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Cumulative Index 2003
Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755 – 772
Cumulative Index 2003 Volume 13 February
UNCOMMON TUMORS OF THE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT, pages 1 – 174
May
TRACHEAL SURGERY, pages 175 – 404
August
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION, pages 405 – 582
November
SURGERY FOR EMPHYSEMA, pages 583 – 772
Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
A ABO compatibility, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 436 Acinic cell carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 17 Adenocarcinoma, endobronchial, characteristics of, 8 Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 122 – 124 brachytherapy for, 160 – 161 bronchoscopic biopsy of, 123 characteristics of, 13 – 14, 123 chemotherapy for, 161 computed tomography of, 69 magnetic resonance imaging of, 72 radiation therapy for, 159 – 161 resection of, 123 – 124 thoracoscopy of, 90 Adenomas, of salivary gland – type tumors, characteristics of, 4 tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 4 – 5 AIDS, nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistulas in, 282 – 283 Air leaks, after lung volume reduction surgery, 698 – 699, 706, 712 Airway management, after lung transplantation, 658 – 659 for tracheal trauma, 295 in tracheal surgery, 386 – 387 Airway separation, tracheal surgery and, 392 – 393 Airway stents, 211 – 229 bronchoscopic evaluation for, 219 – 221, 223 – 224
carinal Y, 225 choice of, 221 – 223 expandable metal, 223 Gianturco, 212 historical aspects of, 179 indications for, 215 – 219 anastomotic stenosis, 219 bronchogenic carcinoma, 215 – 216 esophageal cancer, 216 – 217 idiopathic tracheal stenosis, 218 – 219 tracheal burns, 347 tracheobronchial malacia, 219 tracheoesophageal fistulas, 285 metal expandable, 212, 214 – 215 Palmaz, 214 placement of, 223 – 226 silicone, 224 – 225 results of, 226 – 227 metal expandable, 227 silicone, 227 Ultraflex, 227 Wallstents, 227 silicone, 212, 221 – 223 Ultraflex, 215 Wallstent, 214 – 215 Allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 525 – 543 acute rejection as risk factor for chronic rejection, 529 – 532 bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in, 529 clinical features of, 533 diagnosis of, 533, 535 – 536 epidemiology of, 530 – 532 grading of, 525 – 529 in children, 496 – 497
1052-3359/03/$ – see front matter D 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S1052-3359(03)00114-5
756
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 management of, 536 – 537 occult rejection, 532 – 533 refractory acute rejection, management of, 537 – 538 surveillance bronchoscopy for, 532 – 533
Anastomotic stenosis, airway stents for, 219 Anesthesia, in bronchoscopy, for idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, 262 – 263 in carinal resection and reconstruction, 318 in tracheal surgery, 101 – 102 for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 275 historical aspects of, 177 – 178 Angiography, of tracheoinnominate fistulas, 335 Angiosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 21 Anterior axillary muscle-sparing thoracotomy, in lung transplantation, 474 Anterolateral thoracotomy, in lung transplantation, 474 Antibiotics, after lung transplantation, in children, 501 for exacerbations, of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 625 Antibodies, in xenotransplantation, 570 – 571 Anticholinergics, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 620 Antilymphocyte antibodies, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 551 – 552 a-1Antitrypsin, to evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 617 a-1Antitrypsin deficiency, and emphysema, 590, 593 – 594 as contraindication, to lung volume reduction surgery, 671 Argon plasma coagulator, for tracheobronchial tumors, 139 Arrhythmias, after lung volume reduction surgery, 707 Arterial blood gases, before lung volume reduction surgery, 673 to evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 616 – 617 Arterial oxygenation, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 434
Aspiration, on deglutition, tracheal surgery and, 394 Atrial cuff, insufficient, in lung transplant recipient, 481 – 482 Atrial cuff injuries, in donor lung, for transplantation, 467 – 468 Augmentation tracheoplasty, for tracheal stenosis, in children, 310 Azathioprine, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 552
B Bacterial infections, multidrug-resistant, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 419 – 420 Basaloid carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 8 Bilateral anterolateral thoracotomy, in lung transplantation, 472 – 473 Biochemical markers, to detect allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 535 Biopsy, and risk of allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 530 bronchoscopic. See Bronchoscopic biopsy. transbronchial, of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 551 Blastomas, pulmonary, characteristics of, 18 – 19 Blind intubation, for tracheal trauma, 295 Bosentan, for pulmonary hypertension, 417 Brachytherapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 141 – 144 complications of, 143 – 144 Brain death, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 431 Breath condensates, in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 548 Bronchiectasis, lung transplantation for, 409, 412 – 414 Bronchiolitis, lymphocytic, and risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 552 Bronchiolitis obliterans, lung transplantation for, in children, 495 – 496 Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 529, 545 – 559
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 definition of, 545 diagnosis of, 550 – 551 exhaled nitric oxide and breath condensates in, 548 growth factors in, 549 – 550 high-resolution computed tomography of, 547 – 548 incidence of, 659 lung physiology in, 548 management of, 551 – 555 antilymphocyte antibodies in, 551 – 552 cyclophosphamide in, 554 cytolytic therapy in, 553 extracorporeal photophoresis in, 554 maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in, 552 methotrexate in, 554 mycophenolate mofetil in, 553 rapamycin in, 554 rescue therapy in, 552 – 553 retransplantation in, 555 tacrolimus in, 553 total lymphoid irradiation in, 554 pathogenesis of, 546, 549 – 550 transbronchial biopsy of, 551 Bronchitis, brachytherapy and, 144 Bronchoalveolar lavage, in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 550 – 551 to detect allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 535 Bronchodilators, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. for emphysema, before lung volume reduction surgery, 687 – 688 Bronchogenic carcinoma, airway stents for, 215 – 216 and tracheoesophageal fistulas, 283 – 286 Bronchoscopic biopsy, of adenoid cystic carcinoma, 123 of tracheobronchial carcinoid tumors, 88, 117 – 118 of tracheobronchial hamartomas, 89 of tracheobronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 87 of tracheobronchial papillomas, 86 Bronchoscopic evaluation, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 434 Bronchoscopy, and dilation, for idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, 261 – 262 for postintubation stenosis, 238 – 239
757
for recurrent postintubation tracheal stenosis, 378, 380 in carinal resection and reconstruction, 318 – 319 in emergency management, of tracheoinnominate fistulas, 337 in evaluation, for airway stent placement, 219 – 221, 223 – 224 of idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, 261 – 262 of trachea, for thyroid cancer, 360 of tracheal burns, 344 of tracheal stenosis, in children, 306 – 307 of tracheal trauma, 296 of tracheobronchial tumors. See Tracheobronchial tumors. of tracheoesophageal fistulas, 273 – 274 of tracheomalacia, 351 – 352 in resection, of primary tracheal tumors, 251 – 254 therapeutic, for tracheobronchial tumors, 131 – 133 to detect allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 532 – 533, 535 Bullectomy, for bullous emphysema, 644 Bullous emphysema, 631 – 649 anatomic classification of, 634 – 635 distal acinar emphysema, 604, 634 panacinar emphysema, 604, 634 – 635 proximal acinar emphysema, 604, 634 clinical classification of, 635 definitions in, 632 – 633 bleb, 633 bullae, 633 cyst, 632 – 633 historical aspects of, 631 – 632 pathophysiology of, 635 – 636 surgical management of, indications for, 637 – 638 postoperative care for, 645 preoperative preparation for, 638 – 640 results of, 645 – 646 technique for, 640 – 644 intracavitary drainage, 643 – 644 open bullectomy, 644 video-assisted thoracic surgery, 641 – 643 Burkholderia cepacia infection, and prognosis, for lung transplantation, 413, 419 – 420 Burns, tracheal. See Tracheal burns.
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Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772
C Carbon dioxide laser therapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 137 Carcinoid tumors, tracheobronchial, 113 – 122 adjuvant radiation therapy for, 122, 155 – 157 bronchoscopic biopsy of, 88, 117 – 118 characteristics of, 8 – 11, 113 – 115 chemotherapy for, 158 computed tomography of, 67, 69 endobronchial resection of, 115, 117 external beam radiation therapy for, 157 – 159 functional imaging of, 73 – 75 imaging of, 82 indium-labeled somatostatin analogs for, 159 iodine-131 – labeled metaiodobenzylguanine for, 159 location of, 118-119 metastatic, 120 – 121, 157 – 159 surgical margins in, 121 – 122 thoracoscopy of, 90 tissue preservation in, 119 typical versus atypical, 8 – 11, 119 – 120 Carcinosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 18 – 19 Cardiopulmonary bypass, in lung transplantation, 480 – 481 in children, 498 Carinal resection and reconstruction, 315 – 329 airway reconstruction in, 322 – 326 anastomotic technique in, 320 – 322 anesthesia in, 318 bronchoscopy in, 318 – 319 contraindications to, 317 – 318 historical aspects of, 177, 315 – 316 incisions in, 319 mediastinoscopy in, 319 postoperative care for, 326 preoperative evaluation for, 316 – 317 reducing anastomotic tension in, 319 – 320 results of, 326 – 328 Carinal Y stents, for airway obstruction, 225 Centriacinar emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634 Centrilobular emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634 Cepacia syndrome, and prognosis, for lung transplantation, 413, 419 – 420
Cervical approach, to resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 105 – 106 Cervical mediastinal exenteration, historical aspects of, 178 Cervical tracheal injuries, management of, 298 – 299 Chemical burns, of trachea, 345 Chemotherapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 158, 161 – 162 for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 286 Chest physiotherapy, after surgery, for bullous emphysema, 645 Chest radiographs, clear, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 433 Chest tubes, after lung volume reduction surgery, 698 – 699, 706, 712 in living donor lung transplantation, 518 Chest wall surgery, for emphysema, historical aspects of, 584 Chest wall trauma, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 435 Chondromas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 20 – 21 Chondrosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 20 – 21 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 615 – 629. See also Emphysema. and tracheomalacia, 354 – 355 bronchodilators for, 619 – 621 in combination therapy, 621 long- versus short-acting, 620 theophylline, 620 – 621 emerging therapies for, 623 environmental causes of, 618 – 619 evaluation of, 615 – 617 a-1 antitrypsin in, 617 arterial blood gases in, 616 – 617 diffusing capacity in, 616 exercise testing in, 617 imaging in, 617 lung volume in, 616 spirometry in, 616 exacerbations of, management of, 624 – 625 influenza vaccination for, 619 lung transplantation for, 407 – 409 mucolytics for, 623 oxygen therapy for, 624 prevention of, 618 psychoactive medications for, 623 pulmonary rehabilitation for, 624 smoking and, 618
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 steroids for, 621 – 623 disease severity and, 622 for exacerbations, 625 inhaled, 621 patient selection for, 622 results of, 622 systemic, 621 unproven therapies for, 623 Cigarette smoking, and emphysema, 590, 594, 596 Columnar cell papillomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 4 Complement inhibitors, for reperfusion injury, after lung transplantation, 454 – 455 in xenotransplantation, 570 – 571
759
to reduce risk of allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 531 Cytomegalovirus, and risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 553 in donor or recipient, in lung transplantation, 438, 501 D Deep venous thrombosis, lung volume reduction surgery and, 689 Dialysis, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 435 – 436 Diaphragm surgery, for emphysema, historical aspects of, 584 – 585
Computed tomography, before carinal resection and reconstruction, 316 – 317 before lung volume reduction surgery, 677 – 680, 695 before surgery, for bullous emphysema, 639 – 640 of tracheobronchial tumors. See Tracheobronchial tumors. of tracheomalacia, 349 – 350
Diffusing capacity, before lung volume reduction surgery, 672 – 673 to evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 616
Congenital abnormalities, in donor lung, for transplantation, 469 – 470
Dumont stents, for tracheobronchial tumors, 134 – 135
Congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension secondary to, lung transplantation for, 417 – 418 in children, 492 – 495 Congenital tracheal stenosis, in children. See Pediatric tracheal surgery. Coronary artery disease, as contraindication, to lung volume reduction surgery, 671 Cryotherapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 140 – 141 Cuff stenosis, postintubation, 233
Disseminated coagulopathy, in xenotransplantation, 571 Distal acinar emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634
Dynamic stents, for tracheobronchial tumors, 135 Dyspnea, after lung volume reduction surgery, 714 – 715, 717 bullous emphysema and, surgical management of. See Bullous emphysema.
