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Deasphalting and characterization of a syncrude obtained by direct liquefaction of a Spanish subbituminous coal
02
Liquid fuels (derived liquid tie/s)
95iQ2461 Deactlvatlon of a coal llquefactlon catalyst Zhang, T. et al., Fuel, Mar. 1995, 74, (3) 431-436. A commercial coal Ii uefaction catalyst, Amocat lA, has been subjected to catalytic coal liquefaction a deactivation stu$ in a laboratory microreactor. Carbonaceous and metal deposits were the two malor factors causing catalyst deactivation. The carbonaceous material deposited primarily in the interior of the catalyst particle and clogged the pores in a uniform manner. The metals deposit was rich in calcite and de osition was mostly restricted to the external surface of the catalyst particlp e. It appears that either mechanism operating alone will completely deactivate the catalyst after processing roughly 1000 weights of coal per weight of catalyst.
95/02462 Deaaphaltlng and characterlzatlon of a ayncrude obtained by direct llquefactlon of a Spanleh aubbltumlnoua coal Benito, A. M. et al., Fuel Sci. Technol. Inr., 1994, 12, (ll), 1509-1538. A syncrude obtained by direct liquefaction of a Spanish subbituminous coal was deasphalted as a preliminary step to upgrading for further recessing. Deasphalting was carried out by ultrasonic extraction with ng exane The raw and deasphalted coal syncrudes have been fractionated into six fractions by an extrographic procedure that utilizes six eluents of increasing polarity. Each fraction has been analyzed by FTIR, gas chromatrography, GC-MS and high resolution mass spectrometry.
95102463 Detalled analysls of C, and C, dlenes In light process streams. Qualltatlve assessment of cyclic vs acycllc dlenes In heavler process streams Mar.-Apr. 1995,9, (2) Alemany, L. B. and Brown, S. H. Energy&Fuels, 257-266. A method has been developed to aid in identifying dienes, an undesirable component in some process streams and products. For a sample of light FCC gasoline, the combination of Diels-Alder derivatization of dienes with maleic anhydride and “C NMR analysis of the resulting adducts allowed the identification of all but one of the 19 possible C, and C dienes and the determination of their relative abundance. A more detailed analysis of dienes offers the possibility of correlating the extent of catalyst poisoning or gum formation with the total amount and types of dienes present.
95102464 Donor/acceptor systems for modeling hydrogen transfer reactlone In coal llqusfactlon Harrison. G. et al., Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. SOL, Div. Pet Chem., 1994. 39, (3), 344-347. Describes how hydrophenanthrenes and hydropyrenes are effective hydrogen donors for coal liquefaction.
95102465 Dynamic surface tendon of coal-water slurry fuels Kihm, K. D. and Deignan, P. Fuel, Feb. 1995, 74, (2), 295-300. Experiments were conducted to measure the dynamic surface tension of coal-water slurry (CWS) mixtures containing various types of surfactants and with different coal loadings. A maximum air bubble pressure technique measured the dynamic surface tension. The coal used for the CWS had 55 micron volume means diameter and was mined from the Upper Elkhorn seam, Virginia. Five surfactants were selected for the study: one non-ionic alkylphenoi ethoxylate (NP-lOO), and four anionic surfactants; branched dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (DDBS-hard), linear dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (DDBS-soft), and sodium salt of a branched alkylbenzene sulphonic acid (1223H), and a sodium salt of sulphoned fatty acid (1840X). To determine the critical micelle concentration, the static surface tension was also measured using a du Nouy ring tensiometer.
95102466 Effect of coal rank on rheologlcal behavlor of coalsolvent slurries during heatlng Sakaki, T. er al.. Energy & Fuels, Mar.-Apr. 1995, 9, (2) 314-318 The change in apparent viscosity of coal slurries with temperature from 323 to 663 K was examined usmg six kinds of coals ranging from 66 to 84% C and hydrogenated anthracene oil. The measurement was performed using a closed type of concentric double cylinder viscometer equipped with a sampling line for examining the change in properties of the solid and liquid phases in the slurry.
95102467 Effect of copper, MDA, and accelerated agln on jet fuel thermal stablllty as measured by the gravimetrlc J t% OT Pande, S. G. and Hardy, D. R. Energy & Fuels, Jan.-Feb. 1995, 9, (1). 177-182. Thermally unstable jet fuels pose operational problems. To adequately identify such fuels, factors that realistically impact on thermal stability were examined. Evaluation was based on a quantitative method of measuring thermal stability, viz., NRL’s recently developed gravimetric JFI’OT. This method gives a quantitative measurement of both the strip deposit and filterables formed. The pertinent factors examined included the individual and interactive effects of soluble copper, MDA (metal deactivator), and ageing.
