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Deficiencies in a Sesame Meal* Type Ration for Chicks
744
RESEARCH NOTES REFERENCES Bird, H. R., 1952. Arsonic compounds in feeds. • Feed Age, 2 (12): 30. Bird, H. R., A. C. Groschke and M. Rubin, 1949. Effect of arsonic acid derivatives in stimulating growth of chickens. J. Nutrition, 37: 215-226. Evans, R. J., and S. L. Bandemer, 1953. Determination of arsenic in eggs. In press. Libby, D. A., A. C. Groschke, R. J. Evans and S. L. Bandemer, 1953. The feeding of arsanilic acid to breeding hens. Michigan Agr. Expt. Sta., Quart. Bull. 34: 419-427. Morehouse, N . F., 1949. Accelerated growth in chickens and turkeys produced by 3-nitro-4hydroxyphenylarsonic acid. Poultry Sci. 28:375384. Stokstad, E. L. R., and T. H. Jukes, 1950. Further observations on the "animal protein factor." Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 73: 523-528.
DEFICIENCIES IN A SESAME MEAL* TYPE RATION FOR CHICKS HOMER PATRICK
Poultry Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville (Received for publication April 8, 1953)
The primary amino acid deficiency of sesame protein is lysine, Almquist and Grau (1944). Casein, gelatin and zein were tested for lysine content by feeding as supplements to a sesame meal ration by Grau and Almquist (1944). Good growth was obtained by feeding casein or gelatin while zein, a protein deficient in lysine, gave only a small response. The feeding of 0.5 percent lysine gave a rate of gain per day which was similar to the gain made by the casein supplemented group. The White Leghorn chicks used during the experiments conducted by Almquist and Grau (1944) and Grau and Almquist (1944) were fed a practical ration during * The sesame meal used during these studies was furnished by the Grange Company, Modesto, California. Published with the approval of the Director of the University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station.
the first 10 days of their life after which they were fed the lysine deficient sesame meal ration. The possibility of this 10 day conditioning period on the practical ration in supplying certain growth promoting factor (s) in amounts which could have resulted in body storage, in quantities large enough to provide growth during the lysine study, prompted investigation of deficiencies other than the lysine in sesame seed meal rations. EXPERIMENTAL
New Hampshire chicks were used throughout this investigation. They were assorted at random, at one day of age, into groups of 10 chicks each and reared in electrically heated brooders with wire floors. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. At five weeks of age, body weight and feather pigmentation were recorded. The basal ration contained ground oats
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 18, 2015
time produce eggs containing little or no arsenic. Within two weeks after arsanilic acid feeding was discontinued the arsenic content of the eggs was negligible. The highest arsenic concentration in any of the eggs that were analyzed was 0.403 fig. of arsenic per gram or 0.532 part per million of AS2O3. The Food and Drug Administration has set a maximum of 3.5 parts per million of AS2O3 allowable for spray residue on fruit. Whether or not higher levels of arsenic would be found in eggs laid between the time that arsanilic acid feeding was started and the time that the first eggs were saved for analyses (4 weeks later) is not known but is being investigated.
745
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Response of chicks to supplements of lysine, penicillin, and aureomycin to a lysine deficient ration
during these trials. Further studies on deficiencies in sesame meal were conducted in Trials 3,4, and 5, the results of which are shown in Table 2. Although lysine improved feather
Group
Supplement to basal ration
Wt. at 5 weeks gms.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Trial 1 None 0.5% Lysine _ 0.5 ppm. Procaine Penicillin 0.5 ppm. Procaine Penicillin+0.5% Lysine 1 ppm. Aureomycin 1 ppm. Aureomycin+0.5% Lysine .25% Lysine .25% Lysine+0.5 ppm. Procaine Penicillin
163 234 174 277 202 286 191 260
Group
1 2 3 4 5
Trial 2 None 0.5% Lysine _ 0.5 ppm. Procaine Penicillin Vitamin B,s (1 mg. per 100 lbs. feed) 0.5% Lysine+0.5 ppm. Procaine Penicillin
152 287 216 188 369
1 2 3 4 5
Trial 3 None 0.5% Lysine 5% Albumin+0.5% Lysine 1 ppm. Aureomycin Soybean oil meal ration
144 262 348 213 462
1 2 3
Trial 4* None 0.5% Lysine 0.5% Lysine+5% Albumin
190 295 407
1 2 3
Trial 5* None 0.5% Lysine 0.5% Lysine+10% Soybean Oil Meal
222 320 368
Supplements to basal ration
Wt. at 5 weeks gms.