E Edema, airway, tracheal surgery and, 395 anastomotic, tracheal surgery and, 390 Eisenmenger syndrome, lung transplantation for, 417 – 418 in children, 492 – 495
Cyclophosphamide, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 554
Electrocautery, for tracheobronchial tumors, 88, 138 – 139
Cyclosporine, for allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 536 – 537 for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 552
Emphysema, 589 – 613. See also Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. bullous. See Bullous emphysema. centriacinar, characteristics of, 604, 634 end-stage, new treatments for, 739 – 753 endobronchial occluders, 742 – 743 endobronchial sealants, 742 endobronchial valves. See Endobronchial valves. lung volume reduction surgery, 740 – 742
Cystic fibrosis, lung transplantation for, 409, 412 – 414 in children, 490 – 492 Cytolytic therapy, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 553
760
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 exercise capacity in, 600 gas exchange in, 600 historical aspects of, 583 – 588 chest wall surgery, 584 diaphragm surgery, 584 – 585 lung volume reduction surgery, 586 nervous system surgery, 585 – 586 pleura surgery, 585 lung transplantation for. See Lung transplantation lung volume reduction surgery for. See Lung volume reduction surgery. modern history of, 586 – 587 morphologic classification of, 602 panacinar, characteristics of, 604, 634 – 635 paraseptal, characteristics of, 604, 634 pathogenesis of, 594, 596 physiologic classification of, 602 physiologic consequences of, 597 pulmonary function tests for, 597, 599 – 600 pulmonary vascular changes in, 600, 602 risk factors for, 590, 593 – 594 a-1 antitrypsin deficiency, 590, 593 – 594 genetic predisposition, 594 smoking, 590, 593 therapeutic classification of, 604 – 608
Empyema, bullous emphysema and, surgical management of. See Bullous emphysema. Endobronchial adenocarcinoma, characteristics of, 8 Endobronchial large-cell carcinoma, characteristics of, 12 – 13 Endobronchial occluders, for end-stage emphysema, 742 – 743 Endobronchial sealants, for end-stage emphysema, 742 Endobronchial small-cell carcinoma, characteristics of, 11 – 12 Endobronchial squamous cell carcinoma, characteristics of, 6 – 7 Endobronchial therapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 131 – 149 argon plasma coagulator in, 139 brachytherapy in, 141 – 144 complications of, 143 – 144 dilation and tamponade in, 133 – 134 electrocautery in, 138 – 139 flexible bronchoscopy in, 132 – 133 hyperthermia in, 137 – 140 hypothermia in, 140 – 141 lasers in, 137 – 138
photochemical therapy in, 144 – 146 rigid bronchoscopy in, 131 – 132 stents in, 134 – 136 Endobronchial valves, for end-stage emphy sema, 743 – 747, 749 – 752 animal studies of, 744 clinical studies of, 744 – 745 issues to be addressed, 751 – 752 patient selection for, 745 results of, 746 – 747, 749 – 751 technique for, 746 Endotracheal intubation, after lung volume reduction surgery, 690 and tracheal injuries, 301 and tracheal stenosis, in children, 213 – 313 and tracheoesophageal fistulas. See Tracheoesophageal fistulas. for tracheal injuries, 295 Epithelial tumors, tracheobronchial, 1 – 20 acinic cell carcinoma, 17 adenoid cystic carcinoma. See Adenoid cystic carcinoma. adenomas of salivary gland, 4 basaloid variant of squamous cell carcinoma, 8 carcinoid tumors. See Carcinoid tumors. carcinomas with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid, or sarcomatous elements, 18 – 19 endobronchial adenocarcinoma, 8 endobronchial large-cell carcinoma, 12 – 13 endobronchial small-cell carcinoma, 11 – 12 endobronchial squamous cell carcinoma, 6 – 7 glandular papillomas, 4 malignant salivary gland – type mixed tumors, 17 – 18 metastatic carcinoma, 20 monomorphic adenomas, 5 mucoepidermoid carcinoma. See Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. mucous gland adenomas, 4 oncocytomas, 5 – 6 papillary variant of squamous cell carcinoma, 7 – 8 papillomas, 1, 3 – 4 pleomorphic adenomas, 5 squamous cell papillomas/ papillomatosis, 3 tracheal squamous cell carcinoma, 6–7 Esophageal bypass, for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 285
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 Esophageal cancer, airway stents for, 216 – 217 and tracheoesophageal fistulas, 283 – 286
761
Fungal infections, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 420
Esophageal exclusion, for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 285 – 286 Esophageal stents, for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 285
G Gas exchange, in emphysema, 600
Exercise capacity, before lung volume reduction surgery, 673 in emphysema, 600
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, and idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, 259
Exercise testing, after lung volume reduction surgery, 714 to evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 617 External beam radiation therapy, for tracheobronchial carcinoid tumors, 157 – 159 Extracorporeal photophoresis, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 554 for refractory acute allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 537 – 538 Extrapulmonary organ dysfunction, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 421 – 422
Gastrointestinal complications, of lung volume reduction surgery, 697, 707 Gianturco stents, for airway obstruction, 212 Glandular papillomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 4 Glomus tumors, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 21 Glottic disorders, as contraindication to tracheal surgery, 386 postintubation, 232, 244 tracheal surgery and, 394 – 395 Granular cell tumors, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 22 Granulations, tracheal surgery and, 389, 392
F Fibromas, tracheobronchial, magnetic resonance imaging of, 72 Fibrosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Fine needle aspiration, in cytology, of tracheobronchial tumors. See Tracheobronchial tumors. Fistulas, tracheoesophageal. See Tracheoesophageal fistulas. tracheoinnominate. See Tracheoinnominate fistulas. Flexible bronchoscopy, in evaluation, for airway stent placement, 221, 223 – 224 therapeutic, for tracheobronchial tumors, 132 – 133 Fluid restriction, after lung volume reduction surgery, 689 Fluid resuscitation, for tracheal burns, 345 Fluoroscopy, to guide bronchoscopic biopsy, of tracheobronchial tumors, 89 Forced expiratory volume, before lung volume reduction surgery, 672 in emphysema, 599 Formoterol, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 620
Granulomas, plasma cell, computed tomography of, 69 – 70 Granulomatous mediastinal infections, and nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistulas, 280 – 281 Growth factors, in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 549 – 550
H Hamartomas, tracheobronchial, bronchoscopic biopsy of, 89 characteristics of, 22 – 24 high-resolution computed tomography of, 81 – 82 magnetic resonance imaging of, 72 resection of, 126 thoracoscopy of, 90 Heliox, for airway edema, after tracheal surgery, 395 Hemangiomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 21 Hemangiopericytomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Hemoptysis, bullous emphysema and, surgical management of, 638
762
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772
Hemorrhage, fatal, brachytherapy and, 143 – 144 tracheal, tracheoinnominate fistulas and, 337 – 338 tracheal surgery and, 390, 393 – 394 High-resolution computed tomography, of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 547 – 548 of tracheobronchial tumors, 81 – 82 Hilar release, after tracheal sleeve resection, 206 – 207 Histiocytomas, malignant fibrous, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25
Indium-labeled somatostatin analogs, for tracheobronchial carcinoid tumors, 159 Induction therapy, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 551 – 552 to reduce risk of allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 531 Infections, granulomatous mediastinal, and nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistulas, 280 – 281 in xenotransplantation, 571 – 572 pulmonary, tracheoesophageal fistulas and, 274 – 275 tracheal surgery and, 395
Histoplasmosis, and nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistulas, 281
Influenza vaccination, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 619
HIV infection, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 423
Interleukins, to reduce risk of allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 531
Human leukocyte antigen matching, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 437
Intracavitary drainage, of bullous emphysema, 643 – 644
Human papillomavirus, and tracheobronchial squamous cell papillomas, 3 Hypertension, pulmonary. See Pulmonary hypertension. Hyperthermia, for tracheobronchial tumors, 137 – 140
Intrathoracic tracheal injuries, management of, 299 Intubation, endotracheal. See Endotracheal intubation. Iodine-131 – labeled metaiodobenzylguanine, for tracheobronchial carcinoid tumors, 159
Hypothermia, for tracheobronchial tumors, 140 – 141
I Iatrogenic tracheal injuries, management of, 301 Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, 257 – 269 airway stents for, 218 – 219 diagnosis of, 259 – 261 etiology of, 259 management of, 261 anesthesia in, 262 – 263 bronchoscopy in, 261 – 262 long-term results of, 267 – 268 postoperative care in, 266 short-term results of, 266 – 267 surgical technique in, 263 – 266 pathology of, 257 – 258 repair of, 182 signs and symptoms of, 259 Immunosuppressive therapy, after lung transplantation, for allograft rejection, 536 – 537 for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, 552 in children, 500
K Kaposi’s sarcoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 22 KTP laser therapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 138
L Large-cell carcinoma, endobronchial, characteristics of, 12 – 13 Laryngeal dysfunction, tracheal surgery and, 390 Laryngeal release, after tracheal sleeve resection, 204 – 206 for postintubation stenosis, 244 – 245 for recurrent postintubation stenosis, 381 Laryngotracheal resection, historical aspects of, 178 Laryngotracheal stenosis, idiopathic. See Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis. Laser therapy, for bullous emphysema, 642 – 643 for tracheobronchial tumors, 137 – 138
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 Lasers, in lung volume reduction surgery, 695 Leiomyomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 24 magnetic resonance imaging of, 72 Leiomyosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 24 Lipomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Liposarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Living donor lung transplantation, 505 – 524 allograft implantation in, 516 – 518 current results of, 520 donor lobectomy for, 509 – 512, 514 left lower, 512, 514 right lower, 510 – 512 donor outcome in, 521 – 522 donor selection for, 438 – 439, 471, 507 – 509 historical aspects of, 506 – 507 indications for, 507 initial results of, 518 – 520 lobar physiology in, 518 lung preservation in, 514 postoperative donor care in, 515 pulmonary function after, 521 recipient outcome in, 520 – 521 recipient pneumonectomy in, 515 – 516 Lobectomy, in living donor lung transplantation, 509 – 512, 514 Low-potassium dextran, in lung preservation, for transplantation, 446 – 448 Lung cancer, and tracheoesophageal fistulas, 283 – 286 mediastinal staging of, 54 – 55 Lung preservation, for transplantation, 443 – 462 donor selection and, 444 – 446 in living donor transplantation, 514 lung inflammation and, 446 prevention and treatment of reperfusion injury, 452 – 456, 658 complement inhibitor in, 454 – 455 in children, 499 nitric oxide in, 453 – 454 platelet activating factor antagonists in, 455 – 456 prostaglandin-E1 in, 454 surfactant therapy in, 456 steroid bolus in, 444 technique for, 446 – 452 inflation, oxygenation, and storage temperature, 450 – 451
763
low perfusion pressure and protective ventilation, 452 preservation solution, 446 – 448 retrograde flush and late reflush, 451 – 452 volume, pressure, and temperature of flush solution, 448 – 450 Lung transplantation, allograft rejection after. See Allograft rejection. and malignancies, 422 – 423 and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, 422 – 423 in children, 502 bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after. See Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. contraindications to, 418 – 423 extrapulmonary organ dysfunction, 421 – 422 fungal infections, 420 mechanical ventilation, 419, 653 multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, 419 – 420 musculoskeletal disease, 419 osteoporosis, 418 – 419 positive serology for HIV, 422 preoperative steroid use, 419, 653 preoperative undernutrition, 419 psychosocial problems, 420 substance abuse, 420 – 421 donor lung in, 464 – 467 congenital anatomic abnormalities in, 469 – 470 living donor and split lung techniques, 471 non – heart-beating, 471 size-mismatched, 470 – 471 suboptimal, repair of, 467 – 468 donor selection for, 429 – 442 ABO compatibility in, 436 age and, 432 – 433, 438 arterial oxygenation in, 434 brain death in, 431 bronchoscopic evaluation in, 434 chest wall and lung trauma in, 435 clear chest radiograph in, 433 cytomegalovirus status in, 438, 501 dialysis in, 435 – 436 exclusion of malignancies in, 432 for living donor transplantation, 438 – 439 for non-heart-beating donation, 440 human leukocyte antigen matching in, 437 legislative issues in, 429 – 430 negative sputum Gram stain in, 434 organization for allocation in, 430 – 431
764
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 organization of procurement in, 430 panel-reactive antibodies in, 436 – 437 size matching in, 437 – 438 smoking history in, 435 total lung capacity in, 437 – 438 virologic testing in, 431 – 432 for chronic obstructive lung disease, 407 – 409 for cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis, 409, 412 – 414 for Eisenmenger syndrome, 417 – 418 for emphysema, 610, 651 – 667 complications of, 658 – 659 contraindications to, 653 cost of, 664 donor selection for, 654 – 655 quality of life after, 664 recipient selection for, 651 – 653 results of, 660 – 661 technique for, 655 – 658 timing of, 654 wait list for, 654 with lung volume reduction surgery, 661 – 662, 664 for pulmonary fibrosis, 414 for pulmonary hypertension, 414, 416 – 417 in children, 485 – 504 cardiopulmonary bypass in, 498 complications of, 501 – 502 contraindications to, 497 graft failure in, 496 – 497 historical aspects of, 485 – 490 indications for, 490 – 496 bronchiolitis obliterans, 495 – 496 cystic fibrosis, 490 – 492 pulmonary fibrosis, 495 pulmonary vascular disease, 492 – 495, 500 perioperative management of, 499 – 501 reperfusion injury in, 499 technique for, 497 – 499 living donor. See Living donor lung transplantation. lung preservation for. See Lung preservation. recipient preparation in, 471 – 472 recipient selection for, 405 – 428 referral for, timing of, 406 – 407 technique for, 463 – 483 anterior axillary muscle-sparing thoracotomy in, 474 bilateral anterolateral thoracotomy in, 472 – 473 cardiopulmonary bypass in, 480 – 481
