- Email: [email protected]
Detecting of heavy metal pollution in steel factory environment health of the North of Iran
Acta Ecologica Sinica 36 (2016) 225–228
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Acta Ecologica Sinica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chnaes
Detecting of heavy metal pollution in steel factory environment health of the North of Iran Seyed Armin Hashemi a,⁎, Abdolkarim Keshavarz Shokri b, Masoomeh Tahvildari a a b
Department of Forestry, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran Department of Environment, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 4 April 2016 Received in revised form 26 April 2016 Accepted 28 April 2016 Keywords: Cadmium, lead and mercury Absorption Analysis Atomic absorption
a b s t r a c t Heavy metals like cadmium, lead and mercury are inessential and toxic elements which are created by various urban, industrial and agricultural activities and cause resources pollution. In this study, the soil sample was derived from the environment within the steel factory and from the leaves and roots of poplar trees existed inside of the steel factory and also the samples of soil, leaves and roots of poplar trees were provided outside of the factory. Sampling was random and after that, the amount of heavy metals, cadmium, lead and mercury, was calculated by atomic absorption spectrometer and then studied by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, ANOVA, T-test, Levin test and Tukey test. The results suggest that there is a significant difference between existing mercury inside and outside of factory environment. The minimum stored density is related to mercury which has been observed in the leaf and root more than the others and less than the others in aerial organs of leaves. © 2016 Ecological Society of China. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction The importance of heavy metals, cadmium, lead and mercury among other toxic metals is that these metals could be accumulated highly in plant organs which are toxic for human beings and at the same time there would be no toxicity symptoms in the plant [1,2]. These metals are absorbed by the roots and leaves and are transferred to livestock and human body and cause emerging some metabolic disorders and do not follow any useful biologic goal [3]. Therefore, preventing absorption of these metals by plant roots could be a strategy in minimizing adverse biological effects of these elements. One of the reasons of toxicity provided by cadmium, lead and mercury in soil is their interaction with essential nutrients [4]. The effect of these elements on the absorption and distribution of nutrients in the plants could be the reason of some lacks in the plants and causes a disturbance in nutrients exchange and reduction of plant fertilization and also is among effective elements on the absorption of cadmium, lead and mercury, emerging their toxicity elements in the plant's, nutritional status, specially about inessential elements [5]. The heavy metals are absorbed initially by phytoplankton, bacteria, fungi and microorganisms, then are eaten by larger creatures and enter into human body. When heavy metals are consumed by human being have adverse and strong effects [6]. The density of accumulated toxic materials is increased continuously and it is possible to have the highest frequency in a particular context. Accumulation of toxic materials in food chain may increase concentration in high levels of animals in food chain [7]. Over enhancement of these heavy metals ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (S.A. Hashemi).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2016.04.011 1872-2032/© 2016 Ecological Society of China. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
could be harmful for organisms. The inessential heavy metals are cadmium, lead and mercury which are so important about soil and surface water pollution and are considered by plant pollution science [8]. The heavy metals are important due to non-degradability and their physiological effect on living creatures in low density. One of the heavy metals' effects on the soil is that in high and sudden densities, the plant leaves are disturbed and their color is changed and are dried. In low densities, there are some stains on the leaves which are like stains caused by Sulfur dioxide and neurological disorders (Parkinson, Alzheimer, depression, schizophrenia), various kinds of cancers, lack of nutrients, disturbing hormones balance, overweight, abortion, respiratory and cardio-vascular disorder, damaging liver, kidneys and brain, Allergy and asthma, endocrine disorders, chronic viral infections, reduction of body tolerance, disorder in enzyme function, change in metabolism, infertility, anemia, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, headache and dizziness, irritability for encountering by mercury existed in the food and sterile environment are among their side effects [9]. Infertility in females emerges as hormonal disorder which prevents impregnation. While in males, it causes motor deficits or sperm survival. For example, mixing of heavy metals like copper and cadmium, zinc and nickel, increase their toxicity [2]. There are several studies in the field of refining soils contaminated by heavy metals by using the plants and thus green refining of the soils polluted by heavy metals and using hyper accumulator plants for refining polluted plants could be referred to [10,11]. There are few researches conducted in this field in Iran and present information in scientific centers about heavy metal absorption and other contaminators by plants is very little. Therefore, conducting some researches in this field aiming to introduce novel methods of refining and selecting appropriate plant species is essential. The goal of this
226
S.A. Hashemi et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica 36 (2016) 225–228
research is studying the health of steel factory of Gilan contaminated by heavy metals. 2. Methods and materials Ferro Gilan Complex is an industry which has been activated (Fig. 1). This complex is located in the south of Rasht with 9.7 m above sea level in the range of RIC (Rasht industrialized city). It is adjacent to Gilan flat from the north and to natural and planted forests of Saravan 18 from the south and to natural park of Saravan from eastern south. This study required: - referring to academic centers, libraries and related organizations and providing picture, slide and map and also statistics and standards - visiting considered industry and sampling from the soil and plant components like leaves and roots in the range of established industry and collecting filed information from deployed industrial units - analysis and conclusion and introducing the methods, approaches and suggestions - applied materials include computer, camera, knife, shovel, lab tools and ….
