DATA SHEETS

DATA SHEETS The following charts present basic data on different types of additive, based on data from manufacturers. Where possible, manufacturers' data have been harmonized, but there will be cases where data are not comparable. Data are presented as a guide to the general properties and applications of each material: specific points should be checked with potential suppliers. Fillers and extenders

Fillers and extenders

Calcium carbonate Description: Most widely used filler for plastics: forms vary according to geographical source. Surface treatments greatly improve properties and controlled particle size makes functional fillers possible: improved flow properties, low-profile anti-shrinkage, anti-blocking additives; treatment with aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) gives some flame retardancy Property

Typical grades

l^^nit

Chemical analysis

CaCOi

97.9

97.9

97.9

97.9

Specific gravity

g/cm^

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7 3

3

Mohs hardness pH value

9.1

8.5

8.5

9.0

2.2

2.2

3.2

2.2

Refractive index Specific surface

m^/g

Abrasion

g/m-

22-23

23

18

25

|im

0.8-20

0.8-2 5

0.8-10

0.8-20

g/lOOg

22

Loose bulk density

kg/m^

5 50-600

Tamped volume

kg/m^

750-800

Whiteness FMY

% % nS/cm

Particle size distr. Oil absorption

Moisture Conductivity

22 1790

1200

600

85

89.4

92.0

84.0

100

160

160

110

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

3 70

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Fillers and extenders

Calcium carbonate Description: Most widely used filler for plastics: forms vary according to geographical source. Surface treatments greatly improve properties and controlled particle size makes functional fillers possible: improved flow properties, low-profile anti-shrinkage, anti-blocking additives: treatment with aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) gives some flame retardancy Property

Chemical analysis Specific gravity

Typical grades

Unit Vfine

Fine, easy dispense

Surface-coated

Coated easy dispense

CaC03

98

98

98

98

g/cm^

2.7

2.7

2.7

2.7

Mohs hardness

3

3

3

3

Refractive index

1.59

1.59

1.59

1.59

9

9

9

9

(im

1.6

2.7

2.4

5.5

g/lOOg

17

16

14

13

1.0

1.3

1.2

1.5

93.5

90.5

83

88

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

pH value Specific surface

m^/g

Abrasion

g/m^

Av. particle size Oil absorption Loose bulk density

kg/m^

Packed bulk density

g/cm^

Whiteness Ry Moisture Conductivity

% % }iS/cm

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

371

Fillers and extenders

Calcium carbonate Description: Most widely used filler for plastics: forms vary according to geographical source. Surface treatments greatly improve properties and controlled particle size makes functional fillers possible: improved flow properties, low-profile anti-shrinkage, anti-blocking additives; treatment with aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) gives some flame retardancy Property

Chemical analysis Specific gravity

Typical grades

Unit V fine/surface c

Ultrafine/surface c

Ultrafine/surface c

CaCOs

98

98

98

g/cm^

2.7

2.7

2.7

Mohs hardness

3

3

3

Refractive index

1.59

1.59

1.59

9

9

9

l^m

1.4

0.85

1.0

16

17

18

1.0

0.8

0.8

88

94

89

0.2

0.35

0.3

pH value Specific surface

m^/g

Abrasion

g/m^

Av. particle size Oil absorption

g/lOOg

Loose bulk density

Kg/m^

Packed bulk density

g/cm^

Whiteness Ry Moisture Conductivity

% % )iS/cm

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

1

i 11

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Fillers and extenders

China clay Description: Water-washed china clay dehydrated to produce a very white extender, with high opacity Chemical analysis: Si02 = 55.3, AI2O3 = 42.6, Fe203 = 0.33, TiO- = 0.35,K2O = 0.70, Na20 - 0.08, CaO = 0.03, MgO - 0.07, P2O5 = 0.24, Mn02 0.01 Property

Unit

Specific gravity

g/ml

pH value

Typical grades 2.6

2.6

6-7

6-7

Specific surface

m^/g

4.0

4.2

Av. particle size

}xm

4.7

4.3

Sedimentation analysis: 10-40 j^m

% % %

12

10

80

82

8

8

g/lOOg

62

63

2-10 |im < 2 |im Oil absorption Loose bulk density Whiteness Ry Loss on ignition

g/ml

0.3

0.3

%

90.2

90.7

0.12

0.12

1

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

373

Fillers and extenders

Magnesium silicate Description: Extra-high-purity, high-whiteness platelet Chemical analysis: Si02 = 63.2, MgO = 3 1 . 7 , AI2O3 = 0.17, Fe203 = 0.03, CaO 0.01 1 Property Specific gravity

Unit g/ml

Typical grades 2.75

2.75

2.7

2.3

2.1

4.3

2.7

1 pH value Specific surface

m^/g

Av. particle size

)im

j Sedimentation analysis: 10-40 ^im 2-10 j^m < 2 [im

Oil absorption Tamped bulk density Whiteness Ry

% % %

41

31

74

60-55

59

69

26

5-2

58

48

41-33

g/lOOg g/ml

0.35

0.35

0.58

0.68-0.99

%

92

94

94

92

4.8

4.8

4.8

4.8 < 0.3

Loss on ignition Moisture

7-14 40-43

%

<

<

<

0.3

0.3

0.3 © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

3 74

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Fillers and extenders

China clay/kaolin Description: Finely elutriated kaolin, dehydrated to produce a low grain size fraction > 20 |im; used as very white filler clay in plastics, cable insulation and rubber Chemical analysis: Si02 = 55.1, Al203 = 42.7, Fe203 = 0.33, Ti02 = 0.35, K20 = 0.71, Na20 = 0.08, CaO - 0.20, MgO = 0.10, P2O5 = 0.20, Mn02 0.01 Property

Unit

Specific gravity

g/ml

pH value

Typical grades 2.6 6-7

Specific surface

m^/g

Av. particle size

\xm

1.7

Sedimentation analysis: 10-40 ^im

% % %

0.5

2-10 fxm < 2 ^m Oil absorption Loose bulk density Whiteness Ry Loss on ignition

g/lOOg

39.5 60

68

g/ml

0.3

%

91.5

1 1

0.20 © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

375

Fillers and extenders

Aluminium silicates Description: Silane surface-modified calcined clays; very pure high brightness/low residue: clay/silane/polymer interaction improves tensile strength and compression set: used for cross-linked PE and polyester, EP elastomers; amino silane for mineral-filled PA Chemical analysis: Si02 = 51.0-52.4, AI2O3 = 4 2 . 1 - 4 4 . 3 , Fe203 = trace, Ti02 = 1.56-2.50 Property

Specific gravity

g/ml

pH value Specific surface

m^/g

Av. particle size

|am

Sedimentation analysis: 10-40 ^im

% % %

2-10nm < 2 )im

Oil absorption Loose bulk density

Typical grades

Unit Vinyl silane

Amino silane

SiUcone

Proprietary silane

2.63

2.63

2.63

2.63

6.7-8.0

8.0-10.0

n/a

6.5-8.0

1.3

1.3

1.5

1.4

g/lOOg lb/ft ^

%

90-92

90-93

90-92

90-92

Refractive index

1.62

1.62

1.62

1.62

Loss on ignition

0-1.0

0-1.0

0-1.0

0-1.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Whiteness Ry

Moisture

%

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

376

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Fillers and extenders

Aluminium silicate Description: Anhydrous aluminium silicates, aminosilane surface-treated: mineral-filled polyamides: low warpage/high impact Chemical analysis: Si02 51.0-52.4; AI2O3 4 2 . 1 - 4 4 . 3 ; FeOs trace; Ti02 1.56-2.50 Property

Unit

Specific gravity

Typical grades 2.63

Mohs hardness Refractive index

1.62 9.0-10.3

pH value Ignition loss

%

0-1.0

Specific surface Particle size

mm

1.3

Particle size distr. Oil absorption Loose bulk density Tamped volume GE brightness Moisture

90-93

%

0.5 (0 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Datasheets

377

Fillers and extenders

Aluminium silicates (anhydrous) Description: Aminosilane surface-treated grades, giving improvements in physical properties compared with untreated fillers, esp. low warpage, high impact strength: specially developed for mineral-filled polyamides: can also be used in polyesters, urethane, PVC and other thermoplastics: white colour 1 Chemical analysis: Si02 = 51.0-52.4, AI2O3 = 4 2 . 1 - 4 4 . 3 , Fe203 = trace, Ti02 = 1.56-2.50 1 Property

Unit

1 Specific gravity

g/ml

pH value

Typical grades 2.63

2.63

9.0-10.3

9.0-10.0

1.3

Specific surface

m^/g

Av. particle size

|im

1.3

Sedimentation analysis: 10-40 |im

% % %

63

2 - 1 0 |im < 2 }im

Oil absorption Loose bulk density Whiteness Ry

g/lOOg

18

Ib/ft^

%

90-92

90-93

Refractive index

1.625

1.62

Loss on ignition

0-1.0

0-1.0

Moisture

%

1

0.5 © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

378

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Fillers and extenders

Aluminium silicates (hydrous) 1 Description: Chemical analysis: Si02 = 44.8-45.3, AI2O3 = 37.5-39.7, Fe203 = trace, Ti02 = 1.35-2.27 Property

Specific gravity

Typical grades

Unit

g/ml

Fine particle

Ultrafine particle

Air floated

2.63

2.63

2.63

0.5-1.4

0.2

0.6-1.4

43-35

40

40-32

85-90

87-90

pH value Specific surface

m^/g

Av. particle size

|im

Sedimentation analysis: 10-40 |im 2-10 ^im < 2 [im

Oil absorption Loose bulk density Whiteness Ry

% % % g/lOOg lb/ft ^

%

77-82 1 1.56 1

Refractive index

1.56

1.56

Loss on ignition

13.7-14.1

13.7-14.1

13.7-14.1

1.0

1.0

Moisture

%

1.0

1

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

379

Fillers and extenders

White calcites Description: Crystalline and micro-crystalline calcites; surface modified with calcium stearate: used with PVC, UPVC extrusion, calendered sheet; injection moulding, PE cable compounds. Organic coating gives functional performance, high loadings possible Property