implantation in, 476 – 480 controlled reperfusion in, 479 – 480 insufficient recipient atrial cuff in, 481 – 482 minimally invasive, 480 posterolateral and anterolateral thoracotomy in, 474 pulmonary artery size discrepancies in, 482 recipient lung explantation in, 474 – 476 small recipient chest cavity in, 481 trans-sternal bilateral thoracotomy in, 473 – 474 xenotransplantation in. See Xenotransplantation. Lung tumors, primary. See Tracheobronchial tumors. Lung volume measurements, to evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 616 Lung volume reduction surgery, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 407 – 408 for emphysema, 669 – 685 complications of, 701 – 708, 712 air leaks, 698 – 699, 706, 712 arrhythmias, 707 gastrointestinal, 697, 707 mortality, 704 – 705 prevention of, 701 – 702 pulmonary, 697 – 698, 705 – 706 surgical approach and, 703 – 704 cost effectiveness of, 727 – 738 allowance for uncertainty, 732 and reimbursement, 735 – 737 economic and policy history in, 728 – 729 extrapolation beyond trial period, 732 measure of, 731 National Emphysema Treatment Trial in, 732, 734 – 735 research question in, 729 – 730 historical aspects of, 586 imaging in, 673, 677 – 680 new approaches to, 740 – 742 patient classification in, 608 – 609 patient selection for, 670 – 671 postoperative care for, 696 – 699 air leaks in, 698 – 699 gastrointestinal problems in, 697 pain management in, 697
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 preoperative preparation for, 687 – 690 pulmonary function testing in, 672 – 673 results of, 709 – 726 early, 713 – 716 long-term, 716 – 718 National Emphysema Treatment Trial of, 719 – 723 randomized trials of, 718 – 719 surgical approach and, 710 – 712 technique for, 687 – 700 buttressed staples, 696 lasers, 695 median sternotomy, 691 – 692 plication, 696 target for resection, 694 – 695 thoracoscopy, 692 – 694 thoracotomy, 691 with lung transplantation, 661 – 662, 664 previous, and explantation of recipient lungs, for transplantation, 476 Lymph nodes, metastatic disease of, from tracheobronchial carcinoid tumors, 121 Lymphocytic bronchiolitis, and risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 552 Lymphoid irradiation, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 554 Lymphomas, malignant, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 28
765
complications of, 703 – 704 results of, 711 – 712 in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 106 Mediastinal infections, granulomatous, and nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistulas, 280 – 281 Mediastinal staging, of lung cancer, 54 – 55 Mediastinal tracheostomy, historical aspects of, 178 Mediastinoscopy, in carinal resection and reconstruction, 319 of tracheobronchial tumors, 92 Melanoma, primary pulmonary, characteristics of, 28 – 29 Membranous wall tracheoplasty, for tracheomalacia, 355 – 356 Metal expandable stents, for airway obstruction, 212, 214 – 215, 223, 227 for tracheobronchial tumors, 135 – 136 Metastatic disease, from adenoid cystic carcinoma, 124 from tracheobronchial carcinoid tumors, 120 – 121, 157 – 159 to airways, characteristics of, 20 management of, 163 – 164 Methotrexate, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 554 Monomorphic adenomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 5 Mounier-Kuhn syndrome, and tracheomalacia, 352 – 353 Mucinous glands, adenomas of, 4
M Magnetic resonance imaging, of tracheobronchial tumors, 71 – 72 Malignancies, exclusion of, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 432 lung transplantation and, 422 – 423 Mechanical ventilation, after lung volume reduction surgery, 690 and lung function, after lung transplantation, 452 as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 419, 653 Median sternotomy, for tracheoinnominate fistulas, 338 – 339 in lung volume reduction surgery, 691 – 692
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, tracheobronchial, 124 – 126 bronchoscopic biopsy of, 87 characteristics of, 14 – 15, 17, 124 – 125 diagnosis of, 125 resection of, 125 – 126 Mucolytics, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 623 Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 419 – 420 Musculoskeletal disease, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 419 Mycophenolate mofetil, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 552, 553
766
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772
Myoepitheliomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 5 Myofibroblastic tumors, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 26 – 28
N Nd:YAG laser therapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 137 – 138 Neck flexion, after tracheal sleeve resection, 203 – 204 in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 107 Nerve sheath tumors, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Nervous system surgery, for emphysema, historical aspects of, 585 – 586 Neurilemomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Neuroendocrine thoracic tumors, functional imaging of, 73 – 75 large-cell, characteristics of, 12 – 13 management of, 155 – 159 Neurofibromas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Neurogenic sarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Nitric oxide, exhaled, in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 548 for reperfusion injury, after lung transplantation, 453 – 454 Non – heart-beating lung transplantation, donor selection for, 440, 471 technique for, 471 Nuclear medicine studies, of tracheobronchial tumors, 73 – 75, 82 Nutritional complications, of tracheoesophageal fistulas, 274 – 275 Nutritional status, as contraindication, to lung volume reduction surgery, 671, 688 – 689 before lung transplantation, 412, 419
Oxygen therapy, after lung volume reduction surgery, 716 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 624
P Pain management, after lung volume reduction surgery, 689, 697, 702 after surgery, for bullous emphysema, 645 Palmaz stents, for airway obstruction, 214 Panacinar emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634 – 635 Panel-reactive antibodies, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 436 – 437 Panlobular emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634 – 635 Papillary carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 7 – 8 Papillomas, tracheobronchial, bronchoscopic biopsy of, 86 characteristics of, 1, 3 – 4 Papillomatosis, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 3 Paraseptal emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634 Pediatric tracheal surgery, 305 – 314 evaluation for, 305 – 307 for acquired stenosis, 312 – 313 for congenital stenosis, 307 – 312 augmentation tracheoplasty in, 310 historical aspects of, 181 – 182 resection in, 309 – 310 slide tracheoplasty in, 310 for congenital tracheomalacia, 310 – 312 Photochemical therapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 144 – 146 Photophoresis, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 554 for refractory acute allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 537 – 538
Osteoporosis, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 418 – 419
Plain films, of emphysema, before lung volume reduction surgery, 673, 677 of idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, 260 of tracheoesophageal fistulas, 273 to detect allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 533
Osteosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 26
Plasma cell granulomas, computed tomography of, 69 – 70
O Oncocytomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 5 – 6
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 Platelet activating factor antagonists, for reperfusion injury, after lung transplantation, 455 – 456 Pleomorphic carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 5, 18 – 19 Pleura surgery, for emphysema, historical aspects of, 585 Pneumonectomy, in living donor lung transplantation, 515 – 516
767
Psychosocial problems, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 420 Pulmonary artery, injuries of, in donor lung, for transplantation, 468 size discrepancies in, in lung transplantation, 482 Pulmonary blastomas, characteristics of, 18 – 19
Pneumonia, tracheobronchial tumors and, 82
Pulmonary complications, of lung volume reduction surgery, 697 – 698, 705 – 706
Pneumothorax, bullous emphysema and, surgical management of. See Bullous emphysema.
Pulmonary fibrosis, lung transplantation for, 414 in children, 495
Positive end-expiratory pressure, before lung volume reduction surgery, 672
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, lung transplantation and, 422 – 423 in children, 502
Pulmonary function tests, after living donor lung transplantation, 521 after lung volume reduction surgery, 717 before carinal resection and reconstruction, 316 before lung volume reduction surgery, 672 for emphysema, 597, 599 – 600 for tracheomalacia, 350 – 351
Posterolateral thoracotomy, in lung transplantation, 474
Pulmonary hilar release, in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 108, 110
Postpneumonectomy syndrome, etiology of, 183
Pulmonary hypertension, as contraindication, to lung volume reduction surgery, 671 lung transplantation for, 414, 416 – 417 in children, 492 – 495, 500 secondary to congenital heart disease, lung transplantation for, 417 – 418
Positron emission tomography, of neuroendocrine thoracic tumors, 73
Pretracheal plane dissection, after tracheal sleeve resection, 203 Primary tracheal tumors, 247 – 256 clinical features of, 248 diagnosis of, 248 – 249 epidemiology of, 247 – 248 histology of, 249 management of, 249, 251 – 254 bronchoscopic, 251 resectable disease, 252 – 253 unresectable disease, 253 – 254 radiation therapy in, 254 resectable disease, 249, 251 results of, 254 – 255 Prostacyclin therapy, for pulmonary hypertension, 417 Prostaglandin-E1, for reperfusion injury, after lung transplantation, 454 Proximal acinar emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634 Pseudotumors, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 26 – 28 Psychoactive medications, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 623
Pulmonary infections, tracheoesophageal fistulas and, 274 – 275 Pulmonary melanoma, primary, characteristics of, 28 – 29 Pulmonary rehabilitation, before lung volume reduction surgery, 688 – 689 before surgery, for bullous emphysema, 640 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 624 Pulmonary trauma, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 435 Pulmonary vascular changes, in emphysema, 600, 602 Pulmonary vein injuries, in donor lung, for transplantation, 467 – 468 Pulmonary venous anatomy, anomalous, in donor lung, for transplantation, 470 Purine synthesis inhibitors, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 552
768
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772
R Radiation therapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 141 – 144, 155 – 157, 159 – 162 complications of, 143 – 144, 164 for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 286 prior, as contraindication to tracheal surgery, 386 Raffinose, in lung preservation, for transplantation, 447 – 448 Rapamycin, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 554 Relapsing polychondritis, and tracheomalacia, 354 Renal dysfunction, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 421 – 422 Reperfusion injury, after lung transplantation. See Lung preservation. Rhabdomyosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 24 – 25 Rigid bronchoscopy, and dilation, for postintubation stenosis, 239 in evaluation, for airway stent placement, 221, 224 in resection, of primary tracheal tumors, 251 therapeutic, for tracheobronchial tumors, 131 – 132
S Salivary gland – type tumors, characteristics of, 17 – 18 Salmeterol, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 620 Sarcomatoid carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 18 – 19 Sarcomatous carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 18 – 19 Schwannomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Self-expandable stents, for tracheobronchial tumors, 135 Seromucinous glands, adenomas of, 4 Serum markers, for tracheobronchial tumors, 82 Silicone stents. See Airway stents. Single-photon emission tomography, of neuroendocrine thoracic tumors, 73 Six-minute walk distance, after lung volume reduction surgery, 714
Slide tracheoplasty, for tracheal stenosis, in children, 310 Small-cell carcinoma, endobronchial, characteristics of, 11 – 12 Smoking, and emphysema, 590, 594, 596 Smoking cessation, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 618 Smoking history, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 435 Soft tissue tumors, tracheobronchial, 20 – 26 chondromas/chondrosarcomas, 20 – 21 fibrosarcomas/hemangiopericytomas/malignant fibrous histiocytomas, 25 glomus tumors, 21 granular cell tumors, 22 hamartomas. See Hamartomas. hemangiomas/angiosarcomas/ Kaposi’s sarcoma, 21 – 22 inflammatory pseudotumors and myofibroblastic tumors, 26 – 28 leiomyomas/leiomyosarcomas/ rhabdomyosarcomas, 24 – 25, 72 lipomas/liposarcomas, 25 malignant lymphomas, 28 nerve sheath tumors, 25 osteosarcomas, 26 primary pulmonary melanomas, 28 – 29 sarcomas, 162 – 163 synovial sarcomas, 26 Spirometry, to detect allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 535 to evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 616 Split lung transplantation, technique for, 471 Sputum, in cytology, of tracheobronchial tumors. See Tracheobronchial tumors. Sputum Gram stain, negative, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 434 Squamous cell carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 6 – 7 variants of, characteristics of, 7 – 8 Squamous cell papillomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 3 Stenosis, airway, in children. See Pediatric tracheal surgery. anastomotic, airway stents for, 219 idiopathic laryngotracheal. See Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis.
