Kumari Meenaa,b • JK Bishtc • A. Pattanayakc
3
a
4
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
5
b
6
Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
7
b
8
India
9
To whom correspondence should be addressed:
SC
ICAR – Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora 263601, Uttarakhand,
Fax: +91-5962-241250; E-mail addresses: [email protected]
11 12
RI PT
Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agriculture Research
M AN U
10
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
Abstarct
This review has focused on a new book “conservation agriculture” which edited by
14
Muhammad Farooq, Kadambot H. M. Siddique (Eds.) and published by Springer (2015). 665
15
pp., Price 124.94 €, ISBN 978-3-319-11620-4. This book provides a concurrent consideration
16
conservation agriculture practices (CAP) and climate change, with emphasis on the significance
17
agricultural sustainability. According to literature survery, the need of CA is an important
18
agronomic practices for management of soil fertility and health as well as enhancement of
19
agricultural productivity. Soil health and fertility is an integrative properties that reflects the
20
competence of soil to respond for agricultural intervention. Hence, it continues to support the
21
agricultural production and other ecosystem services (Kibblewhite et al., 2008). The degradation
22
of soil fertility and health has been started due to the intensive uses of chemical fertilizers at the
23
time of green revolution, this goldan era has successfully increased crop yields by adopting
AC C
EP
TE D
13
1
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
intensive farming practices, including genetic crop improvement, massive agrochemical inputs
25
(e.g., fertilizers, insecticide and pesticides), and intensive tillage. However, this high input
26
agricultural management has generated many negative environmental impacts, such as soil
27
erosion, greenhouse gas emission (GHGs), and ground water pollution, eutrophication of lakes
28
and rivers, and biodiversity loss (Vanlauwe et al., 2014).
29
Keywords:- Conservation agriculture, clmate change, best managemgent practices
RI PT
24
The conservation agriculture (CA) is characterized by minimal soil disturbance,
31
diversified crop rotations, and surface crop residue retention to reduce soil and environmental
32
degradation while sustaining crop production. The CA has been promoted as a major way
33
forward to make sustainable development of ecosystem, through protecting soils from
34
degradation processes. The morden and intensive agricultural practice mainly depends on the
35
conservation, zero, minimum and no-tillage system along with crop residue management.
36
Nutrient management has received little attention in CA despite the fact that it has a direct effect
37
not only on crop yield, but also on the tolerance of crop plants to pests. Genetically modified
38
genotype for better nutrient and water use efficiency in CA is also important, as is the control of
39
weeds, insect pests, and diseases. Currently, South America has the largest area of CA, with
40
46.6% of the total global area under CA, followed by North America (37.5%), Australia and
41
New Zealand (11.4%), Asia (2.3%), Europe (1.4%) and Africa (0.4%) (Kassam et al., 2009).
42
Although adoption of CA is increasing globally, in some regions it is either slow or nonexistent
43
(Faroo et al., 2011). The adoption of CA has both agricultural and environmental benefits, but
44
there is a lack of information on the effects and interactions of key CA components which affect
45
yield and hinder its adoption. Increased the demand of organic products indicates consumer
46
preference for reduced chemical use. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel sustainable
AC C
EP
TE D
M AN U
SC
30
2
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
strategies for crop protection and enhancement that do not rely on genetic modification and/or
48
harmful chemicals (Kanchiswamy et al., 2015). A sustainable land management should aim at
49
high production, while minimizing risk, maintaining quality of soil and water. Excessive tillage
50
can decrease soil carbon storage and influence the soil environment of a crop (Henneron et al.,
51
2015). New incentives and policies for ensuring the conservation agriculture will be played a
52
crucial role for improving yields without compromising soil‒plant‒environmental integrity.
