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1991
451
Contents Volume I 1990/1991 Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unstable and damped modes in coupled ocean mixed layer and cloud models P.C. Chu, R.W. Garwood (Monterey, Calif., U.S.A.) and P. Muller (Honolulu, Hawai, U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The role of the subtropical gyres in the heat balance of the Warmwassersphaere G.T. Csanady (Norfolk, Va., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The role of coastal Kelvin waves on the northeast Pacific Ocean M.A. Johnson and J.J. O'Brien (Tallahassee, Fla., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intermediate models of intraseasonal and interannual waves in the tropics G.R. Budin and M.K. Davey (Oxford, U.K.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interannual variability in the tropical Pacific as simulated in coupled o c e a n - a t m o s p h e r e models M. Latif and A. Villwock (Hamburg, F.R.G.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of prescribed sea surface temperatures on extended range forecasting M. Drqu6 (Toulouse, France) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The biennial c o m p o n e n t of ENSO variability E.M. Rasmusson, X. W a n g (College Park, Md., U.S.A.) and C.F. Ropelewski (Wahington, D.C., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sensitivity and realism of wind-driven tropical ocean models C. Duch~ne and C. Frankignoul (Paris, France) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sensitivity of wind-driven tropical Pacific Ocean simulations on seasonal and interannual time scales A.J. Busalacchi (Greenbelt, Md., U.S.A.), M.J. MePhaden (Seattle, Wash., U.S.A.), J. Picaut (Noumra, New Caledonia) and S.R. Springer (Seattle, Wash., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modeling North Pacific SST anomalies as a response to anomalous atmospheric forcing U. Luksch, H. von Storch and E. Maier-Reimer (Hamburg, F.R.G.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simultion of the annual and interannual variation of the tropica Pacific Ocean Y. Kitamura (Ibaraki, Japan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M o m e n t u m coupling in o c e a n - a t m o s p h e r e models J.A.T. Bye (Bedfork Park, S.A., Australia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A coupled o c e a n - a t m o s p h e r e box model af the Atlantic Ocean: a bimodal climate response G.E. Birchfield, M. W y a n t and H. W a n g (Evanston, II1., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tracer distributions in ocean models with lateral and isopycnal diffusion C.A. Lin and W.A. Gough (Montreal, Que., Canada) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Predictability and variability of a coupled o c e a n - a t m o s p h e r e model B.N. Goswami and J. Shukla (College Park, Md., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A note on Bjerknes' hypothesis for North Atlantic variability K. Bryan and R. Stouffer (Princeton, N.J., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potential role of oceanic mixed layer dynamics on the model climate sensitivity T. PhlviSlgyi (Budapest, Hungary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A two-and-a-half layer upper ocean model: Formulation and response to parameter changes J.Y. Cherniawsky and C.W. Yuen (Montreal, Que., Canada) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An analytical coupled air-sea interaction model Z.-G. Ji and J.-P. Chao (Beijing, P.R. China) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A design of an oceanic G C M without the rigid lid approximation and its application to the numerical simulation of the circulation of the Pacific Ocean Q.-C. Zeng, X.-H. Z h a n g and R.-H. Z h a n g (Beijing, P.R. China) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tropical Pacific sea surface temperature variations in a coupled a t m o s p h e r e - o c e a n general circulation model M. Endoh, T. Tokioka and T. Nagal (Ibaraki, Japan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Predictability of the tropical Atlantic Ocean J.A. Carton and J. Shukla (College Park, Md., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application of the G H E R 3D general circulation model to the Western Mediterranean J.-M. Beckers (Lirge, Belgium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A reduced-gravity model of the Catalan Sea E. Garcia-Ladona (Barcelona, Spain) and S. Djenidi (Lirge, Belgium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean fluxes across sections in the Mediterranean Sea derived from G C M results E.V. Stanev (Sofia, Bulgaria) and J.-M. Beckers (Lirge, Belgium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The circulation of Levantine Intermediate Water in the northeastern Ionian Sea (late winter/early spring 1986) A.J. Theodorou (Athens, Greece) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interdisciplinary study on the thermohaline front at the m o u t h of Tokyo Bay in winter T. Yanagi (Matsuyama, Japan), T. Salno (Tokyo, Japan), T. Ishimaru (Minato-Ku, Japan), H. Nakata (Tokyo, Japan) and Y. Iwatsuki (Miyazaki, Japan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0924-7963/91/$03.50
© 1991 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
vii 1 13 29 39 51 61 71 97
119 155 169 183 197 209 217 229 243 251 263
271 293 299 315 333 343 359
373
452 Application of a 3°D variational inverse model to the analysis of eeohydrodynamic data in the Northern Bering and Southern Chukchi Seas P.P. Brasseur and J.A. Haus (Li6ge, Belgium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deep-sea hydrothermal venting: A recently discovered marine system C. Lalou (Gif sur Yvette, France) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variability of the shelf water off the northeast Spanish coast M. Mash (Barcelona, Spain) and J. Tintor6 (Palma, Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