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 of tracheal anastomosis, tracheal surgery and, 393 postintubation, 231 – 246 anatomy of, 232 – 234 and tracheomalacia, 353 – 354 clinical features of, 236 – 238 etiology of, 180 – 181 management of, 238 – 239 bronchoscopy and dilation in, 238 – 239 laryngeal release in, 244 – 245 results of, 244 – 245 surgical technique for, 240, 242 – 244 T-tube in, 239 pathogenesis of, 234 – 236 recurrent, 375 – 383 bronchoscopy and dilation for, 378, 380 clinical features of, 377 – 378 etiology of, 376 – 377 long-term management of, 378 – 379 reoperation for, 379 – 382 Stents, airway. See Airway stents. esophageal, for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 285 for tracheobronchial tumors, 134 – 136 Sternotomy, median. See Median sternotomy. Steroid use, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 419, 653 to lung volume reduction surgery, 688 Steroids, for allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 536 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. for tracheal burns, 346 Stoma, persistent, after tracheal surgery, 395 – 396 Stomal stenosis, postintubation, 233 Subglottic resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 104 – 105 Subglottic stenosis, in children, 312 – 313 postintubation, 233 – 234 Substance abuse, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 420 – 421 Suprahyoid laryngeal release, in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 108 Suprathyroid laryngeal release, in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 108 Surfactant therapy, for reperfusion injury, after lung transplantation, 456
769
Synovial sarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 26
T Tacrolimus, for allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 536 – 537 for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 553 Theophylline, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 620 – 621 Thoracoscopy, in lung volume reduction surgery, 692 – 694 of tracheobronchial tumors, 89 – 90, 92 Thoracosternotomy, in lung transplantation, 473 – 474 Thoracotomy, in lung transplantation. See Lung transplantation. in lung volume reduction surgery, 691 in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 106 – 107 Thyroid cancer, invading trachea, 359 – 367 anatomy of, 360 diagnosis of, 360 pathology of, 360 – 361 surgical management of, 361 – 365 Tiotropium, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 620 Total lung capacity, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 437 – 438 Trachea, invasion of, by thyroid cancer. See Thyroid cancer. surgical anatomy of, 191 – 199 histology in, 199 vascular supply, 194 – 197, 199, 202 – 203 Tracheal burns, 343 – 348 acute, management of, 345 – 346 chemical, 354 chronic, management of, 346 – 347 diagnosis of, 344 – 345 pathophysiology of, 343 – 344 Tracheal mobilization, in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 108 Tracheal reconstruction, inhibitions to, 176 Tracheal release maneuvers, 201 – 210 experimental studies on, 208 hilar release, 206 – 207 historical aspects of, 201 – 202 laryngeal release, 204 – 206, 244 – 245, 381 neck flexion in, 203 – 204
770
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 pretracheal plane dissection in, 203 results of, 208 – 209 vascular supply in, 202 – 203
Tracheal sleeve resection, release maneuvers after. See Tracheal release maneuvers. Tracheal squamous cell carcinoma, characteristics of, 6 – 7 Tracheal stoma, persistent, after tracheostomy, 369 – 373 Tracheal surgery, complications of, 385 – 396 airway edema, 395 airway separation, 392 – 393 airway stenosis, 386 – 387, 393 anastomotic edema, 390 aspiration, 394 death, 391 – 392 dehiscence and restenosis, 389 – 390 fistulas, 394 glottic problems, 394 – 395 granulations, 389, 392 hemorrhage, 390, 393 – 394 in high-risk patients, 385 – 386 infections, 390 laryngeal dysfunction, 390 prevention of, 392 – 396 stoma, 395 – 396 tracheomalacia, 390 – 391, 394 vocal cord paralysis, 395 historical aspects of, 175 – 190 airway healing, 175 – 176 anatomic mobilization, 176 – 177 anesthesia, 177 – 178 carinal resection and reconstruction, 177 cervical mediastinal exenteration and mediastinal tracheostomy, 178 complications, 178 congenital and pediatric lesions, 181 – 182 end-to-end anastomosis, 175 – 176 infectious and idiopathic diseases, 182 inhibitions to reconstruction, 175 – 176 laryngotracheal resection and reconstruction, 178 postintubation lesions, 180 – 181 postpneumonectomy syndrome, 183 primary tracheal tumors, 179 secondary tracheal tumors, 179 – 180 tracheal trauma, 181 tracheomalacia, 182 – 183 T-tubes and stents, 179 in children. See Pediatric tracheal surgery.
Tracheal trauma, 291 – 304 airway management in, 295 – 297 anatomy in, 291 – 292 blunt injuries, 293 – 294 clinical features of, 294 – 295 etiology of, 292 – 293 injuries associated with, 297 – 298 penetrating injuries, 294 surgical management of, 298 – 300 delayed, 301, 303 for cervical injuries, 298 – 299 for iatrogenic injuries, 301 for intrathoracic injuries, 299 for tracheoesophageal injuries, 300 – 301 postoperative care in, 299 – 300 Tracheal tumors, primary. See Primary tracheal tumors. Tracheobronchial malacia, airway stents for, 219 Tracheobronchial toilet, after surgery, for bullous emphysema, 645 Tracheobronchial tumors, 79 – 95 adjuvant radiation therapy for, 155 – 157 bronchoscopy of, 83 – 89 bronchial brushing in, 85 – 86 bronchial washing in, 84 bronchoalveolar lavage in, 84 complications of, 92 electrocautery in, 88 fluoroscopy in, 89 for biopsy, 86 – 88 preoperative, 101 transthoracic needle aspiration in, 88 – 89 chemotherapy for, 161 – 162 cytology of, 41 – 62 bronchoscopic specimens in, 44 – 45, 84 – 86 accuracy of, 45 – 47 diagnostic utility of, 52 – 53 clinicopathologic communication in, 56 clinicopathologic correlation in, 56 pathologist’s expertise in, 56 specimen collection and preparation for, 55 – 56 sputum in, 43 accuracy of, 43 – 44 diagnostic utility of, 50 – 51 surgery without confirmation of, 54 transthoracic fine needle aspiration in, 47 – 48 accuracy of, 48 – 50 diagnostic utility of, 53 – 54 endobronchial therapy for. See Endobronchial therapy. epithelial. See Epithelial tumors.
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 imaging of, 63 – 77, 80 – 82 computed tomography in, 64 – 67, 69 – 70 adenoid cystic carcinoma, 69 carcinoid tumors, 67, 69 plasma cell granulomas, 69 – 70 functional imaging in, 73 – 75 carcinoid tumors, 73 – 75 magnetic resonance imaging in, 71 – 72 adenoid cystic carcinoma, 72 carcinoid tumors, 71 – 72 fibromas, 72 hamartomas, 72 leiomyomas, 72 nuclear medicine studies in, 73 – 75 indium-labeled somatostatin analogs for, 159 iodine-131 – labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine for, 159 mediastinal staging of, 54 – 55 mediastinoscopy of, 92 metastatic, chemotherapy for, 158 octreotide for, 157 radiation therapy for, 158 – 159 physical examination for, 80 radiation therapy for, 157, 159 – 162 complications of, 164 serum markers for, 82 soft tissue. See Soft tissue tumors. surgical management of, 97 – 112 anatomy in, 99 anesthesia in, 101 – 102 cervical approach to, 105 – 106 choice of resection in, 104 historical aspects of, 97 – 98 malignant tumor pathology in, 110 median sternotomy in, 106 neck flexion in, 107 postoperative care for, 110 – 111 preoperative evaluation for, 101 principles of resection in, 102 – 103 prosthetic reconstruction in, 98 – 99 pulmonary hilar release in, 108, 110 right thoracotomy in, 106 – 107 subglottic resection in, 104 – 105 suprahyoid laryngeal release in, 108 suprathyroid laryngeal release in, 108 tracheal mobilization in, 108 symptoms of, 79 – 80 thoracoscopy of, 89 – 90, 92 Tracheobronchomegaly, and tracheomalacia, 352 – 353 Tracheoesophageal fistulas, 271 – 290 acquired malignant, 283 – 286 chemotherapy for, 286
771
natural history of, 284 – 285 radiation therapy for, 286 surgical management of, 285 – 286 acquired nonmalignant, 272 – 283 complications of, 274 – 275 diagnosis of, 273 – 274 etiology of, 272 – 273 postintubation, 180 preoperative management of, 274 – 275 surgical management of, anesthesia in, 275 large fistula and circumferential damage, 277 – 279 results of, 283 small fistula and normal trachea, 275 – 276 techniques for, 275 – 283 uncommon fistulas, 279 – 283 tracheal surgery and, 394 in children, 310 – 312 Tracheoesophageal injuries, management of, 300 – 301 Tracheoinnominate fistulas, 331 – 341 clinical features of, 334 – 335 diagnosis of, 335 emergency management of, 337 – 338 historical aspects of, 331 incidence of, 331 – 332 intubation and, 180 pathogenesis of, 332 – 334 prevention of, 335 – 337 surgical management of, 338 – 340 results of, 340 Tracheomalacia, 349 – 357 acquired, 353 adult idiopathic, 355 as contraindication to tracheal surgery, 386 bronchoscopic evaluation of, 351 – 352 chronic pulmonary obstructive disease and, 354 – 355 congenital, 352 – 353 etiology of, 182 – 183 imaging of, 349 – 350 in children, 310 – 312 membranous wall tracheoplasty for, 355 – 356 postintubation tracheal stenosis and, 353 – 354 pulmonary function tests in, 350 – 351 relapsing polychondritis and, 354 tracheal surgery and, 390 – 391, 394 Tracheoplasty, for tracheal stenosis, in children, 310
772
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772
membranous wall, for tracheomalacia, 355 – 356 Tracheostomy, and tracheoesophageal fistulas. See Tracheoesophageal fistulas. and tracheoinnominate fistulas, 333 – 334 for airway edema, after tracheal surgery, 395 for postintubation stenosis, 245 for recurrent postintubation stenosis, 381 for tracheal burns, 346 mediastinal, historical aspects of, 178 persistent tracheal stoma after, 369 – 373 Transbronchial lung biopsy, of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 551 Transbronchial needle aspiration, in cytology, of tracheobronchial tumors, 44 – 47, 53, 88 – 89 Trans-sternal bilateral thoracotomy, in lung transplantation, 473 – 474 Transthoracic fine needle aspiration, in cytology, of tracheobronchial tumors. See Tracheobronchial tumors. Trauma, tracheal. See Tracheal trauma. T-tubes, for postintubation stenosis, 239 for tracheal burns, 347 historical aspects of, 179
U Ultraflex stents, for airway obstruction, 215, 227 Upper lobe bronchus injuries, in donor lung, for transplantation, 469
V Vascular tumors, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 21 – 22 Ventilation, mechanical. See Mechanical ventilation. Ventilation/perfusion scans, of emphysema, before lung volume reduction surgery, 680, 695 Video-assisted thoracic surgery, for bullous emphysema, 641 – 643 for emphysema, complications of, 703 – 704 results of, 711 – 712 Virologic testing, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 431 – 432 Vocal cord paralysis, tracheal surgery and, 395 W Wallstents, for airway obstruction, 214 – 215, 227 X Xenotransplantation, 561 – 578 B cell tolerance in, 570 cellular rejection in, 567 – 568 delayed rejection in, 565 – 567 ethical issues in, 572 – 573 hyperacute rejection in, 563 – 565 infectious risks of, 571 – 572 of lungs, 570 – 571 antibodies in, 570 – 571 complement inhibitors in, 570 – 571 disseminated coagulopathy in, 571 rationale for, 561 – 563 tolerance in, 568 – 569
Cumulative Index 2003 Volume 13 February
UNCOMMON TUMORS OF THE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT, pages 1 – 174
May
TRACHEAL SURGERY, pages 175 – 404
August
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION, pages 405 – 582
November
SURGERY FOR EMPHYSEMA, pages 583 – 772
Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
A ABO compatibility, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 436 Acinic cell carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 17 Adenocarcinoma, endobronchial, characteristics of, 8 Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 122 – 124 brachytherapy for, 160 – 161 bronchoscopic biopsy of, 123 characteristics of, 13 – 14, 123 chemotherapy for, 161 computed tomography of, 69 magnetic resonance imaging of, 72 radiation therapy for, 159 – 161 resection of, 123 – 124 thoracoscopy of, 90 Adenomas, of salivary gland – type tumors, characteristics of, 4 tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 4 – 5 AIDS, nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistulas in, 282 – 283 Air leaks, after lung volume reduction surgery, 698 – 699, 706, 712 Airway management, after lung transplantation, 658 – 659 for tracheal trauma, 295 in tracheal surgery, 386 – 387 Airway separation, tracheal surgery and, 392 – 393 Airway stents, 211 – 229 bronchoscopic evaluation for, 219 – 221, 223 – 224