The present research aims to evaluate the environment of Ferro Gilan Complex in accordance with related standards. Sampling was done from internal environment of the factory which includes soil and plant samples (leaf and root). The applied natural soil in this test was provided from 0 to 30 cm height and transferred to laboratory and processed in the lab temperature including washing — drying and grinding the plant. The sample is washed initially with mineral water and then with hydrochloride acid of 0.1 ml or washing liquid 1% and again with ordinary water and distilled water which this operation should be done as quickly as possible and after that the samples are placed in the oven with 70 °C during 48 h in order to be dried. Afterward, the samples are grinded to be powdered and passed from a 2 mm bolter and the powdered sample is kept in the shadow. Then 400 ml Nitric acid is mixed with 40 ml perchloric acid and 10 ml sulfuric
acid is added. For initializing the test, 2 g from the sample with 0.001 g accuracy was transferred into a 100 ml flask and then 30 ml from provided solution was added to that and kept for one night. The next day, it was warmed for 40 min in order to remove nitric acid and the temperature increased gradually for distilling the remained acid and water. During this operation the flask contents are darkened gradually. After ending the distillation, the temperature is increased until boiling point of perchloric acid (205 °C) in which dense perchloric acid oxidizes remained organic materials and a white smoke is produced. After losing the color of the extract or having little color, the digestion is continued one more hour. After cooling, 20 ml of water and 2 ml of Sodium nitrate solution were added to the flask and warmed for 10 min, afterward the added content is reached to 100 ml volumetric flask and is passed from a fine-texture filter paper. For measuring the mentioned elements' density in the soil and plants samples, the atomic absorption device is used. The goal of data analysis is their reduction and to make the data interpretable, in order to analyze the research variables. The obtained data from analyzed samples were studied for determining the amount of heavy metal accumulation in aerial and ground organs and the soil from variance analysis by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, T-test, Levin-test and Tukey test. Statistical quantitative characteristics and frequency accumulation diagram of lead in aerial and ground organs were presented by tables and diagrams.
3. Results According to the diagram and group statistics, it is observed that the mean of heavy metal accumulation cadmium in the soil is 0.71 and 0.68, inside and outside of the factory, respectively which apparently the mean of heavy metal accumulation level mean inside of the factory is slightly higher, however it is observed that this difference is not significant statistically (Fig. 2).
3.1. The studies of heavy metal accumulation mean cadmium between inside and outside of the factory Considering the significance level of variance equality in Levin-test, it is observed that the significance level is 0.61 which is higher than 0.05. Thus, there is no reason for rejecting H0 (the variances are equal). As a result the variances are equal and variance equality is used for analyzing T-test. According to the significance level of independent T-test which is 0.05 and is higher than 5%, there is no reason for rejecting H0 (non-difference of means). There is no significant difference in heavy metal accumulation mean of cadmium between the samples of inside and outside of the factory (Fig. 2).