Specific gravity

Unit

Typical grades Microcrystalline

CrystaUine surface mod

CrystaUine surface mod

Crystalline surface mod

1.5

4.8

3.5

1.5

g/cm^

Mohs hardness Refractive index pH value Specific surface

m^/g

Abrasion

g/m^

Particle size: average -maximum -less than 2 jam Oil absorption DOP absorption

|am jim

6

25

15

6

wt%

65

30

35

65

g/lOOg

29

14

16

17

33

18

15

19

94

93

93.5

95

g/lOOg

Loose bulk density

kg/m^

Packed bulk density

g/cm^

Dry brightness Moisture Conductivity

% %

'

|aS/cm © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

380

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Fillers and extenders

Calcined clays Description: Surface-modified, high brightness low residue calcined kaolin, giving direct reaction 1 with compatible polymer compounds in presence of a peroxide Chemical analysis: Si02 51.0-52.4; AI2O3 4 2 . 1 - 4 4 . 3 ; FeOs trace; Ti02 1.56-2.50 Property

Typical grades

Unit

Specific gravity

Vinyl silane

Aminosilane

Silicone

Prop, silane

2.63

2.63

2.63

2.63

1.62

1.62

1.62

1.62

6.7-8.0

8.0-10.0

n/a

6.5-8.0

Mohs hardness Refractive index pH value Ignition loss

%

0-10

Specific surface Particle size 325 mesh residue

mm

1.3

1.3

1.5

1.4

% max

0.04

0.02

0.03

67

65

63

0.03 60

90-92

90-93

90-92

90-92

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Oil absorption

1 1

Loose bulk density Tamped volume GE brightness Moisture

%

Notes: Cross-linked polyethylene and polyester systems, EPR, EPT: amino silane-treated for mineral-filled PA © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

381

Fillers and extenders

Magnesium silicate (talc) Description: Micronized from high purity steatitic source, giving very high brightness: highly laminar, with high aspect ratio, for higher stiffness Chemical analysis: MgO 32.22; Si02 61.39; CaO 0.38% Property

Typical grades

Unit 5030

2050/

Specific gravity

lO/lOP/20

45/70

2.7

2.7

7-14

Mohs hardness Refractive index pH value

8.2

8.2

Particle size

5-lOM

2-3 7 M

2.1-4.3 mm

Particle size distr.

1.5-3 M

5-8 M

1-20 mm

Oil absorption

42-50

30-37

48-58

10% sol

Specific surface

Loose bulk density

g/ml

Tamped volume

g/ml

Dry brightness Moisture

%

2-45

0.18-0.28

41-33 1 0.35-0.52 1

0.35-0.58

0.68-0.99

91-96

80-86

92-94%

0.2

0.2

< 0.3 g/ml

92 <0.3

1 1

© 2 001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

382

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Fillers and extenders

Mica Description: Property

Unit

Typical grades G/GH

N

SG

SFG

Chemical analysis 2.85

2.85

2.85

2.85

Mohs hardness

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

Refractive index

1.56

1.56

1.56

1.56

9.5

9.5

9.5

9.5

8

10

7

12-21

Specific gravity

g/cm^

pH value Specific surface

m^/g

1:20-1:30

1:20-1:30

1:20-1:30

1:20-1:40

|im

11-5.4

9.4-4.6

14.5-7.4

9.2-2.7

g/lOOg

28

31

25

41-43

Aspect ratio Particle size distr. Oil absorption

g/1

490

460

500

3 70-200

Tamped volume

g/1

860

860

890

740

Whiteness FMY

% %

76-81

77-82

75-80

80-87

91

91

66

172-225

Loose bulk density

Moisture Conductivity

fiS/cm

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Datasheets

383

Fillers and extenders

Muscovite mica Chemical analysis (%): Si02 46.5; AI2O3 35.7; Na20 8.8; FeOs 2.1 Grade 5

Grade 10

Grade 45

~2.8

~2.8

~2.8

Mohs hardness

2.0-2.5

2.0-2.5

2.0-2.5

Refractive index

1.58

1.58

1.58

pH value

7-9

7-9

7-9

m^/g

> 18

> 15

> 5

\im

5.5

8.0

36.0

Particle size dist. dgy

|im

< 12

< 16

< 64

Loss on ignition (%)

1100°C

~5

~5

-5

% %

r^77

-75

~65

< 1.0

<0.6

Specific gravity

Specific surface Particle size dist. dso

Whiteness FMY Moisture

g/cm^

< 1.5

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

384

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Fillers and extenders

Wollastonite Description: Natural p-wollastonite changes to a-type on heating to 1100°C; synthetic grade is a-wollastonite, has very low loss on ignition, retains crystal structure during heating, giving constant chemical composition Chemical analysis: CaO = 47.5, Si02 = 51.0. Fe203 = 0.4, AI2O3 = 0.2, MnO = 0.1: -(synthetic): CaO = 45.2, Si02 = 52.5, MgO = 0.6, Fe203 0.3, AI2O3 = 0.3 Property

Typical grades

Unit High aspect

Specific gravity

g/cm^

Molecular weight

325-400 mesh

Fine particle size

Synthetic grade ~2.9

2.9

2.9

2.9

116

116

116

Mohs hardness

4.5

4.5

4.5

Refractive index

1.63

1.63

1.63

pH value

9.9

9.9

9.9

Specific surface

~5

11-11.5 1

m^/g

~0.7

Particle size: average

Hm

17-70

-US screen max

% %

- 1 0 0 = 99

- 3 2 5 = 99

-20=100

- 3 2 5 = 65

- 4 0 0 = 98

- 1 0 = 96

g/lOOg

45

20-22

32

Loose bulk density

kg/m^

0.40

0.72-0.64

0.48

Packed density

g/cm^

0.80

1.12-0.96

0.80

GE brightness

% %

85

94

95

> 83* 1

1000°C

< 1.0

< 1.0

< 1.0

~0.4 1

- US screen min Oil absorption

Moisture Loss on ignition

18

1

~1.0

< 0.3

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

385

Functional fillers

Magnesium silicate hydrate Description: High purity, high whiteness; micronized to various particle size distributions, maintaining extreme lamellarity with high aspect ratio Chemical analysis: Si02 62; AI2O3 0.3; MgO 31.2; FeOs 0.1% 1 Property Specific gravity

Unit

Typical grades

Extender

g/cm^

2.77

2.77

2.77

2.77

Mohs

~1

~1

~1

^1

Refractive index

1.57

1.57

1.57

1.57

pH value

~9

~9

~9

~9

>22->13

>9->5

>3->3.5

>22

dsodgy

0.9-1.9 <5-<10

3.5-5<25

10-8 < 4 5

0.9 < 5

Loss on ignition

1100°C

<6%

<6%

<6%

~6%

Whiteness ISO

% %

~97-96

-96-95

~95

~97n


<0.5

Hardness

Specific surface 1 Particle size Particle size distribution

m^/g |j.m

(lim)

Oil absorption Loose bulk density

Moisture

< 0 . 2 - < 0.3

<1

© 2 0 0 1 Elsevier Science Ltd |

386

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Reinhrcemerits,

fibrous and

microspheres

Reinforcements

Glass fibre Description: The main fibrous reinforcement for thermoplastics and thermosets, giving high tensile strength but low stiffness: sizing/coupling agents give better bond: used for thermoplastics, longer 1 fibres giving higher reinforcement; long, continuous, mat or woven fibres used for thermosets Property

Density

Unit

g/cm^

Bulk density Mohs hardness

Typical grades E-glass

R-glass

Quartz

2.5

2.5

2.2

2.60-2.82

2.55

6.5 2400

3450

3700

GPa

69

86

69

Mm

27

34

31

%

4.4-4.5

5.2

0.22

-

lQ-f>Op-l

2.80

2.30

Refractive index

at25°C

1.55-1.566

1.541

UV transmission

at25°C

opaque

Qcm

17.7-10.4

Tensile strength

MPa

Flexural modulus Specific modulus Elongation (break) Poisson's ratio Coeff. therm, exp.

Volume resistivity Dielectric constant Alkalinity Solvent resistance Alkali resistance Acid resistance

^cm

6.5-7.0

6.0-8.1

Na20 %

0.3

0.4

% % %

good

good

good

good

exc. hydrofluoric

exc. hydrofluoric © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

387

Reinforcements

Glass fibre Description: The main fibrous reinforcement for thermoplastics and thermosets, giving high tensile strength but low stiffness: sizing/coupling agents give better bond: very short fibres used for thermoplastics (injection moulded); longer fibres giving higher reinforcement now becoming accepted; long, continuous, mat or woven fibres used for thermosets Property

Tensile strength

Typical grades

Unit E-glass

R-glass

3331

3330

3185

3240

MNm^

I -virgin fibre 23°C - virgin fibre 100°C

5320

5280

Modulus of elasticity

GNm^

72.5

72.5

Density

gcm^

2.52-2.62

2.70-2.72

1.556

1.576

-virgin fibre 196°C

Refractive index Coeff. linear thermal expansion

1/°C

5.0x10-^

5.9x10-^

Diel. constant: - 60 Hz

23°C

6.4

7.1

6.2

7.0

23°C

0.003

0.004

0.004

0.003

- 1 0 ^ Hz Loss tangent 60 Hz - 1 0 ^ Hz Volume resistivity: - 5 0 0 V DC Dielectric strength (kV mm)

^/cm23°C

10^4

10^4

9.80

9.96

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

388

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Reinforcements

Carbon fibre Description: High performance/high stiffness: used with high performance engineering thermoplastics (injection moulding), but mainly with thermosetting resins, as long/continuous fibre reinforcement, often woven or with other fibres Property

Density

Unit

Typical grades

g/cm^

HT

IM

HM

UHM

1.8

1.8

1.8

2.0

Tensile strength

MPa

3500

5300

3500

2000

Flexural modulus

GPa

160-270

270-325

325-440

440+

Specific modulus

Mm

90-150

150-180

180-240

200+

© 2 001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Reinforcements

Aramid fibre Description: High performance fibre, high stiffness, low weight: used esp. in composites with other fibres: also developed as chopped fibre, powder additive or masterbatch for improved lubrication/wear resistance in injection moulded engineering thermoplastics Property

Typical grades

Unit LM

HM

UHM

g/cm^

1.45

1.45

1.47

Tensile strength

MPa

3600

3100

3400

Flexural modulus

GPa

60

120

180

Specific modulus

Mm

40

80

120

Density

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Datasheets

389

Reinforcements

Glass spheres (solid) Description: Solid soda-lime glass: used as reinforcing filler in thermoplastic and thermosetting moulding compounds: improves stiffness, heat distortion, shrinkage; can also improve flow properties: grades differentiated by size (90% beads of designated diameter): other size ranges are produced Property

Unit

Typical grades 3-80 ^im

0.5-19.3 |im

2.45 2.55

Specific gravity Hardness

0.8-70 ^im

Mohs

6 1.51-1.52

Refractive index Av diameter

\xm

27-36

12-26

3.5-7.0

Surface area

m^/cm^

0.40-0.80

1.05-1.75

1.75-3.30

Oil absorption

g/lOOg

17

/K

7.75 10-^

Tensile modulus

N/mm^

6.89 10^

Flexural modulus

N/mm^

2.96X

Coeff. thermal exp

0.21

Poisson's ratio Volume resistivity

Gfim

300

Dielectric strength

kV/cm

4500

Dielectric constant

IKHz

7.6

Power factor

0.9 © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

390

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Reinforcements

Glass spheres (hollow) Description: Hollow borosihcate glass: white powder, spherical, non-porous; low alkah leach, insoluble in water: hghter weight than solid glass; can be damaged in moulding process, but 1 properties of compound are still useful Property

Unit

Typical grades

1 Chemical analysis: Specific gravity

1.08

Crush strength (% volume loss)

3000 psi lOOOOpsi

neglig. 13%

1 Colour value

90.0 min

Av diameter

8.4

Particle size distr.