carinal Y, 225 choice of, 221 – 223 expandable metal, 223 Gianturco, 212 historical aspects of, 179 indications for, 215 – 219 anastomotic stenosis, 219 bronchogenic carcinoma, 215 – 216 esophageal cancer, 216 – 217 idiopathic tracheal stenosis, 218 – 219 tracheal burns, 347 tracheobronchial malacia, 219 tracheoesophageal fistulas, 285 metal expandable, 212, 214 – 215 Palmaz, 214 placement of, 223 – 226 silicone, 224 – 225 results of, 226 – 227 metal expandable, 227 silicone, 227 Ultraflex, 227 Wallstents, 227 silicone, 212, 221 – 223 Ultraflex, 215 Wallstent, 214 – 215 Allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 525 – 543 acute rejection as risk factor for chronic rejection, 529 – 532 bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in, 529 clinical features of, 533 diagnosis of, 533, 535 – 536 epidemiology of, 530 – 532 grading of, 525 – 529 in children, 496 – 497
1052-3359/03/$ – see front matter D 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S1052-3359(03)00114-5
756
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 management of, 536 – 537 occult rejection, 532 – 533 refractory acute rejection, management of, 537 – 538 surveillance bronchoscopy for, 532 – 533
Anastomotic stenosis, airway stents for, 219 Anesthesia, in bronchoscopy, for idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, 262 – 263 in carinal resection and reconstruction, 318 in tracheal surgery, 101 – 102 for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 275 historical aspects of, 177 – 178 Angiography, of tracheoinnominate fistulas, 335 Angiosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 21 Anterior axillary muscle-sparing thoracotomy, in lung transplantation, 474 Anterolateral thoracotomy, in lung transplantation, 474 Antibiotics, after lung transplantation, in children, 501 for exacerbations, of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 625 Antibodies, in xenotransplantation, 570 – 571 Anticholinergics, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 620 Antilymphocyte antibodies, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 551 – 552 a-1Antitrypsin, to evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 617 a-1Antitrypsin deficiency, and emphysema, 590, 593 – 594 as contraindication, to lung volume reduction surgery, 671 Argon plasma coagulator, for tracheobronchial tumors, 139 Arrhythmias, after lung volume reduction surgery, 707 Arterial blood gases, before lung volume reduction surgery, 673 to evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 616 – 617 Arterial oxygenation, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 434
Aspiration, on deglutition, tracheal surgery and, 394 Atrial cuff, insufficient, in lung transplant recipient, 481 – 482 Atrial cuff injuries, in donor lung, for transplantation, 467 – 468 Augmentation tracheoplasty, for tracheal stenosis, in children, 310 Azathioprine, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 552
B Bacterial infections, multidrug-resistant, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 419 – 420 Basaloid carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 8 Bilateral anterolateral thoracotomy, in lung transplantation, 472 – 473 Biochemical markers, to detect allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 535 Biopsy, and risk of allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 530 bronchoscopic. See Bronchoscopic biopsy. transbronchial, of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 551 Blastomas, pulmonary, characteristics of, 18 – 19 Blind intubation, for tracheal trauma, 295 Bosentan, for pulmonary hypertension, 417 Brachytherapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 141 – 144 complications of, 143 – 144 Brain death, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 431 Breath condensates, in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 548 Bronchiectasis, lung transplantation for, 409, 412 – 414 Bronchiolitis, lymphocytic, and risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 552 Bronchiolitis obliterans, lung transplantation for, in children, 495 – 496 Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 529, 545 – 559
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 definition of, 545 diagnosis of, 550 – 551 exhaled nitric oxide and breath condensates in, 548 growth factors in, 549 – 550 high-resolution computed tomography of, 547 – 548 incidence of, 659 lung physiology in, 548 management of, 551 – 555 antilymphocyte antibodies in, 551 – 552 cyclophosphamide in, 554 cytolytic therapy in, 553 extracorporeal photophoresis in, 554 maintenance immunosuppressive therapy in, 552 methotrexate in, 554 mycophenolate mofetil in, 553 rapamycin in, 554 rescue therapy in, 552 – 553 retransplantation in, 555 tacrolimus in, 553 total lymphoid irradiation in, 554 pathogenesis of, 546, 549 – 550 transbronchial biopsy of, 551 Bronchitis, brachytherapy and, 144 Bronchoalveolar lavage, in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 550 – 551 to detect allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 535 Bronchodilators, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. for emphysema, before lung volume reduction surgery, 687 – 688 Bronchogenic carcinoma, airway stents for, 215 – 216 and tracheoesophageal fistulas, 283 – 286 Bronchoscopic biopsy, of adenoid cystic carcinoma, 123 of tracheobronchial carcinoid tumors, 88, 117 – 118 of tracheobronchial hamartomas, 89 of tracheobronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 87 of tracheobronchial papillomas, 86 Bronchoscopic evaluation, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 434 Bronchoscopy, and dilation, for idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, 261 – 262 for postintubation stenosis, 238 – 239
757
for recurrent postintubation tracheal stenosis, 378, 380 in carinal resection and reconstruction, 318 – 319 in emergency management, of tracheoinnominate fistulas, 337 in evaluation, for airway stent placement, 219 – 221, 223 – 224 of idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, 261 – 262 of trachea, for thyroid cancer, 360 of tracheal burns, 344 of tracheal stenosis, in children, 306 – 307 of tracheal trauma, 296 of tracheobronchial tumors. See Tracheobronchial tumors. of tracheoesophageal fistulas, 273 – 274 of tracheomalacia, 351 – 352 in resection, of primary tracheal tumors, 251 – 254 therapeutic, for tracheobronchial tumors, 131 – 133 to detect allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 532 – 533, 535 Bullectomy, for bullous emphysema, 644 Bullous emphysema, 631 – 649 anatomic classification of, 634 – 635 distal acinar emphysema, 604, 634 panacinar emphysema, 604, 634 – 635 proximal acinar emphysema, 604, 634 clinical classification of, 635 definitions in, 632 – 633 bleb, 633 bullae, 633 cyst, 632 – 633 historical aspects of, 631 – 632 pathophysiology of, 635 – 636 surgical management of, indications for, 637 – 638 postoperative care for, 645 preoperative preparation for, 638 – 640 results of, 645 – 646 technique for, 640 – 644 intracavitary drainage, 643 – 644 open bullectomy, 644 video-assisted thoracic surgery, 641 – 643 Burkholderia cepacia infection, and prognosis, for lung transplantation, 413, 419 – 420 Burns, tracheal. See Tracheal burns.
758
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772
C Carbon dioxide laser therapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 137 Carcinoid tumors, tracheobronchial, 113 – 122 adjuvant radiation therapy for, 122, 155 – 157 bronchoscopic biopsy of, 88, 117 – 118 characteristics of, 8 – 11, 113 – 115 chemotherapy for, 158 computed tomography of, 67, 69 endobronchial resection of, 115, 117 external beam radiation therapy for, 157 – 159 functional imaging of, 73 – 75 imaging of, 82 indium-labeled somatostatin analogs for, 159 iodine-131 – labeled metaiodobenzylguanine for, 159 location of, 118-119 metastatic, 120 – 121, 157 – 159 surgical margins in, 121 – 122 thoracoscopy of, 90 tissue preservation in, 119 typical versus atypical, 8 – 11, 119 – 120 Carcinosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 18 – 19 Cardiopulmonary bypass, in lung transplantation, 480 – 481 in children, 498 Carinal resection and reconstruction, 315 – 329 airway reconstruction in, 322 – 326 anastomotic technique in, 320 – 322 anesthesia in, 318 bronchoscopy in, 318 – 319 contraindications to, 317 – 318 historical aspects of, 177, 315 – 316 incisions in, 319 mediastinoscopy in, 319 postoperative care for, 326 preoperative evaluation for, 316 – 317 reducing anastomotic tension in, 319 – 320 results of, 326 – 328 Carinal Y stents, for airway obstruction, 225 Centriacinar emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634 Centrilobular emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634 Cepacia syndrome, and prognosis, for lung transplantation, 413, 419 – 420
Cervical approach, to resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 105 – 106 Cervical mediastinal exenteration, historical aspects of, 178 Cervical tracheal injuries, management of, 298 – 299 Chemical burns, of trachea, 345 Chemotherapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 158, 161 – 162 for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 286 Chest physiotherapy, after surgery, for bullous emphysema, 645 Chest radiographs, clear, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 433 Chest tubes, after lung volume reduction surgery, 698 – 699, 706, 712 in living donor lung transplantation, 518 Chest wall surgery, for emphysema, historical aspects of, 584 Chest wall trauma, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 435 Chondromas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 20 – 21 Chondrosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 20 – 21 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 615 – 629. See also Emphysema. and tracheomalacia, 354 – 355 bronchodilators for, 619 – 621 in combination therapy, 621 long- versus short-acting, 620 theophylline, 620 – 621 emerging therapies for, 623 environmental causes of, 618 – 619 evaluation of, 615 – 617 a-1 antitrypsin in, 617 arterial blood gases in, 616 – 617 diffusing capacity in, 616 exercise testing in, 617 imaging in, 617 lung volume in, 616 spirometry in, 616 exacerbations of, management of, 624 – 625 influenza vaccination for, 619 lung transplantation for, 407 – 409 mucolytics for, 623 oxygen therapy for, 624 prevention of, 618 psychoactive medications for, 623 pulmonary rehabilitation for, 624 smoking and, 618
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 steroids for, 621 – 623 disease severity and, 622 for exacerbations, 625 inhaled, 621 patient selection for, 622 results of, 622 systemic, 621 unproven therapies for, 623 Cigarette smoking, and emphysema, 590, 594, 596 Columnar cell papillomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 4 Complement inhibitors, for reperfusion injury, after lung transplantation, 454 – 455 in xenotransplantation, 570 – 571
759
to reduce risk of allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 531 Cytomegalovirus, and risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 553 in donor or recipient, in lung transplantation, 438, 501 D Deep venous thrombosis, lung volume reduction surgery and, 689 Dialysis, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 435 – 436 Diaphragm surgery, for emphysema, historical aspects of, 584 – 585
Computed tomography, before carinal resection and reconstruction, 316 – 317 before lung volume reduction surgery, 677 – 680, 695 before surgery, for bullous emphysema, 639 – 640 of tracheobronchial tumors. See Tracheobronchial tumors. of tracheomalacia, 349 – 350
Diffusing capacity, before lung volume reduction surgery, 672 – 673 to evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 616
Congenital abnormalities, in donor lung, for transplantation, 469 – 470
Dumont stents, for tracheobronchial tumors, 134 – 135
Congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension secondary to, lung transplantation for, 417 – 418 in children, 492 – 495 Congenital tracheal stenosis, in children. See Pediatric tracheal surgery. Coronary artery disease, as contraindication, to lung volume reduction surgery, 671 Cryotherapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 140 – 141 Cuff stenosis, postintubation, 233
Disseminated coagulopathy, in xenotransplantation, 571 Distal acinar emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634
Dynamic stents, for tracheobronchial tumors, 135 Dyspnea, after lung volume reduction surgery, 714 – 715, 717 bullous emphysema and, surgical management of. See Bullous emphysema.