RI PT
47
The above concerns will really persuade a reader to read the book ‘conservation
54
agriculture’ since the book might be having some novel and simple solutions for modern and
55
conservation agriculture by adopting alternative crop management systems which is based on
56
minimum tillage, permanent living, or dead organic soil cover and rotations, and organic farming
57
(Henneron et al., 2015). The editors attempted to integrate all such kind of knowledge for
58
promote CA in the different agricultural ecosystem. As a result, the editors divided book into
59
five major part along with a small introductory part. The part one focuses on the conservation
60
agriculture: concepts, brief history, and impacts of agricultural systems, whereas the part two
61
deal with elements of conservation agriculture. The part third and fourth cover the details about
62
modeling and crop improvement for conservation agriculture with some case studies, while fifth
63
part deal with the conservation agriculture in agricultural systems. Although this categorization
64
was highly thoughtful and systematic, few chapters in concerned part were not much relevant
65
and informative. We wonder the sequence by which the editors have cocktailed the individual
66
chapters in each category.
M AN U
TE D
EP
AC C
67
SC
53
For instance, introductory part CA concepts, brief history, and impacts of agricultural
68
systems, after that in the elements of conservation agriculture, there are five different chapter
69
describes different aspect viz. (i) crop rotations and residue management in conservation
3
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
70
agriculture (ii) weed management in conservation
71
agriculture
72
perspectives in conservation agriculture (iv) farm
73
machinery for conservation agriculture and (v) insect
74
pest
75
Although the chapters discuss one or other aspects of
76
different CA technology, weed, insect and pest
77
management, none of the chapters suggest any
78
sustainable solution or any quantitative information
79
for
80
conditions.
81
expected that this book has the collective research and review papers related to various
82
technologies to promote CA and enhance the crop sustainability under climate change scenarios
83
of agriculture. CA practice enhance the nutrient use efficiency (NUE), C-sequestration, soil and
84
plant health, minimization of soil and environmental degradation, and it’s also help to reduce
85
GHGs emissions. However, the section on ‘modeling and crop improvement in conservation
86
agriculture’ has only two chapter on the crop breeding and modeling for conservation agriculture
87
with very less informative.
promoting
CA
agriculture.
RI PT
conservation
under
changing
climatic
scientists
would
definitely
EP
TE D
Many
management
SC
in
nutrient
M AN U
management
(iii)
AC C
88
systems
But, in the section ‘status of conservation agriculture: some case studies’ there are ten
89
different chapter describes different aspect viz. (i) evolution and adoption of conservation
90
agriculture in the middle east (ii) explaining adoption and measuring impacts of conservation
91
agriculture on productive efficiency, income, poverty, and food security in Syria (iii)
92
conservation agriculture in South Asia (iv) conservation agriculture in Southeast Asia (v)
4
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
conservation agriculture in rainfed areas of China (vi) conservation agriculture in Australia and
94
New Zealand (vii) conservation agriculture in Europe (viii) conservation agriculture in Latin
95
America (ix) conservation agriculture in North America (x) conservation agriculture in Sub-
96
Saharan Africa is really enriched by some case studies relevance with importance of CA in
97
economic and food production sustainability in different developing and developed countries.
RI PT
93
We prefer to read about the scientific contribution of the cases related with CA from
99
worldwide, CA can also helps us to enhance the socio-economic condition of farmers and
100
stakeholders. But the session would be more interesting, if the editors could manage and consider
101
the book chapters on the application of different agromnomic practices such as agricultural
102
importance microorganisms that helps to improve soil structure and its quality as well as mitigate
103
the GHGs emission under CA. The last section of the ‘conservation agriculture in agricultural
104
systems’, in which the editors have paid considerable attention to the different CA practices in
105
different agro‒ecosystem and this can be further evidenced by the various issues presented in this
106
section. There are five different chapter describes different aspect viz. (i) conservation
107
agriculture and soil carbon sequestration (ii) application of microbiology in conservation
108
agriculture (iii) conservation agriculture in organic farming: experiences, challenges and
109
opportunities in Europe (iv) conservation agriculture and climate change (v) farmer adoption of
110
conservation agriculture: a review, but none of the chapter offers any complete information
111
regarding worldwide current scenario with major crops under CA, climate change with effeicent
112
(SMART) agricultural importances microorganism. Although the book has 40 illustrations in
113
colour, many of the illustrations are not conveying the intended theme. In general, the book is
114
suitable for researchers, policy makers and agro‒industries.