3.2. The study of heavy metal accumulation mean of lead of inside and outside of the factory
Fig. 1. The study area in Guilan province.
According the above diagram and the group statistics in the following, it is observed that the heavy metal accumulation mean of lead in the root is 1.05 and 0.99, inside and outside of the factory, respectively which it seems that heavy metal accumulation lead is slightly higher inside of the factory, however it is seen as follows that this difference is not significant statistically (Fig. 3). Considering significance level of variance equality Levin-test, it is observed that the significance level is 0.76 which is higher than 0.05, thus there is no reason for rejecting H0 (the variances are equal). Thus, the variances are equal and variance equality level is used to analyze T-test. According to the significance level of independent T-test which is higher than 5%, there is no reason for rejecting H0 (non-difference of means). There is no significant difference between the samples of inside and outside of the factory in the terms of heavy metal accumulation mean in the root (Fig. 3).
S.A. Hashemi et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica 36 (2016) 225–228
227
Fig. 2. The amount of heavy metal accumulation mean cadmium inside and outside of the factory.
3.3. The study of heavy metal accumulation rate in leaves, inside and outside of the factory According to the above diagram and following group statistics, it is observed that heavy metal accumulation means in the leaves are 0.42 and 0.33 inside and outside of the factory, respectively (Fig. 4). According to the significance level of Levin-test for variances equality, it is observed that the significance level is equal to 0.04, so there is reason for rejecting H0 (the variances are equal). Therefore, the variances are equal and variances equality level is used to analyze T-test. According to significance level of independent T-test which is 0.04, so H0 is rejected (non-difference of means). Thus, there is a significant difference between the samples of inside and outside of the factory in the terms of heavy metals accumulation rate mercury in inside and outside of the factory (Fig. 4). The results suggest that there is a significant difference between existing mercury inside and outside of factory environment. The minimum stored density is related to mercury which has been observed in the leaf and root more than the others and less than the others in aerial organs of leaves.
4. Discussion According to surveys conducted in this study, we can say that emissions are two types of biodegradable pollutants which are divided inseparable. Non-biodegradable pollutants such as heavy metals and compounds and salts due to increasing consumption of chemicals containing heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and mercury as well as their effects with regard to property transfer and release them at large distances away from the source of as a result of the entire ecosystem will affect the soil and the soil toxicity. In our current study, these metals are absorbed through the roots and leaves and enter the food chain and transmitted to animal or human and cause dangerous diseases and metabolic disorders and decreased fertility in men and women. Also they cause reduced fertility and plant nutrient imbalance and other organisms as well [12,13]. The results showed that the highest concentrations of lead stored and saved the lowest concentration of metallic mercury that is related to the amount of accumulation in the soil and roots, shoots and leaves of the most rarely seen of all the. The study concluded that the accumulation in the soil and roots of some plant species is
Fig. 3. Heavy metal accumulation mean lead inside and outside of the factory.
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S.A. Hashemi et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica 36 (2016) 225–228
Fig. 4. Heavy metal accumulation mean mercury inside and outside of the factory.
tolerant mechanisms that can be effective for cleansing the toxic metals from the soil [14,15]. Especially of plant varieties resistant to heavy metals can be used. Such low concentrations of metals in the soil hold and prevent their entering the metal and the accumulation of metals in their shoots, and again return to the soil. Native species such mechanism used by heavy metals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health of Gilan steel plant in the heavy metal pollution. 5. Suggestions Due to the increasing pollution of the soil on the impact of human activities, factories, and the high cost of pollution should fix the appropriate ways to remove these contaminants are low-cost. One of the methods used to remove pollutants from soil remediation of soils contaminated metal. Physical separation technologies, chemical extraction processes and comprehensive process that is a combination of physical and chemical methods as well as the main components, feasibility, advantages and limitations, technology forecasting methods and improve the implementation of physical/chemical studies are. Most projects based on physical separation technologies and ability to perform its due acceptable cost in the industry, is done. Due to economic and environmental conditions, soil washing method can be a good choice in the stabilization processes/solidification and is buried. The benefits of this approach are: 1. Process for the removal of metals from contaminated soil is persistent and can also provide the possibility of recycling them. 2. Substantially reduce the volume of contaminated soil. 3. Soil washing can be returned back into place. Another method is the use of plants to remove heavy metal pollution that is called phytoremediation. Benefits of this method are: 1. The use of this method compared to other methods for in situ disturbance and soil degradation will be prevented. Reducing pollution by 95%, which is considered as a source for extraction of heavy metals. 2. Reducing emissions through the climate. 3. A less costly and require people with expertise is not high.
