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Dietary behavior, attitudes, and knowledge of college students
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 27 II/I
COMMUNITY INTERVENTION N DIETARY FAT CONSUMPTION: FINAL RESULTS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE PREVENTION PROJECT. S.P. Temple, MS, RD; J.B. Croft, PhD; B. Lankenau, DrPH, RD; and F.C. Wheeler, PhD, Center for Health Promotion, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Columbia, SC. This study assessed whether a state public health department could implement effectively an affordable nutrition intervention program at the community level. Cross-sectional data were collected from random digitdialed telephone surveys of adults, ages 18, in 1987, 1989, and 1991 in the intervention (n=2858, 1177, 1130, respectively) and control (n=2569, 1181, 1178, respectively) communities. Community-wide nutrition education projects during 1988-1990 included community classes, grocery store tours, supermarket point-of-purchase program, restaurant labeling program, speaker bureaus, home study courses, professional education classes, worksite nutrition education programs, and use of media reinforcement. Specific nutrition education efforts targeted 1) the relationship of dietary fat to cholesterol level, 2) saturated versus unsaturated fat, 3) sodium reduction, 4) use of low-fat dairy products, and 5) use of lean meats, fish, and poultry. A decline in weekly consumption of red meat was observed in both communities. Analysis of covariance indicated significant net intervention effects by 1991 for reductions in use of animal fats (p =.01) and a corresponding increased use of liquid/soft vegetable fats and/or no fats (p=.007) in food preparation, and increased proportions of the community aware of nutrition education information (p< .0001). These intervention effects did not differ between race, sex, age, or education groups. The results suggest that the community-wide dietary education program augmented regional and/or nationwide changes in dietary behavior during this relatively short followup period. Furthermore, these intervention efforts reached all socioeconomic groups in the community.
NUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS OF HAVASUPAI WOMEN. L.A. Vaughan, PhD, RD, N.A. McManus, MS, RD, and J. Martin, PhD, Dept. Family Resources and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ the Havasupai tribe (n =4231 is a geographically isolated, homogeneous population living at the south rim of Grand Canyon Park, AZ. The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary intakes of adult Supai women to identify those nutritional factors that might contribute to the high rates of obesity and noninsulin dependent recalls diabetes mellitus (NIDDM} seen among tribal members. 24-hr 33 9 were collected from a preliminary sample of 26 women ( + y) and analyzed for nutrient intake. Although diabetic status was not documented, 25 of 26 subjects were classified as obese (BMI >32.3 or > 95th percentile NHANES II data). Twenty-two subjects had a waistto-hip ratio greater than 0.8, indicative of abdominal obesity. Mean I +SD) caloric intake was 2462 +922 kcal/d, a mean energy intake of 27.8 kcal/kg body weight. On average, 37% of kcal came from fat (13% of kcal from saturated fat), 50% from carbohydrate {23% of kcal from sugar) and 13% of keal from protein. Despite frequent alcohol abuse among Supai men and women, no subject reported any alcohol consumption, thus total caloric intake may be underreported. Although mean intakes of calcium (642 +394 mg/d), iron (13.7 +6.4 mg/d), zinc (1 1.8 +4.8 mg/ld, folate (209 + 170 ug/d), Vitamin B-6 (1.3+0.6 mg/d), Vitamin C (84+88 mg/d) and Vitamin A (1624+ 1037 RE/d) were above two-thirds the RDA for adult women, large intakes of these nutrients by a few individuals obscured the deficient intakes of the other subjects. For example, Vitamin A intake fell below 2/3 RDA for 73% of subjects, while 42% of the women failed to consume 2/3 RDA for calcium. The items making the greatest contributions to energy and nutrient intakes in these subjects were often processed and fortified foods. Vitamin C fortified powdered drink mixes contributed almost 40% of the dietary Vitamin C. Soda pop, drink mixes, corn chips, and boxed macaroni and cheese were among the top six items contributing to total caloric intake (ground beef and fried potatoes were the other two foods). The overall variety of foods consumed by these subjects was very limited, reflecting the limited stock of the tribal store and the difficulty in bringing in foodstuffs from outside the reservation. Pinto beans and corn tortillas were the only reported food items typical of the traditional Supai diet. In conclusion, this sample of Havasupai women consumed a diet high in total and saturated fat, high in refined sugar and low in fiber. Food choices were limited in variety and often highly processed. Each of these factors may have contributed to the prevelance of obesity and NIDDM currently seen in the Havasupai population.