E Edema, airway, tracheal surgery and, 395 anastomotic, tracheal surgery and, 390 Eisenmenger syndrome, lung transplantation for, 417 – 418 in children, 492 – 495
Cyclophosphamide, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 554
Electrocautery, for tracheobronchial tumors, 88, 138 – 139
Cyclosporine, for allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 536 – 537 for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 552
Emphysema, 589 – 613. See also Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. bullous. See Bullous emphysema. centriacinar, characteristics of, 604, 634 end-stage, new treatments for, 739 – 753 endobronchial occluders, 742 – 743 endobronchial sealants, 742 endobronchial valves. See Endobronchial valves. lung volume reduction surgery, 740 – 742
Cystic fibrosis, lung transplantation for, 409, 412 – 414 in children, 490 – 492 Cytolytic therapy, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 553
760
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 exercise capacity in, 600 gas exchange in, 600 historical aspects of, 583 – 588 chest wall surgery, 584 diaphragm surgery, 584 – 585 lung volume reduction surgery, 586 nervous system surgery, 585 – 586 pleura surgery, 585 lung transplantation for. See Lung transplantation lung volume reduction surgery for. See Lung volume reduction surgery. modern history of, 586 – 587 morphologic classification of, 602 panacinar, characteristics of, 604, 634 – 635 paraseptal, characteristics of, 604, 634 pathogenesis of, 594, 596 physiologic classification of, 602 physiologic consequences of, 597 pulmonary function tests for, 597, 599 – 600 pulmonary vascular changes in, 600, 602 risk factors for, 590, 593 – 594 a-1 antitrypsin deficiency, 590, 593 – 594 genetic predisposition, 594 smoking, 590, 593 therapeutic classification of, 604 – 608
Empyema, bullous emphysema and, surgical management of. See Bullous emphysema. Endobronchial adenocarcinoma, characteristics of, 8 Endobronchial large-cell carcinoma, characteristics of, 12 – 13 Endobronchial occluders, for end-stage emphysema, 742 – 743 Endobronchial sealants, for end-stage emphysema, 742 Endobronchial small-cell carcinoma, characteristics of, 11 – 12 Endobronchial squamous cell carcinoma, characteristics of, 6 – 7 Endobronchial therapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 131 – 149 argon plasma coagulator in, 139 brachytherapy in, 141 – 144 complications of, 143 – 144 dilation and tamponade in, 133 – 134 electrocautery in, 138 – 139 flexible bronchoscopy in, 132 – 133 hyperthermia in, 137 – 140 hypothermia in, 140 – 141 lasers in, 137 – 138
photochemical therapy in, 144 – 146 rigid bronchoscopy in, 131 – 132 stents in, 134 – 136 Endobronchial valves, for end-stage emphy sema, 743 – 747, 749 – 752 animal studies of, 744 clinical studies of, 744 – 745 issues to be addressed, 751 – 752 patient selection for, 745 results of, 746 – 747, 749 – 751 technique for, 746 Endotracheal intubation, after lung volume reduction surgery, 690 and tracheal injuries, 301 and tracheal stenosis, in children, 213 – 313 and tracheoesophageal fistulas. See Tracheoesophageal fistulas. for tracheal injuries, 295 Epithelial tumors, tracheobronchial, 1 – 20 acinic cell carcinoma, 17 adenoid cystic carcinoma. See Adenoid cystic carcinoma. adenomas of salivary gland, 4 basaloid variant of squamous cell carcinoma, 8 carcinoid tumors. See Carcinoid tumors. carcinomas with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid, or sarcomatous elements, 18 – 19 endobronchial adenocarcinoma, 8 endobronchial large-cell carcinoma, 12 – 13 endobronchial small-cell carcinoma, 11 – 12 endobronchial squamous cell carcinoma, 6 – 7 glandular papillomas, 4 malignant salivary gland – type mixed tumors, 17 – 18 metastatic carcinoma, 20 monomorphic adenomas, 5 mucoepidermoid carcinoma. See Mucoepidermoid carcinoma. mucous gland adenomas, 4 oncocytomas, 5 – 6 papillary variant of squamous cell carcinoma, 7 – 8 papillomas, 1, 3 – 4 pleomorphic adenomas, 5 squamous cell papillomas/ papillomatosis, 3 tracheal squamous cell carcinoma, 6–7 Esophageal bypass, for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 285
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 Esophageal cancer, airway stents for, 216 – 217 and tracheoesophageal fistulas, 283 – 286
761
Fungal infections, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 420
Esophageal exclusion, for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 285 – 286 Esophageal stents, for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 285
G Gas exchange, in emphysema, 600
Exercise capacity, before lung volume reduction surgery, 673 in emphysema, 600
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, and idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, 259
Exercise testing, after lung volume reduction surgery, 714 to evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 617 External beam radiation therapy, for tracheobronchial carcinoid tumors, 157 – 159 Extracorporeal photophoresis, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 554 for refractory acute allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 537 – 538 Extrapulmonary organ dysfunction, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 421 – 422
Gastrointestinal complications, of lung volume reduction surgery, 697, 707 Gianturco stents, for airway obstruction, 212 Glandular papillomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 4 Glomus tumors, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 21 Glottic disorders, as contraindication to tracheal surgery, 386 postintubation, 232, 244 tracheal surgery and, 394 – 395 Granular cell tumors, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 22 Granulations, tracheal surgery and, 389, 392
F Fibromas, tracheobronchial, magnetic resonance imaging of, 72 Fibrosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Fine needle aspiration, in cytology, of tracheobronchial tumors. See Tracheobronchial tumors. Fistulas, tracheoesophageal. See Tracheoesophageal fistulas. tracheoinnominate. See Tracheoinnominate fistulas. Flexible bronchoscopy, in evaluation, for airway stent placement, 221, 223 – 224 therapeutic, for tracheobronchial tumors, 132 – 133 Fluid restriction, after lung volume reduction surgery, 689 Fluid resuscitation, for tracheal burns, 345 Fluoroscopy, to guide bronchoscopic biopsy, of tracheobronchial tumors, 89 Forced expiratory volume, before lung volume reduction surgery, 672 in emphysema, 599 Formoterol, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 620
Granulomas, plasma cell, computed tomography of, 69 – 70 Granulomatous mediastinal infections, and nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistulas, 280 – 281 Growth factors, in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 549 – 550
H Hamartomas, tracheobronchial, bronchoscopic biopsy of, 89 characteristics of, 22 – 24 high-resolution computed tomography of, 81 – 82 magnetic resonance imaging of, 72 resection of, 126 thoracoscopy of, 90 Heliox, for airway edema, after tracheal surgery, 395 Hemangiomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 21 Hemangiopericytomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Hemoptysis, bullous emphysema and, surgical management of, 638
762
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772
Hemorrhage, fatal, brachytherapy and, 143 – 144 tracheal, tracheoinnominate fistulas and, 337 – 338 tracheal surgery and, 390, 393 – 394 High-resolution computed tomography, of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 547 – 548 of tracheobronchial tumors, 81 – 82 Hilar release, after tracheal sleeve resection, 206 – 207 Histiocytomas, malignant fibrous, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25
Indium-labeled somatostatin analogs, for tracheobronchial carcinoid tumors, 159 Induction therapy, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 551 – 552 to reduce risk of allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 531 Infections, granulomatous mediastinal, and nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistulas, 280 – 281 in xenotransplantation, 571 – 572 pulmonary, tracheoesophageal fistulas and, 274 – 275 tracheal surgery and, 395
Histoplasmosis, and nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistulas, 281
Influenza vaccination, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 619
HIV infection, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 423
Interleukins, to reduce risk of allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 531
Human leukocyte antigen matching, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 437
Intracavitary drainage, of bullous emphysema, 643 – 644
Human papillomavirus, and tracheobronchial squamous cell papillomas, 3 Hypertension, pulmonary. See Pulmonary hypertension. Hyperthermia, for tracheobronchial tumors, 137 – 140
Intrathoracic tracheal injuries, management of, 299 Intubation, endotracheal. See Endotracheal intubation. Iodine-131 – labeled metaiodobenzylguanine, for tracheobronchial carcinoid tumors, 159
Hypothermia, for tracheobronchial tumors, 140 – 141
I Iatrogenic tracheal injuries, management of, 301 Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, 257 – 269 airway stents for, 218 – 219 diagnosis of, 259 – 261 etiology of, 259 management of, 261 anesthesia in, 262 – 263 bronchoscopy in, 261 – 262 long-term results of, 267 – 268 postoperative care in, 266 short-term results of, 266 – 267 surgical technique in, 263 – 266 pathology of, 257 – 258 repair of, 182 signs and symptoms of, 259 Immunosuppressive therapy, after lung transplantation, for allograft rejection, 536 – 537 for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, 552 in children, 500
K Kaposi’s sarcoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 22 KTP laser therapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 138
L Large-cell carcinoma, endobronchial, characteristics of, 12 – 13 Laryngeal dysfunction, tracheal surgery and, 390 Laryngeal release, after tracheal sleeve resection, 204 – 206 for postintubation stenosis, 244 – 245 for recurrent postintubation stenosis, 381 Laryngotracheal resection, historical aspects of, 178 Laryngotracheal stenosis, idiopathic. See Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis. Laser therapy, for bullous emphysema, 642 – 643 for tracheobronchial tumors, 137 – 138
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 Lasers, in lung volume reduction surgery, 695 Leiomyomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 24 magnetic resonance imaging of, 72 Leiomyosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 24 Lipomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Liposarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Living donor lung transplantation, 505 – 524 allograft implantation in, 516 – 518 current results of, 520 donor lobectomy for, 509 – 512, 514 left lower, 512, 514 right lower, 510 – 512 donor outcome in, 521 – 522 donor selection for, 438 – 439, 471, 507 – 509 historical aspects of, 506 – 507 indications for, 507 initial results of, 518 – 520 lobar physiology in, 518 lung preservation in, 514 postoperative donor care in, 515 pulmonary function after, 521 recipient outcome in, 520 – 521 recipient pneumonectomy in, 515 – 516 Lobectomy, in living donor lung transplantation, 509 – 512, 514 Low-potassium dextran, in lung preservation, for transplantation, 446 – 448 Lung cancer, and tracheoesophageal fistulas, 283 – 286 mediastinal staging of, 54 – 55 Lung preservation, for transplantation, 443 – 462 donor selection and, 444 – 446 in living donor transplantation, 514 lung inflammation and, 446 prevention and treatment of reperfusion injury, 452 – 456, 658 complement inhibitor in, 454 – 455 in children, 499 nitric oxide in, 453 – 454 platelet activating factor antagonists in, 455 – 456 prostaglandin-E1 in, 454 surfactant therapy in, 456 steroid bolus in, 444 technique for, 446 – 452 inflation, oxygenation, and storage temperature, 450 – 451
763
low perfusion pressure and protective ventilation, 452 preservation solution, 446 – 448 retrograde flush and late reflush, 451 – 452 volume, pressure, and temperature of flush solution, 448 – 450 Lung transplantation, allograft rejection after. See Allograft rejection. and malignancies, 422 – 423 and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, 422 – 423 in children, 502 bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after. See Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. contraindications to, 418 – 423 extrapulmonary organ dysfunction, 421 – 422 fungal infections, 420 mechanical ventilation, 419, 653 multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, 419 – 420 musculoskeletal disease, 419 osteoporosis, 418 – 419 positive serology for HIV, 422 preoperative steroid use, 419, 653 preoperative undernutrition, 419 psychosocial problems, 420 substance abuse, 420 – 421 donor lung in, 464 – 467 congenital anatomic abnormalities in, 469 – 470 living donor and split lung techniques, 471 non – heart-beating, 471 size-mismatched, 470 – 471 suboptimal, repair of, 467 – 468 donor selection for, 429 – 442 ABO compatibility in, 436 age and, 432 – 433, 438 arterial oxygenation in, 434 brain death in, 431 bronchoscopic evaluation in, 434 chest wall and lung trauma in, 435 clear chest radiograph in, 433 cytomegalovirus status in, 438, 501 dialysis in, 435 – 436 exclusion of malignancies in, 432 for living donor transplantation, 438 – 439 for non-heart-beating donation, 440 human leukocyte antigen matching in, 437 legislative issues in, 429 – 430 negative sputum Gram stain in, 434 organization for allocation in, 430 – 431
764
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 organization of procurement in, 430 panel-reactive antibodies in, 436 – 437 size matching in, 437 – 438 smoking history in, 435 total lung capacity in, 437 – 438 virologic testing in, 431 – 432 for chronic obstructive lung disease, 407 – 409 for cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis, 409, 412 – 414 for Eisenmenger syndrome, 417 – 418 for emphysema, 610, 651 – 667 complications of, 658 – 659 contraindications to, 653 cost of, 664 donor selection for, 654 – 655 quality of life after, 664 recipient selection for, 651 – 653 results of, 660 – 661 technique for, 655 – 658 timing of, 654 wait list for, 654 with lung volume reduction surgery, 661 – 662, 664 for pulmonary fibrosis, 414 for pulmonary hypertension, 414, 416 – 417 in children, 485 – 504 cardiopulmonary bypass in, 498 complications of, 501 – 502 contraindications to, 497 graft failure in, 496 – 497 historical aspects of, 485 – 490 indications for, 490 – 496 bronchiolitis obliterans, 495 – 496 cystic fibrosis, 490 – 492 pulmonary fibrosis, 495 pulmonary vascular disease, 492 – 495, 500 perioperative management of, 499 – 501 reperfusion injury in, 499 technique for, 497 – 499 living donor. See Living donor lung transplantation. lung preservation for. See Lung preservation. recipient preparation in, 471 – 472 recipient selection for, 405 – 428 referral for, timing of, 406 – 407 technique for, 463 – 483 anterior axillary muscle-sparing thoracotomy in, 474 bilateral anterolateral thoracotomy in, 472 – 473 cardiopulmonary bypass in, 480 – 481
implantation in, 476 – 480 controlled reperfusion in, 479 – 480 insufficient recipient atrial cuff in, 481 – 482 minimally invasive, 480 posterolateral and anterolateral thoracotomy in, 474 pulmonary artery size discrepancies in, 482 recipient lung explantation in, 474 – 476 small recipient chest cavity in, 481 trans-sternal bilateral thoracotomy in, 473 – 474 xenotransplantation in. See Xenotransplantation. Lung tumors, primary. See Tracheobronchial tumors. Lung volume measurements, to evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 616 Lung volume reduction surgery, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 407 – 408 for emphysema, 669 – 685 complications of, 701 – 708, 712 air leaks, 698 – 699, 706, 712 arrhythmias, 707 gastrointestinal, 697, 707 mortality, 704 – 705 prevention of, 701 – 702 pulmonary, 697 – 698, 705 – 706 surgical approach and, 703 – 704 cost effectiveness of, 727 – 738 allowance for uncertainty, 732 and reimbursement, 735 – 737 economic and policy history in, 728 – 729 extrapolation beyond trial period, 732 measure of, 731 National Emphysema Treatment Trial in, 732, 734 – 735 research question in, 729 – 730 historical aspects of, 586 imaging in, 673, 677 – 680 new approaches to, 740 – 742 patient classification in, 608 – 609 patient selection for, 670 – 671 postoperative care for, 696 – 699 air leaks in, 698 – 699 gastrointestinal problems in, 697 pain management in, 697
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 preoperative preparation for, 687 – 690 pulmonary function testing in, 672 – 673 results of, 709 – 726 early, 713 – 716 long-term, 716 – 718 National Emphysema Treatment Trial of, 719 – 723 randomized trials of, 718 – 719 surgical approach and, 710 – 712 technique for, 687 – 700 buttressed staples, 696 lasers, 695 median sternotomy, 691 – 692 plication, 696 target for resection, 694 – 695 thoracoscopy, 692 – 694 thoracotomy, 691 with lung transplantation, 661 – 662, 664 previous, and explantation of recipient lungs, for transplantation, 476 Lymph nodes, metastatic disease of, from tracheobronchial carcinoid tumors, 121 Lymphocytic bronchiolitis, and risk of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 552 Lymphoid irradiation, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 554 Lymphomas, malignant, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 28
765
complications of, 703 – 704 results of, 711 – 712 in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 106 Mediastinal infections, granulomatous, and nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistulas, 280 – 281 Mediastinal staging, of lung cancer, 54 – 55 Mediastinal tracheostomy, historical aspects of, 178 Mediastinoscopy, in carinal resection and reconstruction, 319 of tracheobronchial tumors, 92 Melanoma, primary pulmonary, characteristics of, 28 – 29 Membranous wall tracheoplasty, for tracheomalacia, 355 – 356 Metal expandable stents, for airway obstruction, 212, 214 – 215, 223, 227 for tracheobronchial tumors, 135 – 136 Metastatic disease, from adenoid cystic carcinoma, 124 from tracheobronchial carcinoid tumors, 120 – 121, 157 – 159 to airways, characteristics of, 20 management of, 163 – 164 Methotrexate, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 554 Monomorphic adenomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 5 Mounier-Kuhn syndrome, and tracheomalacia, 352 – 353 Mucinous glands, adenomas of, 4
M Magnetic resonance imaging, of tracheobronchial tumors, 71 – 72 Malignancies, exclusion of, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 432 lung transplantation and, 422 – 423 Mechanical ventilation, after lung volume reduction surgery, 690 and lung function, after lung transplantation, 452 as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 419, 653 Median sternotomy, for tracheoinnominate fistulas, 338 – 339 in lung volume reduction surgery, 691 – 692
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, tracheobronchial, 124 – 126 bronchoscopic biopsy of, 87 characteristics of, 14 – 15, 17, 124 – 125 diagnosis of, 125 resection of, 125 – 126 Mucolytics, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 623 Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 419 – 420 Musculoskeletal disease, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 419 Mycophenolate mofetil, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 552, 553
766
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772
Myoepitheliomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 5 Myofibroblastic tumors, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 26 – 28
N Nd:YAG laser therapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 137 – 138 Neck flexion, after tracheal sleeve resection, 203 – 204 in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 107 Nerve sheath tumors, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Nervous system surgery, for emphysema, historical aspects of, 585 – 586 Neurilemomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Neuroendocrine thoracic tumors, functional imaging of, 73 – 75 large-cell, characteristics of, 12 – 13 management of, 155 – 159 Neurofibromas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Neurogenic sarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Nitric oxide, exhaled, in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 548 for reperfusion injury, after lung transplantation, 453 – 454 Non – heart-beating lung transplantation, donor selection for, 440, 471 technique for, 471 Nuclear medicine studies, of tracheobronchial tumors, 73 – 75, 82 Nutritional complications, of tracheoesophageal fistulas, 274 – 275 Nutritional status, as contraindication, to lung volume reduction surgery, 671, 688 – 689 before lung transplantation, 412, 419
Oxygen therapy, after lung volume reduction surgery, 716 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 624
P Pain management, after lung volume reduction surgery, 689, 697, 702 after surgery, for bullous emphysema, 645 Palmaz stents, for airway obstruction, 214 Panacinar emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634 – 635 Panel-reactive antibodies, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 436 – 437 Panlobular emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634 – 635 Papillary carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 7 – 8 Papillomas, tracheobronchial, bronchoscopic biopsy of, 86 characteristics of, 1, 3 – 4 Papillomatosis, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 3 Paraseptal emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634 Pediatric tracheal surgery, 305 – 314 evaluation for, 305 – 307 for acquired stenosis, 312 – 313 for congenital stenosis, 307 – 312 augmentation tracheoplasty in, 310 historical aspects of, 181 – 182 resection in, 309 – 310 slide tracheoplasty in, 310 for congenital tracheomalacia, 310 – 312 Photochemical therapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 144 – 146 Photophoresis, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 554 for refractory acute allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 537 – 538
Osteoporosis, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 418 – 419
Plain films, of emphysema, before lung volume reduction surgery, 673, 677 of idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis, 260 of tracheoesophageal fistulas, 273 to detect allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 533
Osteosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 26
Plasma cell granulomas, computed tomography of, 69 – 70
O Oncocytomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 5 – 6
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 Platelet activating factor antagonists, for reperfusion injury, after lung transplantation, 455 – 456 Pleomorphic carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 5, 18 – 19 Pleura surgery, for emphysema, historical aspects of, 585 Pneumonectomy, in living donor lung transplantation, 515 – 516
767
Psychosocial problems, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 420 Pulmonary artery, injuries of, in donor lung, for transplantation, 468 size discrepancies in, in lung transplantation, 482 Pulmonary blastomas, characteristics of, 18 – 19
Pneumonia, tracheobronchial tumors and, 82
Pulmonary complications, of lung volume reduction surgery, 697 – 698, 705 – 706
Pneumothorax, bullous emphysema and, surgical management of. See Bullous emphysema.
Pulmonary fibrosis, lung transplantation for, 414 in children, 495
Positive end-expiratory pressure, before lung volume reduction surgery, 672
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, lung transplantation and, 422 – 423 in children, 502
Pulmonary function tests, after living donor lung transplantation, 521 after lung volume reduction surgery, 717 before carinal resection and reconstruction, 316 before lung volume reduction surgery, 672 for emphysema, 597, 599 – 600 for tracheomalacia, 350 – 351
Posterolateral thoracotomy, in lung transplantation, 474
Pulmonary hilar release, in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 108, 110
Postpneumonectomy syndrome, etiology of, 183
Pulmonary hypertension, as contraindication, to lung volume reduction surgery, 671 lung transplantation for, 414, 416 – 417 in children, 492 – 495, 500 secondary to congenital heart disease, lung transplantation for, 417 – 418
Positron emission tomography, of neuroendocrine thoracic tumors, 73
Pretracheal plane dissection, after tracheal sleeve resection, 203 Primary tracheal tumors, 247 – 256 clinical features of, 248 diagnosis of, 248 – 249 epidemiology of, 247 – 248 histology of, 249 management of, 249, 251 – 254 bronchoscopic, 251 resectable disease, 252 – 253 unresectable disease, 253 – 254 radiation therapy in, 254 resectable disease, 249, 251 results of, 254 – 255 Prostacyclin therapy, for pulmonary hypertension, 417 Prostaglandin-E1, for reperfusion injury, after lung transplantation, 454 Proximal acinar emphysema, characteristics of, 604, 634 Pseudotumors, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 26 – 28 Psychoactive medications, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 623
Pulmonary infections, tracheoesophageal fistulas and, 274 – 275 Pulmonary melanoma, primary, characteristics of, 28 – 29 Pulmonary rehabilitation, before lung volume reduction surgery, 688 – 689 before surgery, for bullous emphysema, 640 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 624 Pulmonary trauma, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 435 Pulmonary vascular changes, in emphysema, 600, 602 Pulmonary vein injuries, in donor lung, for transplantation, 467 – 468 Pulmonary venous anatomy, anomalous, in donor lung, for transplantation, 470 Purine synthesis inhibitors, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 552
768
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772
R Radiation therapy, for tracheobronchial tumors, 141 – 144, 155 – 157, 159 – 162 complications of, 143 – 144, 164 for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 286 prior, as contraindication to tracheal surgery, 386 Raffinose, in lung preservation, for transplantation, 447 – 448 Rapamycin, for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 554 Relapsing polychondritis, and tracheomalacia, 354 Renal dysfunction, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 421 – 422 Reperfusion injury, after lung transplantation. See Lung preservation. Rhabdomyosarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 24 – 25 Rigid bronchoscopy, and dilation, for postintubation stenosis, 239 in evaluation, for airway stent placement, 221, 224 in resection, of primary tracheal tumors, 251 therapeutic, for tracheobronchial tumors, 131 – 132
S Salivary gland – type tumors, characteristics of, 17 – 18 Salmeterol, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 620 Sarcomatoid carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 18 – 19 Sarcomatous carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 18 – 19 Schwannomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 25 Self-expandable stents, for tracheobronchial tumors, 135 Seromucinous glands, adenomas of, 4 Serum markers, for tracheobronchial tumors, 82 Silicone stents. See Airway stents. Single-photon emission tomography, of neuroendocrine thoracic tumors, 73 Six-minute walk distance, after lung volume reduction surgery, 714
Slide tracheoplasty, for tracheal stenosis, in children, 310 Small-cell carcinoma, endobronchial, characteristics of, 11 – 12 Smoking, and emphysema, 590, 594, 596 Smoking cessation, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 618 Smoking history, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 435 Soft tissue tumors, tracheobronchial, 20 – 26 chondromas/chondrosarcomas, 20 – 21 fibrosarcomas/hemangiopericytomas/malignant fibrous histiocytomas, 25 glomus tumors, 21 granular cell tumors, 22 hamartomas. See Hamartomas. hemangiomas/angiosarcomas/ Kaposi’s sarcoma, 21 – 22 inflammatory pseudotumors and myofibroblastic tumors, 26 – 28 leiomyomas/leiomyosarcomas/ rhabdomyosarcomas, 24 – 25, 72 lipomas/liposarcomas, 25 malignant lymphomas, 28 nerve sheath tumors, 25 osteosarcomas, 26 primary pulmonary melanomas, 28 – 29 sarcomas, 162 – 163 synovial sarcomas, 26 Spirometry, to detect allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 535 to evaluate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 616 Split lung transplantation, technique for, 471 Sputum, in cytology, of tracheobronchial tumors. See Tracheobronchial tumors. Sputum Gram stain, negative, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 434 Squamous cell carcinoma, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 6 – 7 variants of, characteristics of, 7 – 8 Squamous cell papillomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 3 Stenosis, airway, in children. See Pediatric tracheal surgery. anastomotic, airway stents for, 219 idiopathic laryngotracheal. See Idiopathic laryngotracheal stenosis.