Acknowledgements Financial support by Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University Grant No. 1231 is gratefully acknowledged.
References [1] C. Baudouin, M. Charveron, R. Tarrouse, Y. Gall, Environmental pollutants and skin cancer, Cell Biol. Toxicol. 18 (2002) 341–348. [2] A.J.M. Baker, J. Proctor, The influence of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc on the distribution and evolution of metallophyte in the British Isies, Plant Syst. Evol. 173 (1990) 91–108. [3] S. Choudhury, S.K. Panda, Role of salicylic acid in regulating cadmium induced oxidative stress in oryzasative L. roots, Bulgarian J. Plant Physiol. 30 (2004) 95–110. [4] C.D. Foy, R.L. Chaney, M.C. White, The physiology of metal toxicity in plants, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 29 (1978) 511–566. [5] B.R. Glick, Phytoremediation: synergistic use of plants and bacteria to clean up the environment, Biotechnol. Adv. 21 (2003) 388–393. [6] J.L. Hall, Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance, J. Exp. Bot. 53 (2002) 1–11. [7] K. Kadirvela, K. Thamaraiselvi, C. Namasivayam, Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewaters by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from an agricultural solid waste, J. Bioresour. Technol. 76 (2001) 63–65. [8] M.J. Haydon, C.S. Cobbett, Transporters of ligands for essential metal ions in plants. New Phytologist, 174, 499–50610-isolates from agricultural soil irrigated with industrial wastewater, Bioresour. Technol. 98 (2007) 3149–3153. [9] M. Orosa, D. Franqueira, A. Cid, J. Abalde, Carotenoid accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis in mixotrophic growth, Biotechnol. Lett. 23 (2001) 373–378. [10] J. Lin, M. Schorr, A challenge for the phosphate industry: Cd removal, Phosphorus Potassium 208 (1997) 27–31. [11] M. Orosa, E. Torres, P. Fidalgo, J. Abalde, Production and analysis of secondary carotenoids in green algae, J. Appl. Phycol. 12 (2000) 553–556. [12] A. Papoyan, L.V. Kochian, Identification of Thlaspi caerulescens genes that may be involved in heavy metal hyperaccumulation and tolerance. Characterization of a novel heavy metal transporting ATPase, Plant Physiol. 136 (2004) 3814–3823. [13] M. Pérez-Rama, J. Abalde, C. Herrero, E. Torres, Cadmium removal by living cells of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica, Bioresour. Technol. 84 (2002) 265–270. [14] E. Torres, A. Cid, C. Herrero, J. Abalde, Effect of cadmium on growth, ATP content, carbon fixation and ultrastructure in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin, Water Air Soil Pollut. 117 (2000) 1–14. [15] G. Wagner, Accumulation of cadmium in crop plants and its consequences to human health, Adv. Agron. l51 (1993) 173–212.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Acta Ecologica Sinica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chnaes
Detecting of heavy metal pollution in steel factory environment health of the North of Iran Seyed Armin Hashemi a,⁎, Abdolkarim Keshavarz Shokri b, Masoomeh Tahvildari a a b
Department of Forestry, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran Department of Environment, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 4 April 2016 Received in revised form 26 April 2016 Accepted 28 April 2016 Keywords: Cadmium, lead and mercury Absorption Analysis Atomic absorption
a b s t r a c t Heavy metals like cadmium, lead and mercury are inessential and toxic elements which are created by various urban, industrial and agricultural activities and cause resources pollution. In this study, the soil sample was derived from the environment within the steel factory and from the leaves and roots of poplar trees existed inside of the steel factory and also the samples of soil, leaves and roots of poplar trees were provided outside of the factory. Sampling was random and after that, the amount of heavy metals, cadmium, lead and mercury, was calculated by atomic absorption spectrometer and then studied by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, ANOVA, T-test, Levin test and Tukey test. The results suggest that there is a significant difference between existing mercury inside and outside of factory environment. The minimum stored density is related to mercury which has been observed in the leaf and root more than the others and less than the others in aerial organs of leaves. © 2016 Ecological Society of China. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction The importance of heavy metals, cadmium, lead and mercury among other toxic metals is that these metals could be accumulated highly in plant organs which are toxic for human beings and at the same time there would be no toxicity symptoms in the plant [1,2]. These metals are absorbed by the roots and leaves and are transferred to livestock and human body and cause emerging some metabolic disorders and do not follow any useful biologic goal [3]. Therefore, preventing absorption of these metals by plant roots could be a strategy in minimizing adverse biological effects of these elements. One of the reasons of toxicity provided by cadmium, lead and mercury in soil is their interaction with essential nutrients [4]. The effect of these elements on the absorption and distribution of nutrients in the plants could be the reason of some lacks in the plants and causes a disturbance in nutrients exchange and reduction of plant fertilization and also is among effective elements on the absorption of cadmium, lead and mercury, emerging their toxicity elements in the plant's, nutritional status, specially about inessential elements [5]. The heavy metals are absorbed initially by phytoplankton, bacteria, fungi and microorganisms, then are eaten by larger creatures and enter into human body. When heavy metals are consumed by human being have adverse and strong effects [6]. The density of accumulated toxic materials is increased continuously and it is possible to have the highest frequency in a particular context. Accumulation of toxic materials in food chain may increase concentration in high levels of animals in food chain [7]. Over enhancement of these heavy metals ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (S.A. Hashemi).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2016.04.011 1872-2032/© 2016 Ecological Society of China. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
could be harmful for organisms. The inessential heavy metals are cadmium, lead and mercury which are so important about soil and surface water pollution and are considered by plant pollution science [8]. The heavy metals are important due to non-degradability and their physiological effect on living creatures in low density. One of the heavy metals' effects on the soil is that in high and sudden densities, the plant leaves are disturbed and their color is changed and are dried. In low densities, there are some stains on the leaves which are like stains caused by Sulfur dioxide and neurological disorders (Parkinson, Alzheimer, depression, schizophrenia), various kinds of cancers, lack of nutrients, disturbing hormones balance, overweight, abortion, respiratory and cardio-vascular disorder, damaging liver, kidneys and brain, Allergy and asthma, endocrine disorders, chronic viral infections, reduction of body tolerance, disorder in enzyme function, change in metabolism, infertility, anemia, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, headache and dizziness, irritability for encountering by mercury existed in the food and sterile environment are among their side effects [9]. Infertility in females emerges as hormonal disorder which prevents impregnation. While in males, it causes motor deficits or sperm survival. For example, mixing of heavy metals like copper and cadmium, zinc and nickel, increase their toxicity [2]. There are several studies in the field of refining soils contaminated by heavy metals by using the plants and thus green refining of the soils polluted by heavy metals and using hyper accumulator plants for refining polluted plants could be referred to [10,11]. There are few researches conducted in this field in Iran and present information in scientific centers about heavy metal absorption and other contaminators by plants is very little. Therefore, conducting some researches in this field aiming to introduce novel methods of refining and selecting appropriate plant species is essential. The goal of this
226
S.A. Hashemi et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica 36 (2016) 225–228
research is studying the health of steel factory of Gilan contaminated by heavy metals. 2. Methods and materials Ferro Gilan Complex is an industry which has been activated (Fig. 1). This complex is located in the south of Rasht with 9.7 m above sea level in the range of RIC (Rasht industrialized city). It is adjacent to Gilan flat from the north and to natural and planted forests of Saravan 18 from the south and to natural park of Saravan from eastern south. This study required: - referring to academic centers, libraries and related organizations and providing picture, slide and map and also statistics and standards - visiting considered industry and sampling from the soil and plant components like leaves and roots in the range of established industry and collecting filed information from deployed industrial units - analysis and conclusion and introducing the methods, approaches and suggestions - applied materials include computer, camera, knife, shovel, lab tools and ….