182
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1995
95102466 Effect of fluorine on hydrodenltrogenatlon actlvlty of doubly promoted (Zn + Co) molybdena-alumina catalysta Guemez, M. B. et al.,
Fuel
Feb. 1995, 74, (2) 285-290.
Activity for the hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of quinoline has been studied at an overall pressure of 7 MPa in the temperature range 623-698 K on a series of doubly promoted ZnCo-Mo catalysts supported on fluorinated alumina (0.0-2.0 wt% F). For the F free catalysts the partial substitution of Co by Zn does not affect HDN activity. However, for the fluorinated catalyst series, the HDN activity was found to increase slightly for fluorine contents around 1.0-1.3 wt% F. Simultaneously, a minimum in hydrogenation activity to N free products was observed. These results have been explained in terms of two antagonistic effects.
95102469
Effect of preheat treatment
Inukai, Y. et al., Energy & Fuels, Jan.-Feb.
on coal liquefaction 1995, 9, (1) 67-70.
For the catalytic and noncatalytic liquefaction of Wandoan and Illinois No. 6 coals with anthracene oil and hvdrogenated anthracene oil at 45O’C the two-stage liquefaction with in situ preheat treatment at 250. 350, and 4OO’C for 15 min gave higher yields of toluene solubles (T’S) and hexane solubles (HS) than the one-stage liquefaction without in situ preheat treatment. The effect of preheat treatment at low temperature on the yields of TS and HS is believed to result from the swelling of coal in the solvent. The two-stage liquefaction is also advantageous from the viewpoint of using a lower preheat temperature than the liquefaction temperature, compared with the one-stage liquefaction for the same reaction time.
95102470 Effect of the chemical nature of an oxlde support on the selectlvlty of Iron catalysts for carbon monoxlde hydrogenation Chashechnikova, (In Russian) The paper selectivity sure. The the oxide
I. T. ef ar..
Tear. Ek.sp. Khim..
1994. 30, (31, 152-157.
discusses the influence of the nature of the oxide suppon on the of Fe catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis at atmospheric presselectivity to lower olefins increases with increasing basicity of support,.
95102471 Effect of the nature of the support of Co catalysts on the synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO and H, Lapidus, A. L. et al., Khim. Tverd. Topl.(Moscow), Russian)
1994, (4), 81-84. (In
Co catalysts on various supports, i.e. kaolin, gumbrin, clinoptilolite bentonite, kieselguhr, and their mixtures with synthetic aluminosilicates. were evaluated for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis at 0.9-0.94 MPa. 160-180”, and 100 h-
QSlQ2472 Effects of scale-up on oil and gas yields In a solldrecycle fluidired bed oil-shale retorting process Carter, S. D. er al., Prepr. Pap.-Am. 39, (4). 1253-1257.
Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1994,
In the gas-heating mode of operation for the prototype, oil yields averages 129 wt.% of the Fischer assay oil yield. Under the most severe solidrecycle conditions (i.e. high recycle rate and temperature) in the second mode of operation, ~15% oil loss was recorded. Under these conditions approximately 60% of the heat required for pyrolysis was supplied by recirculating shale from the gasification zone. The addition of the combustor to the operation of the prototype did not significantly affect tine oi! yield. The excess carbon in the shale following pyrolysis and gasificatior. was not completely combusted because the combustion zone was intentionally starved of oxygen.
product yields and oil quality dur95102473 Factors affectln ing retorting of Stuart oil shas e with recycled shale: A screening study Dung, N. V.
Fuel, Apr. 1995, 74, (4), 623-627.
Seven process variables-retort temperature, solids recycle ratio, char content of recycle solids, recycle solids temperature, pretreatment of recycle solids with ammonia, solids residence time and steam concentration were studied. The Placket-Burman statistical experimental design, highly effective for detecting main effects of large number of variables with a minimum number of experiments, was used to screen these variables. Each variable was tested at low and high levels. The bench-scale integrated retorting-combustion oil shale (BIRCOS) facility at Lucas Heights was used to obtain product yields and compositions under realistic recycle shale conditions.