Surface area

10% 50% 90%

4.2 8.7 14.0

m^/ml

0.47

pH value

8.3

Conductivity

52

mmoh/cm

Notes: In a variety of thermoplastics, good whiteness/opacity suggests possible use as low-cost pigment extender © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Reinforcements

Thermoplastic spheres (expandable) Description: Gas-filled thermoplastic spheres, expanding at processing temperature: can form useful syntactic foam structure Approx. solid content (%) WU 65

67

65

63

Number average

5-8

5-8

5-8

3-5

Weight average

10-16

10-16

10-16

6-9

°C

81-96

90-95

99-104

99-104

Particle size average

mm

Thermomechanical Tstart

T

°C

122-132

132-140

142-150

136-144

TMA density

kg/m^

<25

<17

<17

<25

Residual monomer CAN

mg/kg

<100

<150

<150

<150

**

***

***

Solvent resistance

*

Key: solvent resistance: * fair; ** good; *** very good; ****excellent © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

|

Datasheets

391

Reinforcements

Thermoplastic spheres (expandable) Description: Gas-filled thermoplastic spheres, expanding at processing temperature: can form useful syntactic foam structure Approx. solid content (%) WU 63 Particle size average

60

60

65

mm

Number average

6-10

4-7

3-5

5-8

Weight average

18-24

9-15

6-9

9-15

Thermomechanical Tstart

°C

99-104

104-110

104-110

112-117

T

°c

145-155

144-152

140-148

146-154

J-max

TMA density

kg/m^

<20

<20

<20

<25

Residual monomer CAN

mg/kg

<150

<150

<150

<300

***

****

****

****

Solvent resistance

Key: solvent resistance: * fair; **; good; *** very good; **** excellent © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Reinforcements

Thermoplastic spheres (expandable) Description: Gas-filled thermoplastic spheres, expanding at processing temperature: can form useful syntactic foam structure Approx. solid content (%) WU 75 Particle size average

75

70

mm

Number average

6-9

8-12

10-20

Weight average

10-16

18-24

18-24

Thermomechanical Tstart

°C

99-104

99-104

124-132

T

°C

142-150

146-154

178-188

TMA density

kg/m^

<20

<17

<17

Residual monomer CAN

mg/kg

<300

<300

<400

***

***

****

Solvent resistance

Key: solvent resistance: * fair; ** good; *** very good; **** excellent © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

392

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Pigments, colorants, whites, blacks Pigments

Inorganic Description: Based on iron oxide: strong bright colours Unit

Property

Typical grades Ferrox red

Ferrox yellow

Ferrox black

Ferrox brown

Chemical analysis

Fe203

90-98

82-88

58-97

91-96

Specific gravity

g/cm^

4.8-5.1

4.0-5.2

4.6-4.8

4.4-4.8

Tamped density

g/cm^

0.6-1.7

0.3-1.0

0.8-1.5

0.6-1.3

spherical

acicular

spherical

irregular

4-8

3.5-10

4-10

4-8.5

Av. particle size Particle shape pH value

15-28

16-60

15-21

22-30

0.3-3.0

11-15

2.0-4.0

1.5-6.0

Oil absorption Heat resistance

%loss, 1000°C

Fastness: light Fastness: weather (0 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Pigments

Inorganic Description: Chrome; and specialities Property

Unit

Typical grades Chrome oxide

Lightfast

Heat-resistant

5.2

3.8-4.6

3.8-5.2

5.0

Anti-corrosion

Chemical analysis Specific gravity Tamped density Av. particle size

Jim

Particle shape pH value Oil absorption Heat resistance

% loss, 100°C

1.0-1.3

0.5-1.4

0.4-1.2

1.1-1.3

0.3-0.35

0.1-0.6

0.1-0.7

0.12

spherical

spherical/ prismatic

acicular

spherical

5-10

7-10

3.5-10

7-11

11

15-35

14-65

22

0.4

0.5-3.0

0.5-15

Fastness: light Fastness: weather © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Datasheets

393

Pigments

Inorganic Description: Based on mixed metal oxides, ground to optimum fine particle size: good colour 1 strength, resistance to heat Property

Unit

Typical grades Yellow

Brown

Blue

Green

4.50-4.70

4.66-5.60

3.82-4.60

4.53-5.26

0.68-1.30

0.66-2.60

0.90-1.40

1.20-1.70

Chemical analysis Specific gravity Tamped density Av. particle size Particle shape 7.0-10.0

4.0-8.3

7.9-10.3

6.7-9.7n

14.0-23.3

15.0-29.0

17.0-56.0

17.0-29.0!

1000

500-1000

1000

1000

Fastness: light

8

8

8

8

Fastness: weather

5

5

5

5

pH value Oil absorption Heat resistance

°C

1

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Pigments

Inorganic Description: Based on mixed metal oxides, ground to optimum fine particle size Property

Typical grades

Unit Violet

Black

3.70-3.80

5.0-5.31

0.90-1.10

0.40-3.90

7.2-7.5

6.9-9.5

Chemical analysis Specific gravity Tamped density Av. particle size Particle shape pH value

22.0-23.0

15.2-33.0

450

800-1000

Fastness: light

8

8

Fastness: weather

5

5

Oil absorption Heat resistance

°C

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

394

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Pigments

Organic 1 Description: Property

Typical grades

Unit

Structure Colour shade

a-Blue

a-Blue

p-Blue

Barium

crystallng.

non-cryst.

non-cryst.

red

red

green

red

4

4

4

4

Solvent fastness: -Xylene 1 -Ethanol -MEK

5

5

5

4

5

5

5

4 5

-Min. spirits

5

5

5

- Water

5

5

5

5

1

°C

204-220

260-288

260-274

274

1

op

400-425

500-550

500-525

525

7-S

7-8

7-8

4-5

Heat resistance

Fastness: light Fastness: weather

Key: solvent resistance: 5 = insoluble/1 = very soluble: light fastness: 10 = no change/2 = strong change: figures are for full-tint © 2 0 0 1 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

395

Pigments

Organic Description: (based on Cookson data) Property

Typical grades

Unit Calcium

Calcium

Naphthol

Naphthol

opaque

transpt.

opaque

transpt.

red

red

red

red

- Xylene

5

4-5

4

4

-Ethanol

4

4

4

4

\

-MEK

5

5

4

4

\

1

Structure Colour shade Solvent fastness:

-Min. spirits

5

5

5

5

-Water

5

5

5

5

260-274

260-274

191

191

500-525

500-525

375

375

6-4

6-4

8-6

7-5

Heat resistance

°C op

Fastness: light

1

Fastness: weather Key: solvent resistance: 5 = insoluble/1 = very soluble; light fastness: 10 = no change/2 = strong change; figures are for full-tint © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Pigments

Pearlescent Description: Coated particles giving pearlescent and other light effects by internal refraction/interference patterns: popular for moulded cosmetics packs Property

Density Bulk density Av. particle size

Unit

Interference

Gold lustre

Metal lustre

g/cm^

2.7-3.3

3.1-3.7

2.8-3.3

2.9-3.7

g/lOOml

17-40

31-49

27-42

25-37

}xm

1-180

5-60

5-100

5-125

4-11

8-11

6-11

3-7

50-80

40-65

40-75

45-65

anatase/rutile

rutile

anatase/rutile

-

pH value Oil absorption Modification Ti02

Typical grades Silver

g/lOOg

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

396

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Pigments

White: titanium dioxide Description: The main white pigment for plastics, used on its own as a brilliant white, also for modification of coloured pigments: relatively expensive, can be supplemented by less costly whites: data are for high purity grades for plastics Property

Ti02

Unit

Typical grades Neutral

Blue

High brightness

Durable/ brightness

98.7

98-7-96.5

96.5-98.5

91.2

1.0

1.0-3.0

3.2-1.0

3.3

wt%

Alumina Silica Organic treatment

-

-

-

5.5

yes

yes

yes

no

4.2

4.2

4.1-4.2

3.9

Colour

CIEL

98.5-99.2

99.2

99.2-99.0

99.6

Av. particle size

mm

0.32-0.29

0.29-0.23

0.22

0.35

Specific gravity

Oil absorption

11.0

11.0-14.0

14.0

102-110

110

110

-0.040

0.035

g/lOOg

Vinyl tint strength Vinyl undertone

18.0 1 90 1 -0.030 1

0.035-030

(0 2 001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Pigments

Carbon black Description: Main characteristics of carbon black, produced by various manufacturing processes (n/a = not applicable: pH may drop as low as 2 for oxidized blacks) Property

Unit

Thermo-oxidative decomposition processes Lampblack

Gas black (Degussa)

Furnace black

16-24

90-500

15-450

Nitrogen surface area

m^/g

Iodine adsorption

mg/g

23-33

n/a

15-450

Mean particle size

|im

110-120

10-30

10-80

ml/lOOg

100-120

n/a

40-200

g/lOOg

250-400

220-1100

200-500

My

200-220

230-300

210-270

Tinting strength

IRE 3 = 100

25-35

90-130

60-130

Volatile content

%

1-2.5

4-24

0.5-6

6-9

4-6

6-10

DBP absorption Oil absorption Jetness

pH value

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Datasheets

397

Pigments

Carbon black Description: Main characteristics of carbon black, produced by various manufacturing processes (n/a = not applicable: pH may drop as low as 2 for oxidized blacks) Unit