The present research aims to evaluate the environment of Ferro Gilan Complex in accordance with related standards. Sampling was done from internal environment of the factory which includes soil and plant samples (leaf and root). The applied natural soil in this test was provided from 0 to 30 cm height and transferred to laboratory and processed in the lab temperature including washing — drying and grinding the plant. The sample is washed initially with mineral water and then with hydrochloride acid of 0.1 ml or washing liquid 1% and again with ordinary water and distilled water which this operation should be done as quickly as possible and after that the samples are placed in the oven with 70 °C during 48 h in order to be dried. Afterward, the samples are grinded to be powdered and passed from a 2 mm bolter and the powdered sample is kept in the shadow. Then 400 ml Nitric acid is mixed with 40 ml perchloric acid and 10 ml sulfuric
acid is added. For initializing the test, 2 g from the sample with 0.001 g accuracy was transferred into a 100 ml flask and then 30 ml from provided solution was added to that and kept for one night. The next day, it was warmed for 40 min in order to remove nitric acid and the temperature increased gradually for distilling the remained acid and water. During this operation the flask contents are darkened gradually. After ending the distillation, the temperature is increased until boiling point of perchloric acid (205 °C) in which dense perchloric acid oxidizes remained organic materials and a white smoke is produced. After losing the color of the extract or having little color, the digestion is continued one more hour. After cooling, 20 ml of water and 2 ml of Sodium nitrate solution were added to the flask and warmed for 10 min, afterward the added content is reached to 100 ml volumetric flask and is passed from a fine-texture filter paper. For measuring the mentioned elements' density in the soil and plants samples, the atomic absorption device is used. The goal of data analysis is their reduction and to make the data interpretable, in order to analyze the research variables. The obtained data from analyzed samples were studied for determining the amount of heavy metal accumulation in aerial and ground organs and the soil from variance analysis by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, T-test, Levin-test and Tukey test. Statistical quantitative characteristics and frequency accumulation diagram of lead in aerial and ground organs were presented by tables and diagrams.
3. Results According to the diagram and group statistics, it is observed that the mean of heavy metal accumulation cadmium in the soil is 0.71 and 0.68, inside and outside of the factory, respectively which apparently the mean of heavy metal accumulation level mean inside of the factory is slightly higher, however it is observed that this difference is not significant statistically (Fig. 2).
3.1. The studies of heavy metal accumulation mean cadmium between inside and outside of the factory Considering the significance level of variance equality in Levin-test, it is observed that the significance level is 0.61 which is higher than 0.05. Thus, there is no reason for rejecting H0 (the variances are equal). As a result the variances are equal and variance equality is used for analyzing T-test. According to the significance level of independent T-test which is 0.05 and is higher than 5%, there is no reason for rejecting H0 (non-difference of means). There is no significant difference in heavy metal accumulation mean of cadmium between the samples of inside and outside of the factory (Fig. 2).
3.2. The study of heavy metal accumulation mean of lead of inside and outside of the factory
Fig. 1. The study area in Guilan province.
According the above diagram and the group statistics in the following, it is observed that the heavy metal accumulation mean of lead in the root is 1.05 and 0.99, inside and outside of the factory, respectively which it seems that heavy metal accumulation lead is slightly higher inside of the factory, however it is seen as follows that this difference is not significant statistically (Fig. 3). Considering significance level of variance equality Levin-test, it is observed that the significance level is 0.76 which is higher than 0.05, thus there is no reason for rejecting H0 (the variances are equal). Thus, the variances are equal and variance equality level is used to analyze T-test. According to the significance level of independent T-test which is higher than 5%, there is no reason for rejecting H0 (non-difference of means). There is no significant difference between the samples of inside and outside of the factory in the terms of heavy metal accumulation mean in the root (Fig. 3).