AC C
EP
TE D
M AN U
SC
98
5
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
However, my overall impression is that the editors have passed to provide a blueprint to
116
promote CA developed countries, but editors have failed to provide this information with
117
developing countries, they failed to discuss how to promote CA in marginal farmers with
118
different agro‒ecosystem under intensive cropping system and ‘Direct sowing through a cover of
119
crop residues, avoiding ploughing and minimizing soil disturbance’ as an innovative concept for
120
promoting CA and climate change mitigation (Palm et al., 2014; Henneron et al., 2015; ) soil C-
121
sequestration (Corsi et al., 2012; Grace et al., 2012), reduce the GHGs emissions and enhance the
122
soil and plant health (Palm at al., 2015). Nevertheless, the book is interesting as it ‘contains
123
several research cases on worldwide that had not been actively explored in the past’. Readers
124
have the ‘option to choose their favourite chapters according to their individual interests in CA.
M AN U
SC
RI PT
115
In summary, this book is an excellent scientific contribution describing CA for
126
sustainable farming, and outlines pathways towards next-generation ideal conservational
127
practices along with superior farmers asoption strategies. In our view, this book can be
128
recommended to anyone interested in conservation agricultural production system.
129
References
130
Corsi, S., Friedrich, T., Kassam, A., Pisante, M., Sà, J. D. M., 2012. Soil organic carbon
131
accumulation and greenhouse gas emission reductions from conservation agriculture: a
132
literature review, In: Corsi, S., Friedrich, T., Kassam, A., Pisante, M., Sà, J. D. M.,
134
EP
AC C
133
TE D
125
(Eds.), Soil organic carbon accumulation and greenhouse gas emission reductions from conservation agriculture: a literature review, Integrated Crop Management Vol.16.
135
Faroo, M., Flower, K.C., Jabran, K., Wahid, A., Kadambot, Siddique, H.M., 2011. Crop yield
136
and weed managemet in rainfed conservation agriculture. Soil and Tillage Research, 117,
137
172-183.
6
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
138
Grace, P.R., Antle, J., Ogle, S., Paustian, K., Basso, B., 2012. Soil carbon sequestration rates and
139
associated economic costs for farming systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Agriculture,
140
Ecosystem and Environment, 146, 137–146. Henneron, L., Bernard, L., Hedde, M., Pelosi, C., Villenave, C., Chenu, C., Bertrand, M.,
142
Girardin, C., Blanchart, E. 2015. Fourteen years of evidence for positive effects of
143
conservation agriculture and organic farming on soil life. Agronomy for Sustainable
144
Development, 35:169–181
SC
RI PT
141
Kanchiswamy, C.N., Malnoy, M., Maffei, M.E. 2015. Chemical diversity of microbial volatiles
146
and their potential for plant growth and productivity. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00151
147
Kassam, A., Friedrich, T., Shaxson, F., Pretty, J., 2009. The spread of conservation agriculture:
148
M AN U
145
justification, sustainability and uptake. Int. J. Agric. Sustain. 7, 292–320. Kibblewhite, M.G., Ritz, K., Swift, M.J. 2008. Soil health in agricultural systems. Philosophical
150
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 27; 363(1492), 685–701. doi:
151
10.1098/rstb.2007.2178
TE D
149
Palm, C., Blanco-Canqui, H., DeClerck, F., Gatere, L., Grace, P. 2014. Conservation agriculture
153
and ecosystem services: An overview. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 187,
154
87–105
EP
152
Vanlauwea, B., Wendt, J., Giller, K.E., Corbeels, M., Gerard, B., Nolte, C. 2014. A fourth
156
principle is required to define Conservation Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: The
157 158
AC C
155
appropriate use of fertilizer to enhance crop productivity. Field Crops Research 155, 10– 13
7