Property

Thermal decomposition processes Thermal

Acetylene

6-15

~65

Nitrogen surface area

m^/g

Iodine adsorption

mg/g

6-10

~100

Mean particle size

?m

120-500

32-42

ml/lOOg

DBP absorption Oil absorption Jetness

37-43

150-200

g/lOOg

65-90

400-500

My

170-190

225

Tinting strength

IRB3 = 100

~20

n/a

Volatile content

%

0.5-1.0

0.5-2.0

7-9

5-8

pH value

1

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Pigments

Carbon black Description: Furnace grades - used mainly for colour and UV shielding Property

Unit

High strength

Medium strength

UV protection

Fine grain/UV

Nitrogen surface area

m^/g

240-560

200-210

115

140

|im

13-16

17-18

22

20

65-117

114

113

Mean particle size DBP absorption Oil absorption

ml/100 g

50-105

g/lOOg

Colour depth

index

69-60

78-73

88

87

Tinting strength

index

140-109

148-150

115

123

Volatile content

%

2.0-9.5

1.5

1.5

1.5

2.5-7.0

8.0

8.5

9.0

pH value Tamped density: - powder -beads

g/l

176-273

144-240

230

230

g/1

385-465

304-430

335

344

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

398

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Pigments

Carbon black Description: Furnace grades, used for colour Property

Unit

Highest strength

General purpose

Nitrogen surface area

m^/g

112

84

35

jim

24

27

50

DBP absorption

ml/lOOg

60

102

91

Oil absorption

g/lOOg

Colour depth

index

83

90

96

Tinting strength

index

137

103

59

Volatile content

%

1.0

1.0

1.0

7.5

8.5

8.5

230

435 1

Mean particle size

pH value

Economy grade

Tamped density: -powder

g/1

240

-beads

g/1

497

368

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets Antioxidants

399

and stabilizers: heat and light

Stabilizers

Anti-oxidants (primary) Description: Sterically hindered phenols (radical scavengers): good high-temperature, long-term thermal stabilizers; good resistance to discoloration and extraction Property Appearance Specific gravity

white powder

TGAat20°C/min

white powder

white powder

white powder

1.15

1.0-1.02

1.05-1.21

1.11-1.13

1178

643-531

775-695

553-784

110-125

50-68

241-260

218-229

l%loss

310

270-230

290-280

240-280

10% loss

355

310-290

340-315

280-330 1

g/ml

Molecular weight Melting range

Typical grades

Unit

°C

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Stabilizers

Antioxidants (secondary) Description: Thioethers (long-term stability of polyolefins); phosphite/phosphonite (superior processing stability): both with phenolic antioxidants Property

Unit

Appearance Specific gravity

G/ml

Molecular weight Melting range TGAat20°C/min

Typical grades Thioethers

Phosphite/ phosphonite

white powder

white powder

white powder

off-white powder

1.04

0.98

1.03

1.06

515

683

647

991

°C

39-41

63-66

180-186

85-110

1 % loss

180

210

230

170

10% loss

280

260

260

275

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

400

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Stabilizers

Lead-based stabilizers 1 Description: Master compounds for PVC extrusion: lead sulphates, lead phosphites, for pipes Property

Unit

Typical grades Universal (pipes)

1 Appearance

Universal (hi-flow)

Universal (FR)

Universal (black)

white granules

Specific gravity

approx

1.5-1.7

1.4-1.5

1.7

1.3

Metal content

approx

24.8-39.5

27.9-33.0

37.5

24.0

Stabilizer

phr

1.8-2.2

1.8-2.2

1.8-2.2

1.8-2.2

DiNP/DiDP

phr

Filler (chalk)

phr

2.0-6.0

2.0-6.0

2.0-6.0

2.0-6.0

low/med

low

med

med

Formulation: 1 S-PVC=100phr

Lubrication: int. Lubrication: ext. Dosage

phr

med/high

high

med

1.8-2.2

1.8-2.2

1.8-2.2

med

1.8-2.2 1

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Stabilizers

Lead-based stabilizers Description: Master compounds for PVC extrusion: lead sulphates, for corrugated pipe, injection moulding, cable sheathing: low-dust coated grade with 15% fatty acid esters Property

Typical grades

Unit Corrug. pipes

Appearance

Injection moulding

Cable compound

Low-dust coated

white granules

Specific gravity

approx

1.5-1.8

1.5-2.2

2.5-3.0

3.3

Metal content

approx

34.8-43.6

34.4-54.6

53.0-66.0

69.7-72.3

Stabilizer

phr

3.0-3.5

4.0-7.5

3.5-5.0

DiNP/DiDP

phr

Filler (chalk)

phr

2.0-6.0

2.0-6.0

2.0-6.0

-

Formulation: S-PVC=100phr

30-60

Lubrication: int.

low/high

med

med

high

Lubrication: ext.

high/low

med

med

low

3.0-4.5

4.0-7.5

3.5-5.0

0.5-5.0

Dosage

phr

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Datasheets

401

Stabilizers

Lead-based stabilizers Description: Master compounds for PVC extrusion: lead phosphites Property

Typical grades

Unit

Profile grades Appearance

Low-dust coated

white granules

Specific gravity

approx

1.7-2.0

2.8

Metal content

approx

42.8-44.0

69.3

phr

3.5-4.0

2.0-6.0

-

med/high

med

Formulation: S-PVC = 1 0 0 phr Stabilizer DiNP/DiDP

phr

Filler (chalk)

phr

Lubrication: int. Lubrication: ext. Dosage

phr

med/low

med

3.5-4.0

0.5-5.0 © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

stabilizers

Cadmium, barium stabilizers Description: Master compounds for PVC extrusion: cadmium/zinc for lead-free pipes, barium/zinc for flexible compounds Property

Unit

Typical grades Cadmium/zinc

Appearance

Barium/zinc

white granules

Specific gravity

approx

1.1

1.1

Metal content

approx

-

-

phr

2.5-3.0

1.5-2.5

2.0-6.0

2.0-6.0

Formulation: S-PVC = 100 phr StabiUzer DiNP/DiDP

phr

Filler (chalk)

phr

Lubrication: int.

med

med

Lubrication: ext.

med

med

2.5-3.0

1.5-2.5

Dosage

phr

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

402

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Stabilizers

Organotins Description: Used with most PVC compounds and ABS/MBS blends; physical and chemical properties depend on groups linked to central tin atom. Can be used at low dosages, give high level of transparency; good compatibility with other PVC additives Property

Unit

Typical grades Butyltin mercaptides

Appearance Specific gravity

g/ml

Gardner colour

Butyltin carboxylates

clear liquid

powder

clear liquid

powder

1.055-1.13

0.60-0.63

1.045-1.34

0.50-0.70

max. 2

-

max. 2-3

-

•

•

-

120-123

-

98-100

Light stability

2-3

3

1

1-2

Transparency

1

1

Melting range

Self-lubricating Organoleptic

°C

1

some

some

1-3

2

1

1

PVC; ABS blends

PVC; ABS blends

PVC

PVC

1

Food packaging Applications

Key:1=very gooc , 2 = good, 3 = satisfactory © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Data sheets

403

Stabilizers

Organotins Description: Mercaptides give excellent early colour/colour-hold in PVC processing. Octyltins have 1 low toxicity, good migration resistance Property

Typical grades

Unit Butyltin mercaptide/ carboxylates

Octyltin mercaptides

Octyltin carboxylate

clear liquid

clear liquid

clear liquid

1.065-1.15

1.085-1.107

max. 2

max. 2

-

-

->

Light stability

2

3

1

Transparency

1-2

1

1

Appearance Specific gravity

g/ml

Gardner colour Melting range

°C

Self-lubricating 2

Organoleptic Food packaging Applications

PVC; some ABS

2

1

for rigid PVC up to 1.5%

for rigid PVC up to 1.2%

PVC; ABS blends

PVC

Key: 1 = very good, 2 = good, 3 = satisfactory © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

stabilizers

Light stabilizers Description: Property

Unit

Diphenyl acrylates

Benzophenones

Cinnamic esters

powder: light green

white powder/ yellow vise. liq.

yellowish powder

pale colourless liquid

g/ml

1.13

1.05-1.16

1.06-1.34

1.00

573

361-277

326-214

290

°C

273-282

96

48-197

-

l%loss

230

10% loss

270

Appearance

Specific gravity Molecular weight Melting range TGAat20°C/min

Typical grades Nickel quencher

220 260 © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

404

Additives for Plastics Handbook

stabilizers

Light stabilizers Description: Property

Unit

Diphenyl acrylates

Benzophenones

Cinnamic esters

powder: light green

white powder/ yellow vise. liq.

yellowish powder

pale colourless liquid

g/ml

1.13

1.05-1.16

1.06-1.34

1.00

573

361-277

326-214

290

°C

273-282

96

48-197

-

Appearance

Specific gravity Molecular weight Melting range TGAat20°C/min

Typical grades Nickel quencher

l%loss

230

220

10% loss

270

260 © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Stabilizers

Light stabilizers - HALS Description: Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) Property

Unit

Typical grades Various formulations powder: colourless/ pale yellowish

powder/ granule colourless/ yellowish

viscous liquid: pale yellow

white powder/ yellowish granule

1.18

1.01

0.99

0.99-1.24

(283)n Mn > 2500

(599)n Mn > 2500

509

5050-502

°C

55-70

100-135

liquid

95-267

l%loss

275

300

225

10% loss

325

375

Appearance

Specific gravity

g/ml

Molecular weight

Melting point TGAat20°C/min

275 © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Datasheets

405

Flame retardants Flame retardants

Aluminium hydroxide Description: Broad range of flame retardants: acting by endothermal decomposition, with release of water vapour and alumina: modified grades for thermosetting resins Chemical analysis (%): AI2O3: 65.0, Na20: 0.30, Si02: 0.01, Fe203: 0.01 1 Property

Unit

Typical grades

Modified grades

Specific gravity

g/cm^

~2.4

~2.4

-2.4

Bulk density

g/cm^

~0.5

~0.7

~ 0.7-0.8

~2.4

Mohs hardness

2.5-3.6

2.5-3.6

2.5-3.6

2.5-3.6

Refractive index

1.57-1.58

1.57-1.58

1.57-1.58

1.57-1.58 8-10

8-10

8-10

8-10

Av particle size dso

pH value |im

2.9

7.2

8.5-16.0

7

Av particle size d97

|im

< 8

< 24

< 24-64

<48

m^/g

> 8

>4

> 3-1

>4-5

Surface area Oil absorption

g/lOOg

Loss on ignition

1100°C

~34.5

~34.5

~34.5

~34.5

%

< 0.6-2.0

< 0.5

< 0.5-0.4

< 0.5-0.3

Moisture content

Notes: Processed in c(impounds at up to 200°C; surface-modified grades for higher processing temperatures © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