POSTER SESSION: COMMUNITY NUTRITION I
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I
I
Ill II I
PEER SUPPORT HAD NO EFFECT ON BREAST-FEEDING INCIDENCE IN A ULTIETHNIC WIC POPULATION. T.A. Trisler, MS, RD, CD, and E.A. Bergman, PhD, RD, CD, Department of Home Economics, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA Breast-feeding incidence is affected by a This study was number of different factors, conducted to determine the impact of having a peer share her breast-feeding experiences with prenatal women who were planning to breastfeed or who had not made a decision on nfant Through self-selection, 98 feeding method. Caucasian and Hispanic women attended one of n (a) a class taught four types of classes: Spanish, (b) a class taught in Spanish, plus a peer who shared her positive breast-feeding experience (c) a class taught in English, and (d) a class taught in English, plus a peer. nitiation rate of 69.4X The breast-feeding compares favorably to those reported for the region and other WIC population subgroups. The presence of a peer, participation in the Maternity Support Program, marital status, age, parity, gestation length, duration on WIC, or the number of weeks prior to delivery that the class was attended had no effect on Spanish speaking ncidence. breast-feeding women were more likely to breast-feed than Spanish <.05). (p English speaking women speaking women had significantly less formal education than English speaking women Women with more education were (p <.0001). A larger less likely to breast-feed (p <.05) percentage of Hispanic women who attended a class n Spanish choose to breast-feed than Hispanic women who attended a class n This indicates language as an English. indicator of acculturation may have an affect on the infant feeding decision.
DIETARY BEHAVIOR, ATTITUDES, AND KNOWLEDGE OF COLLEGE STUDENTS. S.S. Weaver, MS, K.S. Kubena, PhD, RD, LD, W.A. McIntosh, PhD, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX This study with college students was designed to assess nutritional adequacy and compliance with National Academy of Science (NAS) dietary recommendations and to examine the relationship between nutritional knowledge and attitudes about diet and health with dietary intake. Students completed 3 questionnaires, including two 3day food records, during the spring semester'1992 (n=194 with 77% response rate for wave 2 and 67% for wave 3 of data collection). More than 25% of males had intakes less than 80% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin A, calcium, magnesium and copper while a similar analysis of intakes of females revealed problems in adequacy of vitamins A, C, E, and B6, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper. Generally, men were less likely to meet the NAS recommendations for dietary intake than women except for adequate calcium which was met by more men than women (percentages who complied with recommendation: kcal as total fat - 15% males, 29% females, kcal as saturated fat - 15% males, 21% females; cholesterol - 29% males, 83% females; protein 67% males, 80% females; calcium - 40% males, 13% females). Factor analysis was conducted on the attitudinal and knowledge data and factors selected based upon eigenvalues and theta reliability of > 0.60. Although attitudes towards diet and health did not differ because of sex, women knew more about nutritional content of foods than men. Those subjects who were more concerned about dietary fat, fiber, and energy had lower fat and energy and higher dietary fiber intakes than those who were less concerned about these dietary components. Knowledge of fat and fiber was positively correlated with low intakes of fat and high intakes of fiber. Results suggest that dietary intake in young adults is affected by nutrition knowledge and by their attitudes towards the relationship between dietary intake and health, indicating that nutrition education should be effective in this population.
JOULRNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION / A-77
COMMUNITY INTERVENTION N DIETARY FAT CONSUMPTION: FINAL RESULTS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE PREVENTION PROJECT. S.P. Temple, MS, RD; J.B. Croft, PhD; B. Lankenau, DrPH, RD; and F.C. Wheeler, PhD, Center for Health Promotion, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Columbia, SC. This study assessed whether a state public health department could implement effectively an affordable nutrition intervention program at the community level. Cross-sectional data were collected from random digitdialed telephone surveys of adults, ages 18, in 1987, 1989, and 1991 in the intervention (n=2858, 1177, 1130, respectively) and control (n=2569, 1181, 1178, respectively) communities. Community-wide nutrition education projects during 1988-1990 included community classes, grocery store tours, supermarket point-of-purchase program, restaurant labeling program, speaker bureaus, home study courses, professional education classes, worksite nutrition education programs, and use of media reinforcement. Specific nutrition education efforts targeted 1) the relationship of dietary fat to cholesterol level, 2) saturated versus unsaturated fat, 3) sodium reduction, 4) use of low-fat dairy products, and 5) use of lean meats, fish, and poultry. A decline in weekly consumption of red meat was observed in both communities. Analysis of covariance indicated significant net intervention effects by 1991 for reductions in use of animal fats (p =.01) and a corresponding increased use of liquid/soft vegetable fats and/or no fats (p=.007) in food preparation, and increased proportions of the community aware of nutrition education information (p< .0001). These intervention effects did not differ between race, sex, age, or education groups. The results suggest that the community-wide dietary education program augmented regional and/or nationwide changes in dietary behavior during this relatively short followup period. Furthermore, these intervention efforts reached all socioeconomic groups in the community.
NUTRITIONAL RISK FACTORS OF HAVASUPAI WOMEN. L.A. Vaughan, PhD, RD, N.A. McManus, MS, RD, and J. Martin, PhD, Dept. Family Resources and Human Development, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ the Havasupai tribe (n =4231 is a geographically isolated, homogeneous population living at the south rim of Grand Canyon Park, AZ. The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary intakes of adult Supai women to identify those nutritional factors that might contribute to the high rates of obesity and noninsulin dependent recalls diabetes mellitus (NIDDM} seen among tribal members. 24-hr 33 9 were collected from a preliminary sample of 26 women ( + y) and analyzed for nutrient intake. Although diabetic status was not documented, 25 of 26 subjects were classified as obese (BMI >32.3 or > 95th percentile NHANES II data). Twenty-two subjects had a waistto-hip ratio greater than 0.8, indicative of abdominal obesity. Mean I +SD) caloric intake was 2462 +922 kcal/d, a mean energy intake of 27.8 kcal/kg body weight. On average, 37% of kcal came from fat (13% of kcal from saturated fat), 50% from carbohydrate {23% of kcal from sugar) and 13% of keal from protein. Despite frequent alcohol abuse among Supai men and women, no subject reported any alcohol consumption, thus total caloric intake may be underreported. Although mean intakes of calcium (642 +394 mg/d), iron (13.7 +6.4 mg/d), zinc (1 1.8 +4.8 mg/ld, folate (209 + 170 ug/d), Vitamin B-6 (1.3+0.6 mg/d), Vitamin C (84+88 mg/d) and Vitamin A (1624+ 1037 RE/d) were above two-thirds the RDA for adult women, large intakes of these nutrients by a few individuals obscured the deficient intakes of the other subjects. For example, Vitamin A intake fell below 2/3 RDA for 73% of subjects, while 42% of the women failed to consume 2/3 RDA for calcium. The items making the greatest contributions to energy and nutrient intakes in these subjects were often processed and fortified foods. Vitamin C fortified powdered drink mixes contributed almost 40% of the dietary Vitamin C. Soda pop, drink mixes, corn chips, and boxed macaroni and cheese were among the top six items contributing to total caloric intake (ground beef and fried potatoes were the other two foods). The overall variety of foods consumed by these subjects was very limited, reflecting the limited stock of the tribal store and the difficulty in bringing in foodstuffs from outside the reservation. Pinto beans and corn tortillas were the only reported food items typical of the traditional Supai diet. In conclusion, this sample of Havasupai women consumed a diet high in total and saturated fat, high in refined sugar and low in fiber. Food choices were limited in variety and often highly processed. Each of these factors may have contributed to the prevelance of obesity and NIDDM currently seen in the Havasupai population.