High concentrated coal aqueous slurries Usui, H. and Ogawa, M. (Assigned to) Dainippon Pharmaceutical JAP. Pat. JP.O6,256,778, Sep. 1994. 95102474
Co.,
Liquid fuels (derived liquid tie/s)
95iQ2461 Deactlvatlon of a coal llquefactlon catalyst Zhang, T. et al., Fuel, Mar. 1995, 74, (3) 431-436. A commercial coal Ii uefaction catalyst, Amocat lA, has been subjected to catalytic coal liquefaction a deactivation stu$ in a laboratory microreactor. Carbonaceous and metal deposits were the two malor factors causing catalyst deactivation. The carbonaceous material deposited primarily in the interior of the catalyst particle and clogged the pores in a uniform manner. The metals deposit was rich in calcite and de osition was mostly restricted to the external surface of the catalyst particlp e. It appears that either mechanism operating alone will completely deactivate the catalyst after processing roughly 1000 weights of coal per weight of catalyst.
95/02462 Deaaphaltlng and characterlzatlon of a ayncrude obtained by direct llquefactlon of a Spanleh aubbltumlnoua coal Benito, A. M. et al., Fuel Sci. Technol. Inr., 1994, 12, (ll), 1509-1538. A syncrude obtained by direct liquefaction of a Spanish subbituminous coal was deasphalted as a preliminary step to upgrading for further recessing. Deasphalting was carried out by ultrasonic extraction with ng exane The raw and deasphalted coal syncrudes have been fractionated into six fractions by an extrographic procedure that utilizes six eluents of increasing polarity. Each fraction has been analyzed by FTIR, gas chromatrography, GC-MS and high resolution mass spectrometry.
95102463 Detalled analysls of C, and C, dlenes In light process streams. Qualltatlve assessment of cyclic vs acycllc dlenes In heavler process streams Mar.-Apr. 1995,9, (2) Alemany, L. B. and Brown, S. H. Energy&Fuels, 257-266. A method has been developed to aid in identifying dienes, an undesirable component in some process streams and products. For a sample of light FCC gasoline, the combination of Diels-Alder derivatization of dienes with maleic anhydride and “C NMR analysis of the resulting adducts allowed the identification of all but one of the 19 possible C, and C dienes and the determination of their relative abundance. A more detailed analysis of dienes offers the possibility of correlating the extent of catalyst poisoning or gum formation with the total amount and types of dienes present.
95102464 Donor/acceptor systems for modeling hydrogen transfer reactlone In coal llqusfactlon Harrison. G. et al., Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. SOL, Div. Pet Chem., 1994. 39, (3), 344-347. Describes how hydrophenanthrenes and hydropyrenes are effective hydrogen donors for coal liquefaction.
95102465 Dynamic surface tendon of coal-water slurry fuels Kihm, K. D. and Deignan, P. Fuel, Feb. 1995, 74, (2), 295-300. Experiments were conducted to measure the dynamic surface tension of coal-water slurry (CWS) mixtures containing various types of surfactants and with different coal loadings. A maximum air bubble pressure technique measured the dynamic surface tension. The coal used for the CWS had 55 micron volume means diameter and was mined from the Upper Elkhorn seam, Virginia. Five surfactants were selected for the study: one non-ionic alkylphenoi ethoxylate (NP-lOO), and four anionic surfactants; branched dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (DDBS-hard), linear dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid (DDBS-soft), and sodium salt of a branched alkylbenzene sulphonic acid (1223H), and a sodium salt of sulphoned fatty acid (1840X). To determine the critical micelle concentration, the static surface tension was also measured using a du Nouy ring tensiometer.
95102466 Effect of coal rank on rheologlcal behavlor of coalsolvent slurries during heatlng Sakaki, T. er al.. Energy & Fuels, Mar.-Apr. 1995, 9, (2) 314-318 The change in apparent viscosity of coal slurries with temperature from 323 to 663 K was examined usmg six kinds of coals ranging from 66 to 84% C and hydrogenated anthracene oil. The measurement was performed using a closed type of concentric double cylinder viscometer equipped with a sampling line for examining the change in properties of the solid and liquid phases in the slurry.
95102467 Effect of copper, MDA, and accelerated agln on jet fuel thermal stablllty as measured by the gravimetrlc J t% OT Pande, S. G. and Hardy, D. R. Energy & Fuels, Jan.-Feb. 1995, 9, (1). 177-182. Thermally unstable jet fuels pose operational problems. To adequately identify such fuels, factors that realistically impact on thermal stability were examined. Evaluation was based on a quantitative method of measuring thermal stability, viz., NRL’s recently developed gravimetric JFI’OT. This method gives a quantitative measurement of both the strip deposit and filterables formed. The pertinent factors examined included the individual and interactive effects of soluble copper, MDA (metal deactivator), and ageing.