1

1

406

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Flame retardants

Aluminium trihydroxide Description: White crystalline powders using release of water on heating to give high performance flame retardant and smoke suppressant properties to a wide range of plastics and elastomers: median particle size 5-80 jim; coatings include silanes, stearates, and plasticizers Chemical analysis (%): AI2O3: 65.1, H2O: 34.5, Na20: 0.2, CaO: 0.02, Si02: 0.01, Fe203: 0.006, V2O5: 0.002, Cu: 0.001, Mn: 0.0001 Property

Specific gravity Bulk density

Typical grades

Unit

g/cm^

Mohs hardness Refractive index pH value

Standard milled

Medium milled

Fine milled

Precipitated

2.42

2.42

2.42

2.42

1.2-0.9

0.8-0.7

0.6-0.55

0.9-0.75

2.5-3.5

2.5-3.5

2.5-3.5

2.5-3.5

1.57

1.57

1.57

1.57

9.0-9.5

9.5

9.5-10.5

9.5-10.5

27

21-14.5

9.5-6.5

20-7

Av particle size

max)am

Av particle size

min jim

17

15-9.5

7.5-6.5

Residue on sieve

53 |im

95-20

5-0.1

-

Residue on sieve

45|im

-

-

0.1

Surface area Oil absorption Elect, conductivity

m^/g

0.05-0.5

1.0-1.3

2.9-6.0

1.0-0.1 1 0.5-1.1 1

g/lOOg

15-22

23-26

27-28

21-24

|iS/cm

5

5

10-15

Notes: For thermosetting resins, PVC, elastomers. Precipitated grades have rounder particles and lower surface area, for denser packing, reduced resin adsorption giving lower viscosity: SMC/DMC, other resin/glass processes. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

407

Flame retardants

Aluminium trihydroxide Description: For glass-reinforced thermosetting resins: modified particle shapes offer choices of higher loadings, better processing (lower viscosity) and physical properties, smoother finish. 1 Superfine grades for thermoplastic and elastomer cable compounds and mouldings Chemical analysis (%): AI2O3: 65.1, H2O: 34.5, Na20: 0.25, CaO: 0.02, Si02: 0.01, Fe203: 0.008, 1 V2O5: 0.002, Cu:0 0 0 1 , Mn: 0.0015 Property

Unit

Typical grades Modified particle

Optimized particle

Modified morph.

Superfine

2.42

2.42

2.42

2.42

Bulk density

0.9-0.7

1.0-0.7

0.75-0.65

0.25-0.2

Mohs hardness

2.5-3.5

2.5-3.5

2.5-3.5

2.5-3.5

Refractive index

1.57

1.57

1.57

1.57

pH value

9.5

9.3-9.7

9.6-9.8

10

21-11

55-12

17-6.0

1.4-0.5

Specific gravity

Av particle size

max|xm

Av particle size

min|im

Residue on sieve

53 )im

Residue on sieve

45 )im

5.0-0.1

65-2.0

3 5-0.1

0.1

Surface area

m^/g

0.5-1.3

1.2-1.7

1.2-1.7

4-11

g/lOOg

21-2 5

16

12-18

|iS/cm

5

Oil absorption Elect, conductivity

36-44 7.0-13*

Notes: *Electrical grades

1 |

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

408

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Flame retardants

Ammonium polyphosphates Description: Dehydrating agent for intumescent coatings/sealants: effective catalytic action and low water solubihty reduce leaching from system Property

Unit

Phosphorus P2O5 Phosphorus (P) Nitrogen

% % %

71

67

72

31

29

31.5

14

15

14

5

6

6

g/100 ml

3.5

2.2

0.3

53 |j.m

2%

2%

0.5%

)im

15

15

15

phase

1

1

2

pH 10% slurry Solubility in water Residue on sieve Av particle size Crystal type

Typical grades

Notes: White free-flowing powders, easily dispersed in polymers: mainly used in intumescent paints: also in sealants, PU foams, epoxy resins, non-halogenated FR PP © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Flame retardants

Antimony oxide Description: Widely used flame retardant, for use with halogen source. Fine powders, easily dispersed in plastics and paints: granular, damped and paste forms also available, for easier handling. Also available as masterbatch Property

Antimony oxide Arsenic Iron Lead Acidity

Typical grades

Unit

% % % % 0/

/o

Non-pigmented

Standard white

Colour unimportant

Low tint

99.7

99.7

99.1

99.5

0.12

0.15

0.3

0.1

0.002

0.003

0.005

0.2

0.03

0.05

0.3

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.05

Av particle size

|am

1.25

1.25

1.30

10

Residue on sieve

53 |im

0.002%

0.002%

0.005%

0.5%

Notes: Used with suitable chlorinated or brominated compound in non-halogenated plastics: can be used direct in plasticized PVC. Negligible content of 'coarse' particles allows use in thin films and sheet. Low tint grade has 15-18% tint strength of standard grades, for translucent or high colour products, allowing lower pigment addition © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Data sheets

409

Flame retardants

Antimony oxide Description: Lower cost blends, special grades Property

Typical grades

Unit Blue

Low-cost grade

Blended

Smoke suppress

99.8

25

60.0

30-50

0.07

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.01%

0.02

0.02%

25

60

50-70

0.002

Acidity

% % % % %

Av particle size

|im

1.25

53 |im

0.002%

Antimony oxide Arsenic Iron Lead

Residue on sieve Tint strength

%

0.06 0.01

Notes: Blue used in certain pigments and as flame retardant for low lead and arsenic content. Low-cost grade is cost-effective FR with lower tint strength, esp. for wire and cable and general thermoplastics. Antimony/zinc blend is lower cost, can control afterglow. Blends with magnesium/zinc complex combine FR and smoke suppression for PVC; also reduce use of pigment © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

410

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Flame retardants

Magnesium hydroxide Description: High purity: acts by endothermal decomposition of metal hydroxides with release of water vapour: reaction commences at about 320°C; additive is suitable for high processing temperatures Property

Unit

Typical grades

Polyamide gradex

Chemical analysis (%): MgO - 65; CaC - 2.4, Na20: 0.20, Fe203: 0.35 Loss on ignition

1100°C

~31%

~31%

~31%

Specific gravity

g/cm^

~2.4

~2.4

~2.4

Bulk density Mohs hardness

2.4-2.6

2.4-2.6

2.4-2.6

Refractive index

1.56-1.59

1.56-1.59

1.56-1.59

~94

~88

-94

~10

~10

-10

|im

2.3

16

2.3

|im

< 12

< 64

< 12

m^/g

> 8

~3

> 8

<0.5

<0.5

Whiteness

%

pH value Particle sizeci5() Particle size d9 7 Surface area Oil absorption Moisture content

g/lOOg

%

<0.5 ((]) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Datasheets

411

Flame retardants

Magnesium calcium carbonates Description: Produced by micronization of natural mixed mineral (huntite, hydromagnesite); hydrate is efficient FR for processing temperatures up to 2 60°C, also acid scavenger in chlorine-containing compounds; magnesium calcium carbonate is for processing temperatures up to about 400°C, with improvement to mechanical properties from platelet structure and high aspect ratio Property

Typical grades

Unit Mag/calc/carb/hydrate

Mag/calc/carb

PBT/PP grade

Chemical analysis (%):MgO= 36.5-33.6; CaO= 10.5-14.5, Si02: 0.4-1.5, Fe203: < 0.1 Loss on ignition

llOO^C

~52

-49.5

- 52%

Specific gravity

g/cm^

~2.5

-2.5

-2.5

Bulk density

g/cm^

-0.24

-0.24

-0.24

2-3

2-3

2-3

Mohs hardness Refractive index Whiteness

%

pH value

1.56

1.56

1.56

> 93

> 93

> 93

-10

-10

-10

Particle size dso

|im

0.5

0.4

0.5

Particle size d9 7

l^m

< 5.0

< 5.0

< 5.0

m^/g

> 10

> 12

> 10

<0.5

<0.5

< 0.5

Surface area Oil absorption Moisture content

g/lOOg /o

Notes: PBT/PP grade has special surface treatment © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

412

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Flame retardants

Melamine cyanurate, phosphate Description: Fine white crystalHne powders: melamine cyanurate has two endothermal peaks - at 335°C (decomposition of remaining free melamine) and 412°C (decomposition of melamine 1 cyanurate) Property

Typical grades

Unit

Cyanurate 1 Specific gravity

1.60

1 Molecular weight

Water content

% %

Melting range

°C

Nitrogen content

pH value Particle size < 25 |xm Bulk density

Phosphate

% g/ml

Solubility:-water

255.2

224.13

48-50

37.5

0.6 none

340*

~8.0

2.2

98 ~0.33

~0.35 0.5

-ethanol

g/lOOg

insoluble

-acetone

solvent

insoluble

at

0.04

30°C

0.03

- dimethylformamide -trichlorethylene

Notes: *Temperature is for reference value only: gradual NH j separation is assumed to occur far below this level © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

|

Datasheets

413

Flame retardants

Zinc borates Description: Multi-functional flame retardants and smoke suppressants for wide range of polymers (esp. PVC leathercloth, foil, calendered film, cable); generally used with antimony trioxide. Boric acid content can fuse to form glassy ablative layer, while zinc oxide cross-links PVG chains, reducing smoke; release of crystallized water also cools flame. Good afterglow control, esp. for back-coating of cotton textile, conveyor belting Property

Unit

Typical grades 45.7

37.4

37.4

39.1

48.1

48.1

.Hydration water

% % %

15.2

14.5

14.5

Av particle size

)j.m

4

5

1.5

1.57

1.59

1.59

g/lOOml

0.04

0.10

0.10

°C

200

280

280

380 420

ZnO content B2O3

Refractive index Solubility (water) TGAl%loss 5% loss

°C

245

380

10% loss

°c

285

420

1 1

Notes: Low-smoke cable formulations. Low refractive index allows translucent and deep-coloured formulations, at low cost © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

414

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Antistatics and conductive

additives Conductive additives

Carbon black 1 Description: Conductive grades (furnace process) Property

Unit

High conduct.