S.A. Hashemi et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica 36 (2016) 225–228
227
Fig. 2. The amount of heavy metal accumulation mean cadmium inside and outside of the factory.
3.3. The study of heavy metal accumulation rate in leaves, inside and outside of the factory According to the above diagram and following group statistics, it is observed that heavy metal accumulation means in the leaves are 0.42 and 0.33 inside and outside of the factory, respectively (Fig. 4). According to the significance level of Levin-test for variances equality, it is observed that the significance level is equal to 0.04, so there is reason for rejecting H0 (the variances are equal). Therefore, the variances are equal and variances equality level is used to analyze T-test. According to significance level of independent T-test which is 0.04, so H0 is rejected (non-difference of means). Thus, there is a significant difference between the samples of inside and outside of the factory in the terms of heavy metals accumulation rate mercury in inside and outside of the factory (Fig. 4). The results suggest that there is a significant difference between existing mercury inside and outside of factory environment. The minimum stored density is related to mercury which has been observed in the leaf and root more than the others and less than the others in aerial organs of leaves.
4. Discussion According to surveys conducted in this study, we can say that emissions are two types of biodegradable pollutants which are divided inseparable. Non-biodegradable pollutants such as heavy metals and compounds and salts due to increasing consumption of chemicals containing heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and mercury as well as their effects with regard to property transfer and release them at large distances away from the source of as a result of the entire ecosystem will affect the soil and the soil toxicity. In our current study, these metals are absorbed through the roots and leaves and enter the food chain and transmitted to animal or human and cause dangerous diseases and metabolic disorders and decreased fertility in men and women. Also they cause reduced fertility and plant nutrient imbalance and other organisms as well [12,13]. The results showed that the highest concentrations of lead stored and saved the lowest concentration of metallic mercury that is related to the amount of accumulation in the soil and roots, shoots and leaves of the most rarely seen of all the. The study concluded that the accumulation in the soil and roots of some plant species is
Fig. 3. Heavy metal accumulation mean lead inside and outside of the factory.
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S.A. Hashemi et al. / Acta Ecologica Sinica 36 (2016) 225–228
Fig. 4. Heavy metal accumulation mean mercury inside and outside of the factory.
tolerant mechanisms that can be effective for cleansing the toxic metals from the soil [14,15]. Especially of plant varieties resistant to heavy metals can be used. Such low concentrations of metals in the soil hold and prevent their entering the metal and the accumulation of metals in their shoots, and again return to the soil. Native species such mechanism used by heavy metals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health of Gilan steel plant in the heavy metal pollution. 5. Suggestions Due to the increasing pollution of the soil on the impact of human activities, factories, and the high cost of pollution should fix the appropriate ways to remove these contaminants are low-cost. One of the methods used to remove pollutants from soil remediation of soils contaminated metal. Physical separation technologies, chemical extraction processes and comprehensive process that is a combination of physical and chemical methods as well as the main components, feasibility, advantages and limitations, technology forecasting methods and improve the implementation of physical/chemical studies are. Most projects based on physical separation technologies and ability to perform its due acceptable cost in the industry, is done. Due to economic and environmental conditions, soil washing method can be a good choice in the stabilization processes/solidification and is buried. The benefits of this approach are: 1. Process for the removal of metals from contaminated soil is persistent and can also provide the possibility of recycling them. 2. Substantially reduce the volume of contaminated soil. 3. Soil washing can be returned back into place. Another method is the use of plants to remove heavy metal pollution that is called phytoremediation. Benefits of this method are: 1. The use of this method compared to other methods for in situ disturbance and soil degradation will be prevented. Reducing pollution by 95%, which is considered as a source for extraction of heavy metals. 2. Reducing emissions through the climate. 3. A less costly and require people with expertise is not high.
Acknowledgements Financial support by Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University Grant No. 1231 is gratefully acknowledged.
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