182
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 1995
95102466 Effect of fluorine on hydrodenltrogenatlon actlvlty of doubly promoted (Zn + Co) molybdena-alumina catalysta Guemez, M. B. et al.,
Fuel
Feb. 1995, 74, (2) 285-290.
Activity for the hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of quinoline has been studied at an overall pressure of 7 MPa in the temperature range 623-698 K on a series of doubly promoted ZnCo-Mo catalysts supported on fluorinated alumina (0.0-2.0 wt% F). For the F free catalysts the partial substitution of Co by Zn does not affect HDN activity. However, for the fluorinated catalyst series, the HDN activity was found to increase slightly for fluorine contents around 1.0-1.3 wt% F. Simultaneously, a minimum in hydrogenation activity to N free products was observed. These results have been explained in terms of two antagonistic effects.
95102469
Effect of preheat treatment
Inukai, Y. et al., Energy & Fuels, Jan.-Feb.
on coal liquefaction 1995, 9, (1) 67-70.
For the catalytic and noncatalytic liquefaction of Wandoan and Illinois No. 6 coals with anthracene oil and hvdrogenated anthracene oil at 45O’C the two-stage liquefaction with in situ preheat treatment at 250. 350, and 4OO’C for 15 min gave higher yields of toluene solubles (T’S) and hexane solubles (HS) than the one-stage liquefaction without in situ preheat treatment. The effect of preheat treatment at low temperature on the yields of TS and HS is believed to result from the swelling of coal in the solvent. The two-stage liquefaction is also advantageous from the viewpoint of using a lower preheat temperature than the liquefaction temperature, compared with the one-stage liquefaction for the same reaction time.
95102470 Effect of the chemical nature of an oxlde support on the selectlvlty of Iron catalysts for carbon monoxlde hydrogenation Chashechnikova, (In Russian) The paper selectivity sure. The the oxide
I. T. ef ar..
Tear. Ek.sp. Khim..
1994. 30, (31, 152-157.
discusses the influence of the nature of the oxide suppon on the of Fe catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis at atmospheric presselectivity to lower olefins increases with increasing basicity of support,.
95102471 Effect of the nature of the support of Co catalysts on the synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO and H, Lapidus, A. L. et al., Khim. Tverd. Topl.(Moscow), Russian)
1994, (4), 81-84. (In
Co catalysts on various supports, i.e. kaolin, gumbrin, clinoptilolite bentonite, kieselguhr, and their mixtures with synthetic aluminosilicates. were evaluated for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis at 0.9-0.94 MPa. 160-180”, and 100 h-
QSlQ2472 Effects of scale-up on oil and gas yields In a solldrecycle fluidired bed oil-shale retorting process Carter, S. D. er al., Prepr. Pap.-Am. 39, (4). 1253-1257.
Chem. Sot., Div. Fuel Chem., 1994,
In the gas-heating mode of operation for the prototype, oil yields averages 129 wt.% of the Fischer assay oil yield. Under the most severe solidrecycle conditions (i.e. high recycle rate and temperature) in the second mode of operation, ~15% oil loss was recorded. Under these conditions approximately 60% of the heat required for pyrolysis was supplied by recirculating shale from the gasification zone. The addition of the combustor to the operation of the prototype did not significantly affect tine oi! yield. The excess carbon in the shale following pyrolysis and gasificatior. was not completely combusted because the combustion zone was intentionally starved of oxygen.
product yields and oil quality dur95102473 Factors affectln ing retorting of Stuart oil shas e with recycled shale: A screening study Dung, N. V.
Fuel, Apr. 1995, 74, (4), 623-627.
Seven process variables-retort temperature, solids recycle ratio, char content of recycle solids, recycle solids temperature, pretreatment of recycle solids with ammonia, solids residence time and steam concentration were studied. The Placket-Burman statistical experimental design, highly effective for detecting main effects of large number of variables with a minimum number of experiments, was used to screen these variables. Each variable was tested at low and high levels. The bench-scale integrated retorting-combustion oil shale (BIRCOS) facility at Lucas Heights was used to obtain product yields and compositions under realistic recycle shale conditions.
High concentrated coal aqueous slurries Usui, H. and Ogawa, M. (Assigned to) Dainippon Pharmaceutical JAP. Pat. JP.O6,256,778, Sep. 1994. 95102474
Co.,