* Basal ration used in these studies contained 1 milligram vitamin B12 per 100 pounds of ration.
pigmentation and increased growth rate, neither were normal but when milk albumen or soybean meal were fed as supplements, feather development and growth were further improved. The soybean oil meal type ration (Group 5, Trial 3, Table 2) gave better growth and feather development than any of the supplemented groups fed the sesame meal ration. These results demonstrate the complex nature of the deficiencies in sesame meal. SUMMARY Sesame meal is deficient in lysine, vitamin B12 and another factor (s) found in albumin and soybean oil meal. Poor feather pigmentation is not always due to a lysine deficiency. A factor(s) other than lysine, which is present in milk albumin or soybean oil meal, is required for normal feather development and growth. REFERENCES Almquist, H . J., and C. R. Grau, 1944. Mutual supplementary effect of the proteins of soybean and sesame meals. Poultry Sci. 23: 341-42. Grau, C. R., and H . J. Almquist, 1944. Sesame protein in chick diets. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 5:187-189.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 18, 2015
10 lbs., ground yellow corn 30 lbs., ground wheat 25 lbs., sesame meal (44% protein) 30 lbs., bone meal 2 lbs., calcium carbonate 1 lb., salt 0.5 lbs., manganese sulfate 0.02 lbs., riboflavin 200 mg., calcium pantothenate 200 mg., choline 45 grams, niacin 1 gram and folic acid 100 mg. The supplements replaced an equal weight of corn meal in the basal ration and no attempt was made to maintain a constant protein level. Five trials were conducted involving deficiencies in rations containing sesame meal. Trials 1 and 2 are summarized in Table 1 and Trials 3, 4, and 5 are shown in Table 2. The value of "supplements of lysine, penicillin, aureomycin and vitamin B12 for the sesame meal type ration are recorded in Trials 1 and 2, Table 1. Increased growth was obtained by feeding either lysine, penicillin, aureomycin, or vitamin Bi 2 ; however, a combination of lysine and penicillin or aureomycin, gave a better growth response than when either were fed as the only supplement. Feather pigmentation was improved by lysine supplementation but not by usage of antibiotics. This improvement resulted in increased pigmentation and partial disappearance of the white bars on the primary and secondary wing feathers. The feather pigment was not normal in the lysine supplemented groups nor in all other groups
TABLE 2.—Supplements for sesame meal in a chick ration
RESEARCH NOTES REFERENCES Bird, H. R., 1952. Arsonic compounds in feeds. • Feed Age, 2 (12): 30. Bird, H. R., A. C. Groschke and M. Rubin, 1949. Effect of arsonic acid derivatives in stimulating growth of chickens. J. Nutrition, 37: 215-226. Evans, R. J., and S. L. Bandemer, 1953. Determination of arsenic in eggs. In press. Libby, D. A., A. C. Groschke, R. J. Evans and S. L. Bandemer, 1953. The feeding of arsanilic acid to breeding hens. Michigan Agr. Expt. Sta., Quart. Bull. 34: 419-427. Morehouse, N . F., 1949. Accelerated growth in chickens and turkeys produced by 3-nitro-4hydroxyphenylarsonic acid. Poultry Sci. 28:375384. Stokstad, E. L. R., and T. H. Jukes, 1950. Further observations on the "animal protein factor." Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 73: 523-528.
DEFICIENCIES IN A SESAME MEAL* TYPE RATION FOR CHICKS HOMER PATRICK
Poultry Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville (Received for publication April 8, 1953)
The primary amino acid deficiency of sesame protein is lysine, Almquist and Grau (1944). Casein, gelatin and zein were tested for lysine content by feeding as supplements to a sesame meal ration by Grau and Almquist (1944). Good growth was obtained by feeding casein or gelatin while zein, a protein deficient in lysine, gave only a small response. The feeding of 0.5 percent lysine gave a rate of gain per day which was similar to the gain made by the casein supplemented group. The White Leghorn chicks used during the experiments conducted by Almquist and Grau (1944) and Grau and Almquist (1944) were fed a practical ration during * The sesame meal used during these studies was furnished by the Grange Company, Modesto, California. Published with the approval of the Director of the University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station.