POSTER SESSION: COMMUNITY NUTRITION I
-ll
I
I
Ill II I
PEER SUPPORT HAD NO EFFECT ON BREAST-FEEDING INCIDENCE IN A ULTIETHNIC WIC POPULATION. T.A. Trisler, MS, RD, CD, and E.A. Bergman, PhD, RD, CD, Department of Home Economics, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA Breast-feeding incidence is affected by a This study was number of different factors, conducted to determine the impact of having a peer share her breast-feeding experiences with prenatal women who were planning to breastfeed or who had not made a decision on nfant Through self-selection, 98 feeding method. Caucasian and Hispanic women attended one of n (a) a class taught four types of classes: Spanish, (b) a class taught in Spanish, plus a peer who shared her positive breast-feeding experience (c) a class taught in English, and (d) a class taught in English, plus a peer. nitiation rate of 69.4X The breast-feeding compares favorably to those reported for the region and other WIC population subgroups. The presence of a peer, participation in the Maternity Support Program, marital status, age, parity, gestation length, duration on WIC, or the number of weeks prior to delivery that the class was attended had no effect on Spanish speaking ncidence. breast-feeding women were more likely to breast-feed than Spanish <.05). (p English speaking women speaking women had significantly less formal education than English speaking women Women with more education were (p <.0001). A larger less likely to breast-feed (p <.05) percentage of Hispanic women who attended a class n Spanish choose to breast-feed than Hispanic women who attended a class n This indicates language as an English. indicator of acculturation may have an affect on the infant feeding decision.
DIETARY BEHAVIOR, ATTITUDES, AND KNOWLEDGE OF COLLEGE STUDENTS. S.S. Weaver, MS, K.S. Kubena, PhD, RD, LD, W.A. McIntosh, PhD, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX This study with college students was designed to assess nutritional adequacy and compliance with National Academy of Science (NAS) dietary recommendations and to examine the relationship between nutritional knowledge and attitudes about diet and health with dietary intake. Students completed 3 questionnaires, including two 3day food records, during the spring semester'1992 (n=194 with 77% response rate for wave 2 and 67% for wave 3 of data collection). More than 25% of males had intakes less than 80% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin A, calcium, magnesium and copper while a similar analysis of intakes of females revealed problems in adequacy of vitamins A, C, E, and B6, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper. Generally, men were less likely to meet the NAS recommendations for dietary intake than women except for adequate calcium which was met by more men than women (percentages who complied with recommendation: kcal as total fat - 15% males, 29% females, kcal as saturated fat - 15% males, 21% females; cholesterol - 29% males, 83% females; protein 67% males, 80% females; calcium - 40% males, 13% females). Factor analysis was conducted on the attitudinal and knowledge data and factors selected based upon eigenvalues and theta reliability of > 0.60. Although attitudes towards diet and health did not differ because of sex, women knew more about nutritional content of foods than men. Those subjects who were more concerned about dietary fat, fiber, and energy had lower fat and energy and higher dietary fiber intakes than those who were less concerned about these dietary components. Knowledge of fat and fiber was positively correlated with low intakes of fat and high intakes of fiber. Results suggest that dietary intake in young adults is affected by nutrition knowledge and by their attitudes towards the relationship between dietary intake and health, indicating that nutrition education should be effective in this population.
JOULRNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION / A-77