Conduct/ antistatic

Conduct/ UV shield

Ultrapure

Nitrogen surface area

m^/g

1475

254

140

130

|xm

15

30

20

20

DBP absorption

ml/lOOg

330

178

116

98

Oil absorption

g/lOOg

Mean particle size

Colour depth

index

67

87

88

88

Tinting strength

index

130

87

104

103

Volatile content

%

2.0

1.5

1.5

1.5

8.6

5.0*

8.5

8.5

pH value Tamped density: -powder -beads

g/1

-

97

192

-

g/1

152

273

332

384

Notes: *Powder: pH = ^^.5 © 2 0 0 1 Elsevier Science Ltd

Datasheets

415

Conductive additives

Quaternary ammonium compounds Description: Control electrostatic discharge at low concentration; minimal effect on processing reactivity; minimal effect on other polymer properties. Available as 100% active products or as fluids in a variety of solvents. Stable in dilute acids, unstable in strong alkalis; compatible with nonionic and cationic surface active agents; incompatible with soaps and anionic surfactants Property

Density

Typical grades

Unit 100% active

n-Butanol solvent

Butane, ethane diol solvent

-

0.930-0.950

0.995-0.998

1.131

yellow waxy solid, brown paste

brown or yellow liquid

pale yellow liquid

white or pale yellow liquid 50

g/cm^

Appearance

TCPP

Activity

%

100

80

80

Pour point

°C

70

4-5

5

8

Flash point PMCC

°c

-

40

> 100

> 100

1

Resistivity: -powder

Qcm

-end-product

^cm

Notes: TCPP (trichloropropyl/phosphate) is often used in polyurethanes at 8-15% as a flame retardant: dosage may be reduced with this additive © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Conductive additives

Glass fibre, spheres Description: Glass reinforcement in various forms, coated with silver Property

Density

Unit

Particle size distr. Silver content

Coated glass fibre

Coated solid spheres 1.2-1.4

0.9

0.2

cylindrical

spherical

spherical

spherical

5 0 - 7 5 10-15

92-34

124

46 5

60-120/15-50

1-30

g/cm^

Shape Particle size av.

Typical grades

mean )im jim

%

8

Colour L value Powder resistivity

^cm

End-product resistivity

^cm

Coated solid spheres

< 2m

Coated hollow spheres

33 1 75-55

55-60

79

n/a

n/a

1.710-^

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

416

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Conductive additives

Metal particles Description: Granule, flake and other particles of metal, coated with silver Property

Unit

Typical grades Copper granules

Density

g/cm^

Shape Particle size av.

)am

Particle size distr.

|im

Silver content

%

Colour Lvalue

Copper

flakes

Copper needles

2.2

0.6

irregular

flake

needle

45

1.4

<30

171

18

18

65 min

Resistivity: -powder

ficm

-end-product

ficm

0.1m

0.6 10-^

<0.15m

1

(0 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Conductive additives

Miscellaneous particles Description: Aluminium and inorganic (mica) coated with silver, and uncoated aluminium-compatible particles Property

Unit

Typical grades Aluminium particles

Density

g/cm^

1.6 spherical

Shape Particle size av.

|im

Particle size distr.

}im

Silver content

Aluminium-compatible particles

%

Inorganic flakes (mica) 4.8 flake

40

552 5-25

20

18

Colour Lvalue

49 min.

Resistivity: -powder

^cm

-end-product

^cm

0.7 10-^

5 10"^

0.1m <0.15m © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Datasheets

417

Curing, cross-linking agents Cross-linking agents

Organic peroxides

Type

Dialkyl peroxides

Dialkyl peroxides

Dicumyl peroxide

Perketales

powder or granulate on chalk

liquid

powder or granulate on chalk

powder or granulate on chalk

Peroxide/active Oxygen content

%

40-95

98

40-98

40

Storage/transport temperature

°C

2 5 max

30 max

30 max

2 5 max

SADT

°C

~70

~80

~90

~70

no danger/org peroxide solid D 6b

org peroxide liquid E 7b

no danger/org peroxide solid F 10b

org peroxide solid D 6b

PE and rubber atl80°C, dust-free

PEand rubber atl90°C

PE and rubber atl70°C, dust-free, no blooming

PE and rubber at 150°C. dust-free

Dangerous goods classification

Applications/properties

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

418

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Curing agents

Catalysts (peroxides) Ketone peroxides

Type

Methyl ethyl ketone

Acetyl ketone

Cyclohexanone

Mixtures

paste, solution

solution in phthalate

solution

solution

Peroxide/active Oxygen content

%

-/5.45-9.80

-/4.20

-/5.10-9.80

-/5.20-9.00

Storage/transport temperature

°C

25 max

25 max

25 max

2 5 max

Control/emergency temperature/SADT

°C

-/-/~60

-/-/^70

- / - / ~ 50-60 50-60

Applications/ properties

high activity, fast cure

translucent sheet, concrete

resins, buttons, gelcoats

short/long gel, with fast/slow cure

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Curing agents

Catalysts (peroxides) Ketone peroxides

Type

Diacyl peroxides

Alkyl hydroperoxides

Dialkyl peroxides

suspension, paste, powder

solution

powder, granule, liquid

Peroxide/active oxygen content

%

20-50/1.32-3.30

40-70/4.20-12.43

40-98/2.35-10.80

Storage/transport temperature

°C

2 5-30 max

25 max

1 5 - 3 0 max

Control/emergency temperature/SADT

°C

- / - / ~ 50-80

-/-/-50-80

- / - / ~ 70-90

unsat. polyesters; easy dispersion

hot cure; room temp, vinyl ester

curing SMC and BMC

Applications/ properties

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Datasheets

419

Curing agents

Catalysts (peroxides)

Type

Perketales

Alkyl peresters

Peroxy dicarbonates

Peroxycarbonate esters

powder, solution

powder, liquid, solution

powder, suspension

liquid, powder on chalk

Peroxide/active oxygen content

%

40-65/ 4.20-6.18

50-98/ 3.47-8.07

40-95/ 1.12-3.80

50-95/ 3.25-6.81

Storage/transport temperature

°C

15-30 max

0-30 max

15 max

2 5 max

Control/emergency temperature/SADT

°C

20/25/ 40-70

20/25/ 40-60

30/35~45

-/-/50

curing SMC and BMC: good stability

curing SMC and BMC at 80-140°C

hot curing above r = 60°C

curing SMC and BMC: long flow process

Applications/ properties

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

420

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Property modifiers, processing aids Modiflers/compatibilizers

Ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer Description: (EMAC) Used as an impact modifier and compatibilizer: good tie-layer in 1 coextrusion, with broad temperature range: translucent/clear colour Property

Unit

Typical grades 2202

Melt index Methyl acrylate Density

2220

2252

0.4

2-6

20

0.6

/o

21

20-24

20

21

g/cm^

0.942

0.942-947

0.942

0.949

g/lOmin

Hardness shore A

90

86-89

88

90

Hardness shore D

38

26-33

29

38

2000 1

Tensile (break)

psi

2000

1270-1620

1100

Elongation (break)

%

680

780-800

780

680

Flexural stiffness

psi

5000

Brittleness temp.

°C

<-76

<-76

<-76

<-76

Melting point

°c

85

53-59

54

-

>360

>360

100

>360

no

no

ESCR(l()%lgepalat5()°C) Slip/anti-block

no

yes 1

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Data sheets

421

Processing aids

Acrylic copolymers Description: High molecular weight acrylic copolymers, as white free-flowing powders, to improve processability of PVC compounds: lubricant grades reduce adherence to melt to processing equipment Property

Unit

Typical grades PA-10

PA-20(tin)

PA-20(Ca/Zn)

g/cm^

0.548

0.553

0.553

Specific viscosity

SP

0.7

1.0

1.0

Volatile content

%

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.1-25

0.2-30.1

0.2-30.1

90

90

90

s

70/60

67/61

54/47

Nm

27.9/30.1

27.8/31.2

21.3/23.7

Specific gravity

Particle size distr.

495/147

Bubble fish eye Processing properties (dosage: 1/5 phr) Gelation-max -constant torque

%

22.1/25.5

24.8/30.9

42.2/55.0

Roll torque

Nm

149/168

149/183

44.3/58.8

Heat stability

min

163

160

100

%

11.4

10.1

11.5

Die swell 30rpm

Haze

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

422

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Processing aids

Acrylic copolymers Description: Property

Specific gravity Specific viscosity Volatile content Particle size distr.

Unit

Typical grades PA-30 (tin)

PA-30 (lead)

PA-101 (tin)

PA-101 (Ca/Zn)

g/cm^

0.540

0.540

0.518

0.518

SP

2.7

2.7

0.13

0.13

% 495/147

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.2-33.2

0.2-33.2

0.2-29.9

0.2-29.9

33

33

14

14

Bubble fish eye Processing properties (dosage: 1/5 phr)

65/47

192/116

84/68

114/83

-constant torque

29.2/35.3

22.1/26.2

27.4/26.6

18.6/18.9

Die swell 30rpm

24.9/34.3

36.0/44.0

26.3/-

36.5/-

157/214

72.8/93.6*

139/134

102/101

Heat stability

160

285

200

122

Haze

12.8

9.3

16.5

Gelation-max

Roll torque

1

Notes: *Profile extrusion : screw torque (Nm) C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

423

Plasticizers Plasticizers

Monomeric/polymeric Description: Good resistance to extraction and migration: polyesters, based on adipic acid; liquid Property

Acid value Colour

Typical grades

Unit Monomeric

Polymeric med. vise.

Polymeric high vise.

Polymeric highperf.