the first 10 days of their life after which they were fed the lysine deficient sesame meal ration. The possibility of this 10 day conditioning period on the practical ration in supplying certain growth promoting factor (s) in amounts which could have resulted in body storage, in quantities large enough to provide growth during the lysine study, prompted investigation of deficiencies other than the lysine in sesame seed meal rations. EXPERIMENTAL
New Hampshire chicks were used throughout this investigation. They were assorted at random, at one day of age, into groups of 10 chicks each and reared in electrically heated brooders with wire floors. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. At five weeks of age, body weight and feather pigmentation were recorded. The basal ration contained ground oats
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 18, 2015
time produce eggs containing little or no arsenic. Within two weeks after arsanilic acid feeding was discontinued the arsenic content of the eggs was negligible. The highest arsenic concentration in any of the eggs that were analyzed was 0.403 fig. of arsenic per gram or 0.532 part per million of AS2O3. The Food and Drug Administration has set a maximum of 3.5 parts per million of AS2O3 allowable for spray residue on fruit. Whether or not higher levels of arsenic would be found in eggs laid between the time that arsanilic acid feeding was started and the time that the first eggs were saved for analyses (4 weeks later) is not known but is being investigated.
745
RESEARCH NOTES TABLE 1.—Response of chicks to supplements of lysine, penicillin, and aureomycin to a lysine deficient ration
during these trials. Further studies on deficiencies in sesame meal were conducted in Trials 3,4, and 5, the results of which are shown in Table 2. Although lysine improved feather
Group
Supplement to basal ration
Wt. at 5 weeks gms.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Trial 1 None 0.5% Lysine _ 0.5 ppm. Procaine Penicillin 0.5 ppm. Procaine Penicillin+0.5% Lysine 1 ppm. Aureomycin 1 ppm. Aureomycin+0.5% Lysine .25% Lysine .25% Lysine+0.5 ppm. Procaine Penicillin
163 234 174 277 202 286 191 260
Group
1 2 3 4 5
Trial 2 None 0.5% Lysine _ 0.5 ppm. Procaine Penicillin Vitamin B,s (1 mg. per 100 lbs. feed) 0.5% Lysine+0.5 ppm. Procaine Penicillin
152 287 216 188 369
1 2 3 4 5
Trial 3 None 0.5% Lysine 5% Albumin+0.5% Lysine 1 ppm. Aureomycin Soybean oil meal ration
144 262 348 213 462
1 2 3
Trial 4* None 0.5% Lysine 0.5% Lysine+5% Albumin
190 295 407
1 2 3
Trial 5* None 0.5% Lysine 0.5% Lysine+10% Soybean Oil Meal
222 320 368
Supplements to basal ration
Wt. at 5 weeks gms.
* Basal ration used in these studies contained 1 milligram vitamin B12 per 100 pounds of ration.
pigmentation and increased growth rate, neither were normal but when milk albumen or soybean meal were fed as supplements, feather development and growth were further improved. The soybean oil meal type ration (Group 5, Trial 3, Table 2) gave better growth and feather development than any of the supplemented groups fed the sesame meal ration. These results demonstrate the complex nature of the deficiencies in sesame meal. SUMMARY Sesame meal is deficient in lysine, vitamin B12 and another factor (s) found in albumin and soybean oil meal. Poor feather pigmentation is not always due to a lysine deficiency. A factor(s) other than lysine, which is present in milk albumin or soybean oil meal, is required for normal feather development and growth. REFERENCES Almquist, H . J., and C. R. Grau, 1944. Mutual supplementary effect of the proteins of soybean and sesame meals. Poultry Sci. 23: 341-42. Grau, C. R., and H . J. Almquist, 1944. Sesame protein in chick diets. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 5:187-189.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on May 18, 2015
10 lbs., ground yellow corn 30 lbs., ground wheat 25 lbs., sesame meal (44% protein) 30 lbs., bone meal 2 lbs., calcium carbonate 1 lb., salt 0.5 lbs., manganese sulfate 0.02 lbs., riboflavin 200 mg., calcium pantothenate 200 mg., choline 45 grams, niacin 1 gram and folic acid 100 mg. The supplements replaced an equal weight of corn meal in the basal ration and no attempt was made to maintain a constant protein level. Five trials were conducted involving deficiencies in rations containing sesame meal. Trials 1 and 2 are summarized in Table 1 and Trials 3, 4, and 5 are shown in Table 2. The value of "supplements of lysine, penicillin, aureomycin and vitamin B12 for the sesame meal type ration are recorded in Trials 1 and 2, Table 1. Increased growth was obtained by feeding either lysine, penicillin, aureomycin, or vitamin Bi 2 ; however, a combination of lysine and penicillin or aureomycin, gave a better growth response than when either were fed as the only supplement. Feather pigmentation was improved by lysine supplementation but not by usage of antibiotics. This improvement resulted in increased pigmentation and partial disappearance of the white bars on the primary and secondary wing feathers. The feather pigment was not normal in the lysine supplemented groups nor in all other groups
TABLE 2.—Supplements for sesame meal in a chick ration