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 of tracheal anastomosis, tracheal surgery and, 393 postintubation, 231 – 246 anatomy of, 232 – 234 and tracheomalacia, 353 – 354 clinical features of, 236 – 238 etiology of, 180 – 181 management of, 238 – 239 bronchoscopy and dilation in, 238 – 239 laryngeal release in, 244 – 245 results of, 244 – 245 surgical technique for, 240, 242 – 244 T-tube in, 239 pathogenesis of, 234 – 236 recurrent, 375 – 383 bronchoscopy and dilation for, 378, 380 clinical features of, 377 – 378 etiology of, 376 – 377 long-term management of, 378 – 379 reoperation for, 379 – 382 Stents, airway. See Airway stents. esophageal, for tracheoesophageal fistulas, 285 for tracheobronchial tumors, 134 – 136 Sternotomy, median. See Median sternotomy. Steroid use, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 419, 653 to lung volume reduction surgery, 688 Steroids, for allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 536 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. for tracheal burns, 346 Stoma, persistent, after tracheal surgery, 395 – 396 Stomal stenosis, postintubation, 233 Subglottic resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 104 – 105 Subglottic stenosis, in children, 312 – 313 postintubation, 233 – 234 Substance abuse, as contraindication, to lung transplantation, 420 – 421 Suprahyoid laryngeal release, in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 108 Suprathyroid laryngeal release, in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 108 Surfactant therapy, for reperfusion injury, after lung transplantation, 456
769
Synovial sarcomas, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 26
T Tacrolimus, for allograft rejection, after lung transplantation, 536 – 537 for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 553 Theophylline, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 620 – 621 Thoracoscopy, in lung volume reduction surgery, 692 – 694 of tracheobronchial tumors, 89 – 90, 92 Thoracosternotomy, in lung transplantation, 473 – 474 Thoracotomy, in lung transplantation. See Lung transplantation. in lung volume reduction surgery, 691 in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 106 – 107 Thyroid cancer, invading trachea, 359 – 367 anatomy of, 360 diagnosis of, 360 pathology of, 360 – 361 surgical management of, 361 – 365 Tiotropium, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 620 Total lung capacity, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 437 – 438 Trachea, invasion of, by thyroid cancer. See Thyroid cancer. surgical anatomy of, 191 – 199 histology in, 199 vascular supply, 194 – 197, 199, 202 – 203 Tracheal burns, 343 – 348 acute, management of, 345 – 346 chemical, 354 chronic, management of, 346 – 347 diagnosis of, 344 – 345 pathophysiology of, 343 – 344 Tracheal mobilization, in resection, of tracheobronchial tumors, 108 Tracheal reconstruction, inhibitions to, 176 Tracheal release maneuvers, 201 – 210 experimental studies on, 208 hilar release, 206 – 207 historical aspects of, 201 – 202 laryngeal release, 204 – 206, 244 – 245, 381 neck flexion in, 203 – 204
770
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 pretracheal plane dissection in, 203 results of, 208 – 209 vascular supply in, 202 – 203
Tracheal sleeve resection, release maneuvers after. See Tracheal release maneuvers. Tracheal squamous cell carcinoma, characteristics of, 6 – 7 Tracheal stoma, persistent, after tracheostomy, 369 – 373 Tracheal surgery, complications of, 385 – 396 airway edema, 395 airway separation, 392 – 393 airway stenosis, 386 – 387, 393 anastomotic edema, 390 aspiration, 394 death, 391 – 392 dehiscence and restenosis, 389 – 390 fistulas, 394 glottic problems, 394 – 395 granulations, 389, 392 hemorrhage, 390, 393 – 394 in high-risk patients, 385 – 386 infections, 390 laryngeal dysfunction, 390 prevention of, 392 – 396 stoma, 395 – 396 tracheomalacia, 390 – 391, 394 vocal cord paralysis, 395 historical aspects of, 175 – 190 airway healing, 175 – 176 anatomic mobilization, 176 – 177 anesthesia, 177 – 178 carinal resection and reconstruction, 177 cervical mediastinal exenteration and mediastinal tracheostomy, 178 complications, 178 congenital and pediatric lesions, 181 – 182 end-to-end anastomosis, 175 – 176 infectious and idiopathic diseases, 182 inhibitions to reconstruction, 175 – 176 laryngotracheal resection and reconstruction, 178 postintubation lesions, 180 – 181 postpneumonectomy syndrome, 183 primary tracheal tumors, 179 secondary tracheal tumors, 179 – 180 tracheal trauma, 181 tracheomalacia, 182 – 183 T-tubes and stents, 179 in children. See Pediatric tracheal surgery.
Tracheal trauma, 291 – 304 airway management in, 295 – 297 anatomy in, 291 – 292 blunt injuries, 293 – 294 clinical features of, 294 – 295 etiology of, 292 – 293 injuries associated with, 297 – 298 penetrating injuries, 294 surgical management of, 298 – 300 delayed, 301, 303 for cervical injuries, 298 – 299 for iatrogenic injuries, 301 for intrathoracic injuries, 299 for tracheoesophageal injuries, 300 – 301 postoperative care in, 299 – 300 Tracheal tumors, primary. See Primary tracheal tumors. Tracheobronchial malacia, airway stents for, 219 Tracheobronchial toilet, after surgery, for bullous emphysema, 645 Tracheobronchial tumors, 79 – 95 adjuvant radiation therapy for, 155 – 157 bronchoscopy of, 83 – 89 bronchial brushing in, 85 – 86 bronchial washing in, 84 bronchoalveolar lavage in, 84 complications of, 92 electrocautery in, 88 fluoroscopy in, 89 for biopsy, 86 – 88 preoperative, 101 transthoracic needle aspiration in, 88 – 89 chemotherapy for, 161 – 162 cytology of, 41 – 62 bronchoscopic specimens in, 44 – 45, 84 – 86 accuracy of, 45 – 47 diagnostic utility of, 52 – 53 clinicopathologic communication in, 56 clinicopathologic correlation in, 56 pathologist’s expertise in, 56 specimen collection and preparation for, 55 – 56 sputum in, 43 accuracy of, 43 – 44 diagnostic utility of, 50 – 51 surgery without confirmation of, 54 transthoracic fine needle aspiration in, 47 – 48 accuracy of, 48 – 50 diagnostic utility of, 53 – 54 endobronchial therapy for. See Endobronchial therapy. epithelial. See Epithelial tumors.
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772 imaging of, 63 – 77, 80 – 82 computed tomography in, 64 – 67, 69 – 70 adenoid cystic carcinoma, 69 carcinoid tumors, 67, 69 plasma cell granulomas, 69 – 70 functional imaging in, 73 – 75 carcinoid tumors, 73 – 75 magnetic resonance imaging in, 71 – 72 adenoid cystic carcinoma, 72 carcinoid tumors, 71 – 72 fibromas, 72 hamartomas, 72 leiomyomas, 72 nuclear medicine studies in, 73 – 75 indium-labeled somatostatin analogs for, 159 iodine-131 – labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine for, 159 mediastinal staging of, 54 – 55 mediastinoscopy of, 92 metastatic, chemotherapy for, 158 octreotide for, 157 radiation therapy for, 158 – 159 physical examination for, 80 radiation therapy for, 157, 159 – 162 complications of, 164 serum markers for, 82 soft tissue. See Soft tissue tumors. surgical management of, 97 – 112 anatomy in, 99 anesthesia in, 101 – 102 cervical approach to, 105 – 106 choice of resection in, 104 historical aspects of, 97 – 98 malignant tumor pathology in, 110 median sternotomy in, 106 neck flexion in, 107 postoperative care for, 110 – 111 preoperative evaluation for, 101 principles of resection in, 102 – 103 prosthetic reconstruction in, 98 – 99 pulmonary hilar release in, 108, 110 right thoracotomy in, 106 – 107 subglottic resection in, 104 – 105 suprahyoid laryngeal release in, 108 suprathyroid laryngeal release in, 108 tracheal mobilization in, 108 symptoms of, 79 – 80 thoracoscopy of, 89 – 90, 92 Tracheobronchomegaly, and tracheomalacia, 352 – 353 Tracheoesophageal fistulas, 271 – 290 acquired malignant, 283 – 286 chemotherapy for, 286
771
natural history of, 284 – 285 radiation therapy for, 286 surgical management of, 285 – 286 acquired nonmalignant, 272 – 283 complications of, 274 – 275 diagnosis of, 273 – 274 etiology of, 272 – 273 postintubation, 180 preoperative management of, 274 – 275 surgical management of, anesthesia in, 275 large fistula and circumferential damage, 277 – 279 results of, 283 small fistula and normal trachea, 275 – 276 techniques for, 275 – 283 uncommon fistulas, 279 – 283 tracheal surgery and, 394 in children, 310 – 312 Tracheoesophageal injuries, management of, 300 – 301 Tracheoinnominate fistulas, 331 – 341 clinical features of, 334 – 335 diagnosis of, 335 emergency management of, 337 – 338 historical aspects of, 331 incidence of, 331 – 332 intubation and, 180 pathogenesis of, 332 – 334 prevention of, 335 – 337 surgical management of, 338 – 340 results of, 340 Tracheomalacia, 349 – 357 acquired, 353 adult idiopathic, 355 as contraindication to tracheal surgery, 386 bronchoscopic evaluation of, 351 – 352 chronic pulmonary obstructive disease and, 354 – 355 congenital, 352 – 353 etiology of, 182 – 183 imaging of, 349 – 350 in children, 310 – 312 membranous wall tracheoplasty for, 355 – 356 postintubation tracheal stenosis and, 353 – 354 pulmonary function tests in, 350 – 351 relapsing polychondritis and, 354 tracheal surgery and, 390 – 391, 394 Tracheoplasty, for tracheal stenosis, in children, 310
772
Cumulative Index / Chest Surg Clin N Am 13 (2003) 755–772
membranous wall, for tracheomalacia, 355 – 356 Tracheostomy, and tracheoesophageal fistulas. See Tracheoesophageal fistulas. and tracheoinnominate fistulas, 333 – 334 for airway edema, after tracheal surgery, 395 for postintubation stenosis, 245 for recurrent postintubation stenosis, 381 for tracheal burns, 346 mediastinal, historical aspects of, 178 persistent tracheal stoma after, 369 – 373 Transbronchial lung biopsy, of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, after lung transplantation, 551 Transbronchial needle aspiration, in cytology, of tracheobronchial tumors, 44 – 47, 53, 88 – 89 Trans-sternal bilateral thoracotomy, in lung transplantation, 473 – 474 Transthoracic fine needle aspiration, in cytology, of tracheobronchial tumors. See Tracheobronchial tumors. Trauma, tracheal. See Tracheal trauma. T-tubes, for postintubation stenosis, 239 for tracheal burns, 347 historical aspects of, 179
U Ultraflex stents, for airway obstruction, 215, 227 Upper lobe bronchus injuries, in donor lung, for transplantation, 469
V Vascular tumors, tracheobronchial, characteristics of, 21 – 22 Ventilation, mechanical. See Mechanical ventilation. Ventilation/perfusion scans, of emphysema, before lung volume reduction surgery, 680, 695 Video-assisted thoracic surgery, for bullous emphysema, 641 – 643 for emphysema, complications of, 703 – 704 results of, 711 – 712 Virologic testing, in donor selection, for lung transplantation, 431 – 432 Vocal cord paralysis, tracheal surgery and, 395 W Wallstents, for airway obstruction, 214 – 215, 227 X Xenotransplantation, 561 – 578 B cell tolerance in, 570 cellular rejection in, 567 – 568 delayed rejection in, 565 – 567 ethical issues in, 572 – 573 hyperacute rejection in, 563 – 565 infectious risks of, 571 – 572 of lungs, 570 – 571 antibodies in, 570 – 571 complement inhibitors in, 570 – 571 disseminated coagulopathy in, 571 rationale for, 561 – 563 tolerance in, 568 – 569