0.5

3.0

3.0

3.0

Gardner

1

3

7

5

max

cP

16

3-3500

3 5 - 4 5 000

8-10 000

Hydroxyl value

max

3

35

20

10-20

Relative density

Dynamic viscosity

25°C

0.92

1.09

1.08

1.08

SGTT

°C

142

151

166

150

Efficiency cone.

phr

47

66

69

80

Modulus

kg/cm^

88

87

86

86

Tensile strength

kg/cm^

182

186

180

170 360

Elongation (break) Hardness Brittle point Volatility (7days)

%

367

376

403

Shore A

74

75

74

73

°C

-60

-22

-2 3

-16

105°C

-6.7

-1.1

-0.9

-2.1

1

(0 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

424

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Plasticizers

Phthalates Description: DOP is the most widely used plasticizer: other grades are for special purposes, heat-resistant cable, etc. Property

Unit

Typical grades Dioctyl phthalate

Acid value

max

Saponification val. Viscosity

Phthalic acid ester

Diisotridecyl

Dimethyl cyclohexyl

<0.5

<0.5

<1.5

160-235

208-217

305-320

50-70

250-350

15-25 000

Relative density

0.913-953

0.946-954

1.06-1.08

Flashpoint

>220-230

>210

>200

Refractive index

1.477-485

1.482-486

1.447-448

SGTT

°C

118

Efficiency cone.

phr

54

Modulus

kg/cm^

83

Tensile strength

kg/cm^

Elongation (break) Hardness Brittle point Volatility (7days)

186

%

359

Shore A

75

°C

-29

1()5°C

-10.0 © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

42 b

Plasticizers

Epoxy-based Description: Used as stabilizing plasticizers and pigment dispersing agents for PVC: alkyl epoxy stearate for low viscosity and low temperature performance Unit

Property

Acid value

Typical grades Epoxidized soya bean oil

Epoxidized linseed oil

Alkyl epoxy stearate

max

<0.3-0.5

<0.7-1.0

<0.4

mPas

500-600

1000-1500

20-40

6.3-7.0

8.5-9.7

3.5-5.5

0.992-0.999

1.020-1.040

0.900-0.930

Saponification val. Viscosity Epoxy content Relative density

20°C °C

>300

>300

>210-220

20°C

1.472-1.474

1.475-1.479

1.453-1.459

general

limited

limited

Flash point Refractive index Food contact

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Plasticizers

Ester-based Description: Monocarboxylics used as viscosity depressant for PVC pastes, secondary plasticizer for flexible PVC: stearic acid is a general plasticizer and processing agent for plastics and PS lubricant: polyglycol is PVC paste viscosity depressant Property

Acid value

Typical grades

Unit

max

Monocarboxylic

Fatty acid

Stearic acid butyl

Fatty acid polyglycol

<0.5

<1.0

<0.5

<0.7

145-150

187-199

170-177

140-150

Viscosity

mPas

12-17

4-9

6.5-7.5

47-49

Relative density

20°C

0.850-0.861

0.850-0.890

0.847-0.853

0.984-0.988

°C

>210

>150-155

>190

>150

20°C

1.447-1.454

Saponification val.

Flash point Refractive index Food contact

Europe

1.439-1.442 general

Europe

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

42 6

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Plasticizers

Sebacates, adipates Description: Good low-temperature plasticizers for PVC Property

Acid value

Typical grades

Unit Dioctyl sebacate

Dibutyl sebacate

Diisodecyl adipate

Dioctyl adipate

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.1

255-273

350-36-

261-270

295-310

max

Saponification val. Viscosity

mPas

19-23

8-10

25-30

13-15

Relative density

20°C

0.912-0.916

0.933-0.937

0.913-0.919

0.925-0.926

Flash point Refractive index

°C

>200

>180

>215

>210

20°C

1.449-1.452

1.441-1.444

1.452-1.454

1.447-1.448

general

general

limited

general

Food contact

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Plasticizers

Monomeric plasticizers Description: Relatively high molecular weight organic esters, derived from phthalic anhydride, trimellite anhydride or adipic acid with mono-functional alcohols; highly compatible with PVC, with good gelling power, high boiling point/low volatility Typical grades

Molecular weight

Di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate

Di-2-ethyl hexyl adipate

Trimellitates

390.56

3 70.6

546.0

mgKOH/g

2872

304 2

305 3

Boiling point

°C

327

208-218

~282

Melting point

°C 1.486-1.487

0.925-0.927

0.985-0.992

Saponification no.

Density

Notes: Adipates are used in mixtures with other plasticizers to modify properties; trimellitates are special plasticizers with less volatility, lower migration (0 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Datasheets

427

Plasticizers

Monomeric plasticizers (phthalates) Description: Relatively high molecular weight organic esters, derived from phthalic anhydride, trimellite anhydride or adipic acid with mono-functional alcohols; highly compatible with PVC, with good gelling power, high boiling point/low volatility Typical grades

Molecular weight

Dibutyl, di-isobutyl phthalates

Di-n-heptyl phthalate

Di-iso nonyl/, di-iso decyl phthalates

Di-n-octyl phthalate

278.34

362

418.6,446.7

390

Saponification no.

mgKOH/g

403 3

309 2

2692,2512

2873

Boiling point

°C

327-340

370

413,248

220

Melting point

°C 1.040-1.049

0.991-0.993

0.985-0.987, 0.968-971

0.979-0.981

Density

Notes: Phthalic plasticizers are most often used with PVC © 2 0 0 1 Elsevier Science Ltd |

428

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Blowing agents, dispersants, miscellaneous additives Blowing agents

Azodicarbondiamide Description: Chemical blowing agents for cellular plastics, in powder form, active over processing 1 temperature 140-210°C Typical grades

Physical form Odour

EVA

PVCLDPEEVA

Wide range PVC

pale yellow

pale yellow

orange none

none 116

116

116

Moisture content

Molecular weight

%

0.5

0.5

0.5

Decomposition temp.

°C

125

193

190-200

N2/CO

N2/CO

N2/CO

Gas composition Gas/gram pH (5% suspension)

225 25°C

7.5-8.0

7.0

Mesh size (%)

w/w max

1

0.5

0.1

Ash content (%)

w/w max

0.5

0.5

1

4.5-22

1

Av particle diameter Solubility -insoluble in: -soluble in:

|im

water

water/benzene DMF, DMSO

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

429

Blowing agents

Other chemicals Description: A = p-toluene sulfonyl semicarbazide: general injection moulding; B = 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile: low-temperature blowing agent for rigid PVC; 1 C = 4,4'-oxybis(benzene sulfonyl hydrazide): PVC, LDPE/EVA foams Typical grades A Physical form

B

C

white

white

off-white

Odour

none

none

none

Molecular weight

229

164

358 0.5

Moisture content

%

0.5

0.2

Decomposition temp.

°C

200-240

45-90

151-60

N2/CO

N2

N2/steam

7.0

, 6.5 •

Gas composition Gas/gram

135

pH (5% suspension)

25°C

Mesh size (%)

w/w max

Ash content (%)

w/w max

1

Av particle diameter

l^m

4-6

Insoluble in:

Soluble in:

7.0

120

0.2

0.5

water acetone toluene

water

water benzene

DMSO

aliphatic hydrocarbons

DMF DMSO

1

(0 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

430

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Lubricants, release agents, slip/anti-block Anti-blocking agents

Magnesium silicate hydrate Description: Chemical analysis: Si02 62; AI2O3 0.3; MgO 31.2; FeOs 0.1 % Property 1 Specific gravity Hardness

Unit

Typical grades

g/cm^

~2.77

Mohs

1

m^/g

>5

Refractive index pH value Specific surface Particle size

?m

Particle size distr.

|im

d5()3,d97<9

iKxrc % %

~5.5%

Oil absorption Loose bulk density Loss on ignition Whiteness ISO Moisture

~96 <0.5

1 1

© 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

431

Nucleating agents

Magnesium silicate hydrate 1 Description: Very fine particles optimize nucleating activity in PE and PP Chemical analysis: Si02 62; AI2O3 0.3; MgO 31.2; FeOs 0.1% 1 Property

Unit

Typical grades

Specific gravity

g/cm^

~2.77

Hardness

Mohs

1

m^/g

>22

Refractive index pH value Specific surface Particle size

|im

Particle size distr.

)im

d5()0.9,d97 < 5

Loss on ignition

1100°C

~6%

Whiteness ISO

% %

~97

Oil absorption Loose bulk density

Moisture

<1 © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

432

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Lubricants

Mould release agents (internal) Description: Alcohol phosphates, mixtures of fatty alcohols, acids and derivatives with microcrystalline waxes, amides and organic acid derivatives and mixtures of synthetic resins: liquid or powder, added to thermoplastics or thermoset compound to migrate to surface and prevent adhesion to a mould Property

Physical state Colour Solids Active content Viscosity (2 5°C) Density

% %

Applications

Fatty alcohol/ acid with wax

Fatty alcohol/ acidderiv.

Amides/ organic acid deriv.

clear liquid

solid pellets

liquid

powder

colourless

beige

amber

white

100

100

100 100

cP

280 0.99

150 0.87

0.95

0.54

non-flam

non-flam

non-flam

1.8-2.0

Flashpoint

Shelflife

Alcohol phosphates

g/ml

pH( 15% in water)

Melt/solidification point

Typical grades

Unit

non-flam °C

|

70-140

87 one year

one year

one year

one year

UP

Rubbers

TP,SR

TP*

Notes: *Especially good for styrene polymers Q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

1

Datasheets

433

Lubricants

Mould release agents (internal) Description: Alcohol phosphates, mixtures of fatty alcohols, acids and derivatives with microcrystalline waxes, amides and organic acid derivatives and mixtures of synthetic resins: liquid or powder, added to thermoplastics or thermoset compound to migrate to surface and prevent adhesion to a mould Property

Physical state 1 Colour Solids Active content Density

Typical grades

Unit Secondary amide

Synthetic resin/ glyceride/acid

Ethylene bis-stearamide

Ethylene bis-oleamide

micropearl

powder

powder*

powder

ivory

yellow/wh

cream

cream

100

100

% %

>99

g/ml

0.77

98 0.54

Acid value (max) Colour (max)

Gardner

1 Amine value Moisture (max)

%

Melting point

°C

70

Flashpoint

0.99

0.99

5-10

5-10

5

10

5

5

0.5

0.5

70-140

140-145

115-120

non-flam

~300

300

universal slip agent anti-block

slip agent anti-block

Shelf life

one year

one year

Applications

TP, PVC

roto-moulding

FDA status

indirect food contact

Notes: *Also beads, prilled, atomized, aqueous dispersion © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

434

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Lubricants

Mould release agents (internal) Description: Used also as slip agents, anti-blocking, dispersants Property

Physical state Colour Solids Active content Density

Stearamide ethyl alcohol

Fatty acid amide ester

Polycarboxylic acid amide

Dioleoylethylenediamide

powder

powder

powder

beads

cream

cream

white

tan

0.99

0.97

0.99

% % g/ml

Acid value (max) Colour (max)

Typical grades

Unit

< 10 mg

<3 Gardner

Amine value Moisture (max)

%

Melting point

°C

Flashpoint

75-78

78-82

~300

~300

slip agent anti-block

universal

186-210

110-117 271

Shelflife Applications

engineering plastics

printable PVC*

Notes: Stearamide is particularly compatible in polyester film manufacture: amide ester acts also as dispersant: polycarbonylic for high-temperature processing. *internal or external; also release agent for thermoplastic urethanes © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