383 403 441
Contents Volume I 1990/1991 Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unstable and damped modes in coupled ocean mixed layer and cloud models P.C. Chu, R.W. Garwood (Monterey, Calif., U.S.A.) and P. Muller (Honolulu, Hawai, U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The role of the subtropical gyres in the heat balance of the Warmwassersphaere G.T. Csanady (Norfolk, Va., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The role of coastal Kelvin waves on the northeast Pacific Ocean M.A. Johnson and J.J. O'Brien (Tallahassee, Fla., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intermediate models of intraseasonal and interannual waves in the tropics G.R. Budin and M.K. Davey (Oxford, U.K.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interannual variability in the tropical Pacific as simulated in coupled o c e a n - a t m o s p h e r e models M. Latif and A. Villwock (Hamburg, F.R.G.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact of prescribed sea surface temperatures on extended range forecasting M. Drqu6 (Toulouse, France) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The biennial c o m p o n e n t of ENSO variability E.M. Rasmusson, X. W a n g (College Park, Md., U.S.A.) and C.F. Ropelewski (Wahington, D.C., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sensitivity and realism of wind-driven tropical ocean models C. Duch~ne and C. Frankignoul (Paris, France) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sensitivity of wind-driven tropical Pacific Ocean simulations on seasonal and interannual time scales A.J. Busalacchi (Greenbelt, Md., U.S.A.), M.J. MePhaden (Seattle, Wash., U.S.A.), J. Picaut (Noumra, New Caledonia) and S.R. Springer (Seattle, Wash., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modeling North Pacific SST anomalies as a response to anomalous atmospheric forcing U. Luksch, H. von Storch and E. Maier-Reimer (Hamburg, F.R.G.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simultion of the annual and interannual variation of the tropica Pacific Ocean Y. Kitamura (Ibaraki, Japan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M o m e n t u m coupling in o c e a n - a t m o s p h e r e models J.A.T. Bye (Bedfork Park, S.A., Australia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A coupled o c e a n - a t m o s p h e r e box model af the Atlantic Ocean: a bimodal climate response G.E. Birchfield, M. W y a n t and H. W a n g (Evanston, II1., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tracer distributions in ocean models with lateral and isopycnal diffusion C.A. Lin and W.A. Gough (Montreal, Que., Canada) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Predictability and variability of a coupled o c e a n - a t m o s p h e r e model B.N. Goswami and J. Shukla (College Park, Md., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A note on Bjerknes' hypothesis for North Atlantic variability K. Bryan and R. Stouffer (Princeton, N.J., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potential role of oceanic mixed layer dynamics on the model climate sensitivity T. PhlviSlgyi (Budapest, Hungary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A two-and-a-half layer upper ocean model: Formulation and response to parameter changes J.Y. Cherniawsky and C.W. Yuen (Montreal, Que., Canada) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An analytical coupled air-sea interaction model Z.-G. Ji and J.-P. Chao (Beijing, P.R. China) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A design of an oceanic G C M without the rigid lid approximation and its application to the numerical simulation of the circulation of the Pacific Ocean Q.-C. Zeng, X.-H. Z h a n g and R.-H. Z h a n g (Beijing, P.R. China) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tropical Pacific sea surface temperature variations in a coupled a t m o s p h e r e - o c e a n general circulation model M. Endoh, T. Tokioka and T. Nagal (Ibaraki, Japan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Predictability of the tropical Atlantic Ocean J.A. Carton and J. Shukla (College Park, Md., U.S.A.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application of the G H E R 3D general circulation model to the Western Mediterranean J.-M. Beckers (Lirge, Belgium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A reduced-gravity model of the Catalan Sea E. Garcia-Ladona (Barcelona, Spain) and S. Djenidi (Lirge, Belgium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean fluxes across sections in the Mediterranean Sea derived from G C M results E.V. Stanev (Sofia, Bulgaria) and J.-M. Beckers (Lirge, Belgium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The circulation of Levantine Intermediate Water in the northeastern Ionian Sea (late winter/early spring 1986) A.J. Theodorou (Athens, Greece) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interdisciplinary study on the thermohaline front at the m o u t h of Tokyo Bay in winter T. Yanagi (Matsuyama, Japan), T. Salno (Tokyo, Japan), T. Ishimaru (Minato-Ku, Japan), H. Nakata (Tokyo, Japan) and Y. Iwatsuki (Miyazaki, Japan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0924-7963/91/$03.50
© 1991 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
vii 1 13 29 39 51 61 71 97
119 155 169 183 197 209 217 229 243 251 263
271 293 299 315 333 343 359
373
452 Application of a 3°D variational inverse model to the analysis of eeohydrodynamic data in the Northern Bering and Southern Chukchi Seas P.P. Brasseur and J.A. Haus (Li6ge, Belgium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deep-sea hydrothermal venting: A recently discovered marine system C. Lalou (Gif sur Yvette, France) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variability of the shelf water off the northeast Spanish coast M. Mash (Barcelona, Spain) and J. Tintor6 (Palma, Spain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
383 403 441