435

Lubricants

Mould release agents (external) Description: Fluoropolymers and high molecular weight polymers in solvent or water emulsion: applied direct to mould, forming film to prevent adhesion of plastic compound Property

Physical state Colour Solids Active content

Typical grades

Unit

% %

Fluorocarbon insolvent

Fluoropolymer in water

PE waxes insolvent

Fatty acids in water

liquid

liquid

liquid

liquid

white

white

yellow/white

white

4.9

11.5

6.1

1.5

cps

55

8

g/ml

0.85

1.0

0.95

1.0

Flash point

°C

10

non-flam

30

non-flam

Melt/solidification point

°C one year

6 months

6 months

6 months

TS.TP

FRP. TP

TS resins

BMC SMC

Viscosity (2 5°C) Density

5

pH( 15% in water)

Shelf life Applications

3.75

Notes: Non-flammable versions are usually available © 2 0 0 1 Elsevier Science Ltd |

436

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Lubricants

Mould release agents (external) Description: Fluoropolymers and high molecular weight polymers in solvent or water emulsion: applied direct to mould, forming film to prevent adhesion of plastic compound Property

Typical grades

Unit Highmol. wt fluoropolymer

Highmol. wt resins

High mol. wt resins

Resins in water/alcohol

Physical state

liquid

liquid

liquid

liquid

Colour

transp.

yellow

amber

yellow

4.3

9

6

3.9

8

2500

1.0

0.95

0.706

0.87

36

<21

31

Active content

% %

Viscosity (2 5°C)

cP

Solids

Density

g/ml

pH( 15% in water)

55

neutral

Flash point

°C

non-flam

Melt/solidification point

°C

stable to 2 5(rC

Shelf life

6 months

6 months

one year

one year

Applications

TS resins rubber

PUR foam,

TP, PVC, epoxy

PU foam, TS resins

elastomer (1^2001 Els evier Science Ltd

Datasheets

4:3 7

Lubricants and plasticizers

Adipates Description: Dioctyl adipate: low-viscosity water-white plasticizer with high efficiency, good processing, outstanding low-temperature performance; may also be blended with DOP for low-temperature flexibility and good electrical, weathering, heat, UV and 'feel' properties: PVC-coated fabrics for automobile, upholstery and clothing, wire insulation, garden hose, low temperature PVC packaging films Property

Unit

Typical grades Dioctyl

Acid value Colour

MgKOH/g

0.03

Hazen

5

Saponification val.

MgKOH/g

303

Hydroxyl value

MgKOH/g

0.07

Solubility in mineral oil Melting point Viscosity at 2 7°C Density at 2 7°C

miscible all propns

|

°C cP

11.5-11.8

g/ml

0.93-0.95

Freezing point

°C

Pour point

°C

-70 (c) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

438

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Lubricants and plasticizers

Fatty acid esters 1 Description: Fatty acid esters of polyol, fatty alcohol Property

Unit

Typical grades Esters (liquid)

Esters (solid)

Alcohol

Liquid/solid

liquid

solid

solid

Acid value

below 1

below 5

below 0.2

Iodine value

70-120

70-120/below 10

below 1

°C

-

84-90

48-54

Freezing point

°C

-10

-

-

Flashpoint

°c

Melting point

Viscosity at 30°C

est

35-610

~24

4 - 6 (80°)

Density at 3 0°C

g/ml

0.905-0.985

0.895*

0.790-0.802**

Refractive index

20-30°C

1.460-1.478

-

1.427-1.430

internal

internal

internal

clear

clear

clear

Function Transparency

|

Dosage: uPVC -plasticizedPVC Notes: *Density at 10 0°C: **density at 80°C. Generally approved (in Europe) for food-contact applications: separat e approval for (Irinking water may be required in Germany, Italy, and Holland © 2 0 0 1 Elsevier Science Ltd |

Datasheets

439

Anti-blocking agents

Fatty acid amides Description: Fatty acid amides (primary), manufactured from natural oils and fats: used as slip and anti-block agents by migration to the surface: good oxidative stability, low volatility (data is for refined grades) Unit

Property

Typical grades

Liquid/solid

Stearamide

Oleamide

Erucamide

bead or powder

bead or powder

bead or powder

max

Acid value Iodine value

5.0

1.0

1.0

2 max

87-95

75-82

96-102

70-73

75-82

Melting point

°C

Colour (max)

Gardner

5

2

2

Amide purity

97.0

98.0

98.0

0.2

0.2

0.2

Moisture-bead

% % %

0.5

0.4

0.4

Flashpoint

°C

214

208

229

Moisture - powder

Notes: Erucamide is an excellent release agent and can also aid post-moulding assembly. Evaluate addition level at 1% © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Lubricants

Fatty acid amides Description: Fatty acid amides (secondary) and bis-amides, manufactured from natural oils and fats: high thermal stability - recommended as lubricants for plastics with processing temperatures about 300°C. Bis-amides aid flow, release, anti-caking in styrenics and ABS Property

Typical grades

Unit Oleyl palmitamide

Stearyl erucamide

Ethylene bis-stearamide

Ethylene bis-oleamide

max

2.0

2.0

5.0

5.0

Melting point

°C

60-66

70-75

140-145

115-120

Colour (max)

Gardner

3

3

5

10

Amine value

max

2

2

5

5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Liquid/solid Acid value Iodine value

Moisture (max)

%

© 2 0 0 1 Elsevier Science Ltd

440

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Lubricants, anti-blocking

Palmitates Description: Cetyl palmitate: heavy, rich, non-greasy; used in place of natural wax: lubricant for engineering plastics. Octyl palmitate, iso-octyl palmitate: clear oily liquid, virtually insoluble in water but readily soluble in vegetable and mineral oils: plasticizer for PVC with anti-blocking properties and additional heat stability; viscosity modifier for plastisols Property

Typical grades

Unit Cetyl

Octyl

Iso-octyl

MgKOH/g

1.0

0.05

0.05

Hazen

5

Saponification val.

MgKOH/g

116

152

152

Hydroxyl value

MgKOH/g

1.0

0.07

0.07

miscible all propns

miscible all propns

miscible all propns

Acid value Colour

Solubility in mineral oil Melting point Viscosity at 2 7°C Density at 2 7°C Freezing point

°C

5

5

54

est

14-15

14.1-14.9

g/ml

0.80-0.81

0.80-0.81

°C

7-8

7-8

(r) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Datasheets

441

Lubricants

Paraffins, waxes Property

Unit

Typical grades Paraffin

Wax esters

Liquid/solid

solid

solid &liq

Acid value

below 0.1-below 0.5

below 1-below 2

below 1-below 2

below 1-below 2

°C

-

46-77

Freezing point

°C

-

below 7

Flash point

''C

210-280

2 1 0 - 2 50

Iodine value Melting point

est

4-6(100")

5-10*

Density at 30°C

g/ml

-

0.816-0.863*

Refractive index

20-30°C

-

1.43-1.45*

Viscosity at 3 ( r c

Function

external

int/extern

Transparency

opaque

clear/cloudy

Dosage: uPVC

0.1-0.6

0.5-1.5

-

0.5-1.5**

-plasticized PVC

Notes: *At 8()°C; **liquid grade. Generally approved (in Europe) for food-contact applications: separate approval for drinking water may be required in Germany and Holland ((') 2001 ElsevierScienceLtd

1

442

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Plasticizers

Sebacates Description: Dibutyl sebacate: highly efficient primary plasticizer for low-temperature applications: used in films and containers for food packaging. Dioctyl sebacate: low viscosity plasticizer with excellent low-temperature performance and good drape characteristics: widely used for PVC compounds involving low temperature use: also upholstery fabric, outdoor wear, electrical insulation and strippable coatings Property

Acid value

Typical grades

Unit

Mg KOH/g

Dibutyl

Dioctyl

0.03

0.02

Hazen

5

5

Saponification val.

Mg KOH/g

357

263

Hydroxyl value

Mg KOH/g

0.07

0.07

miscible all propns

miscible all propns

Colour

SolubiUty in mineral oil Melting point Viscosity at 2 7°C Density at 2 7°C Freezing point

°C cP

9.10-9.30

34.5-34.7

g/ml

0.93-0.94

0.932

°C

-11

-44 ((•) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd

Data sheets

443

Lubricants and plasticizers

Stearates Description: Cetyl stearate: heavy, rich, non-greasy; used in place of natural wax: lubricant for engineering plastics. Iso-cetyl stearate, iso-stearyl stearate: comparable with natural waxes but low freezing point makes them liquid at low temperatures: viscosity stabilizers for PVC and plastisols; lubricant/flow promoters for PS and ABS, pigment dispersion aids Property

Typical grades

Unit Cetyl

Iso-cetyl

Iso-stearyl

MgKOH/g

1.0

1.0

1.0

Hazen

5

5

5

Saponification val.

MgKOH/g

110

110

110

Hydroxyl value

MgKOH/g

1.0

1.0

1.0

miscible all propns

miscible all propns

miscible all propns

0.84-0.86

0.84-0.86

-5

-5

Acid value Colour

Solubility in mineral oil Melting point Viscosity at 2 7°C Density at 2 7°C

°C

54

cps g/ml

Freezing point

°C

Pour point

°C

C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd |

444

Additives for Plastics Handbook

Lubricants and plasticizers

Stearates Description: Butyl stearate, iso-butyl stearate, iso-octyl stearate; oily colourless liquids, insoluble in water, readily soluble in vegetable and mineral oils, acetone and ether: lubricant/flow promoters for PS and ABS, pigment dispersion aids: octyl (2-ethyl hexyl) stearate is also a viscosity stabilizer for PVC and plastisols Property

Unit

Typical grades Butyl

Iso-butyl

Iso-octyl

Octyl

Mg KOH/g

0.07

0.07

0.03

0.03

Hazen

5

5

5

5

Saponification val.

Mg KOH/g

172

172

147

147

Hydroxyl value

Mg KOH/g

Acid value Colour

Solubility in mineral oil Melting point

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

miscible all propns

miscible all propns

miscible all propns

miscible all propns

°C

Viscosity at 2 7°C

cP

8.60-8.90

8.60-8.80

13.4-13.7

13.2-13.6

Density at 2 7°C

g/ml

0.875

0.875

0.86-0.88

0.86-0.88

26

26

10

10

Freezing point

°C

Pour point

°C

((') 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd