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Dietary restraint modulates the effects of food cue exposure on body and weight dissatisfaction
ARTICLE IN PRESS 558
Abstracts / Appetite 50 (2008) 555–567
How does food-cue exposure lead to overeating? D. FERRIDAY, J.M. BRUNSTROM. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK. [email protected] Exposure to the sight and smell of food increases subsequent food intake. This study explored the reason why over-consumption occurs. Three hypotheses were considered: cue exposure (1) increases the amount of food that people want to eat, (2) increases tolerance of larger portion sizes, and (3) arrests the development of satiety. Fifty female participants were each tested in two conditions. In a ‘cue condition’ they were exposed to the sight and smell of pizza for 1 min. Before and after this period several measures were taken, including an assessment of ideal portion size and the maximum pizza size that the participants would tolerate. Finally, participants were offered ad lib access to pizza. The ‘nocue condition’ was identical except that cue exposure was replaced by a 1-min cognitive task. Relative to this condition, ideal pizza portion size, desire for pizza, and ad libitum intake was significantly greater after cue exposure. This suggests that cue exposure increases energy intake because it increases the amount of food that people want and plan to eat. In future, studies should consider whether individuals who are especially cue reactive consume larger everyday portion sizes and are overweight. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.027
Variability in the acute effect of exercise on appetite, energy intake, liking and wanting for food
G. FINLAYSON, E. BRYANT, N. KING, J. BLUNDELL. Biopsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. G.S.Finlayason@ leeds.ac.uk The efficacy of exercise as a method of weight loss varies from person to person. In some individuals, mechanisms may operate to oppose negative energy balance. Exercise may alter hedonic characteristics of food which could lead to changes in taste and food preferences. It is possible that as part of the compensatory appetite response, processes of food reward are modulated by exercise to preserve energy balance. Twenty-four females (BMI: 19–28 kg/m2) were recruited to take part in two experimental sessions, including 50-min high-intensity exercise (Ex) at 70% max HR or no exercise (NEx), separated by one week. A computer task was employed to measure liking (using palatability ratings) and implicit wanting (using forced-choice reaction time) for a range of photographic food stimuli. Sensations of appetite, measures liking and wanting were assessed before and after exercise manipulation and after ad libitum test-meal to measure energy intake (EI). There was large variability in relative EI (EIEx EINEx). These individual differences broadly fell into one of two groups: where EI was constant across conditions (Mean D 63.1 kcal772.1), or where EIEx was increased (Mean D 1411.7 kcal7221.5). Degree of compensation correlated with %body fat. Increased EIEx was associated with enhanced implicit wanting but not sensations of taste, liking or hunger. Modulation of implicit aspects of food reward may help explain the variable efficacy of exercise as a method of weight loss. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.029
The influence of cue exposure to high- and low-calorie food on body dissatisfaction in females
A.-K. FETT, P. LATTIMORE, A. ROEFS, A. JANSEN. Faculty of Psychology, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands. a.fett@ student.unimaas.nl The effects of cue exposure to high- and low-calorie food on body and weight satisfaction (BS, WS) were investigated in 73 females. Based on previous food cue exposure and intake studies, it was hypothesised that BS and WS would decrease following exposure to high in comparison to low-calorie food. Furthermore, moderating effects of body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and restraint were expected. Participants were stratified into three groups according to BMI and Restraint Scale scores (low o14, high 14+): (1) low restrained, low BMI (o25, LR-LBMI), (2) high restrained, low BMI (HR-LBMI), and (3) high restrained, high BMI (X25, HR-HBMI). Being randomly assigned to either the low or high calorie condition, participants were exposed to food cues for 6 min. Before and after the exposure BS and WS were assessed. Analysis was performed on the gain scores. Contrary to the hypothesis, the preliminary results indicate that exposure to high-calorie foods leads to an increase in BS and WS in LR-LBMI and HR-HBMI groups. Exposure to low-calorie food cues leads to increased BS and WS in the LR-LBMI group and decreased BS and WS in the HR-HBMI group. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.028
Dietary restraint modulates the effects of food cue exposure on body and weight dissatisfaction
N. GESCHWIND, A. ROEFS, A. JANSEN, A.-K. FETT, P. LATTIMORE, A. LAU. Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. [email protected] The influence of exposure to high- and low-caloric food cues on body and weight dissatisfaction was tested in 30 high- and 31 lowrestrained (LR) eaters. Body and weight satisfaction were measured before and after exposure to either high- or low-caloric food cues (between-subject design). Contrary to our prediction, there was no differential effect of high- and low-caloric food cues on high-restrained (HR) eaters’ body satisfaction. HR participants became more dissatisfied with their bodies in both exposure conditions, whereas LR participants became more satisfied with their bodies. Results for satisfaction with weight, however, were in line with our hypothesis. HR tended to become more dissatisfied with their weight after high-caloric exposure and less dissatisfied after low-caloric exposure, whereas LRs weight satisfaction remained unchanged. Taken together, our results suggest that HRs body image is more impaired by exposure to food cues than LRs body image. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.030
Abstracts / Appetite 50 (2008) 555–567
How does food-cue exposure lead to overeating? D. FERRIDAY, J.M. BRUNSTROM. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK. [email protected] Exposure to the sight and smell of food increases subsequent food intake. This study explored the reason why over-consumption occurs. Three hypotheses were considered: cue exposure (1) increases the amount of food that people want to eat, (2) increases tolerance of larger portion sizes, and (3) arrests the development of satiety. Fifty female participants were each tested in two conditions. In a ‘cue condition’ they were exposed to the sight and smell of pizza for 1 min. Before and after this period several measures were taken, including an assessment of ideal portion size and the maximum pizza size that the participants would tolerate. Finally, participants were offered ad lib access to pizza. The ‘nocue condition’ was identical except that cue exposure was replaced by a 1-min cognitive task. Relative to this condition, ideal pizza portion size, desire for pizza, and ad libitum intake was significantly greater after cue exposure. This suggests that cue exposure increases energy intake because it increases the amount of food that people want and plan to eat. In future, studies should consider whether individuals who are especially cue reactive consume larger everyday portion sizes and are overweight. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.027
Variability in the acute effect of exercise on appetite, energy intake, liking and wanting for food
G. FINLAYSON, E. BRYANT, N. KING, J. BLUNDELL. Biopsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. G.S.Finlayason@ leeds.ac.uk The efficacy of exercise as a method of weight loss varies from person to person. In some individuals, mechanisms may operate to oppose negative energy balance. Exercise may alter hedonic characteristics of food which could lead to changes in taste and food preferences. It is possible that as part of the compensatory appetite response, processes of food reward are modulated by exercise to preserve energy balance. Twenty-four females (BMI: 19–28 kg/m2) were recruited to take part in two experimental sessions, including 50-min high-intensity exercise (Ex) at 70% max HR or no exercise (NEx), separated by one week. A computer task was employed to measure liking (using palatability ratings) and implicit wanting (using forced-choice reaction time) for a range of photographic food stimuli. Sensations of appetite, measures liking and wanting were assessed before and after exercise manipulation and after ad libitum test-meal to measure energy intake (EI). There was large variability in relative EI (EIEx EINEx). These individual differences broadly fell into one of two groups: where EI was constant across conditions (Mean D 63.1 kcal772.1), or where EIEx was increased (Mean D 1411.7 kcal7221.5). Degree of compensation correlated with %body fat. Increased EIEx was associated with enhanced implicit wanting but not sensations of taste, liking or hunger. Modulation of implicit aspects of food reward may help explain the variable efficacy of exercise as a method of weight loss. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.029
The influence of cue exposure to high- and low-calorie food on body dissatisfaction in females
A.-K. FETT, P. LATTIMORE, A. ROEFS, A. JANSEN. Faculty of Psychology, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands. a.fett@ student.unimaas.nl The effects of cue exposure to high- and low-calorie food on body and weight satisfaction (BS, WS) were investigated in 73 females. Based on previous food cue exposure and intake studies, it was hypothesised that BS and WS would decrease following exposure to high in comparison to low-calorie food. Furthermore, moderating effects of body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and restraint were expected. Participants were stratified into three groups according to BMI and Restraint Scale scores (low o14, high 14+): (1) low restrained, low BMI (o25, LR-LBMI), (2) high restrained, low BMI (HR-LBMI), and (3) high restrained, high BMI (X25, HR-HBMI). Being randomly assigned to either the low or high calorie condition, participants were exposed to food cues for 6 min. Before and after the exposure BS and WS were assessed. Analysis was performed on the gain scores. Contrary to the hypothesis, the preliminary results indicate that exposure to high-calorie foods leads to an increase in BS and WS in LR-LBMI and HR-HBMI groups. Exposure to low-calorie food cues leads to increased BS and WS in the LR-LBMI group and decreased BS and WS in the HR-HBMI group. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.028
Dietary restraint modulates the effects of food cue exposure on body and weight dissatisfaction
N. GESCHWIND, A. ROEFS, A. JANSEN, A.-K. FETT, P. LATTIMORE, A. LAU. Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. [email protected] The influence of exposure to high- and low-caloric food cues on body and weight dissatisfaction was tested in 30 high- and 31 lowrestrained (LR) eaters. Body and weight satisfaction were measured before and after exposure to either high- or low-caloric food cues (between-subject design). Contrary to our prediction, there was no differential effect of high- and low-caloric food cues on high-restrained (HR) eaters’ body satisfaction. HR participants became more dissatisfied with their bodies in both exposure conditions, whereas LR participants became more satisfied with their bodies. Results for satisfaction with weight, however, were in line with our hypothesis. HR tended to become more dissatisfied with their weight after high-caloric exposure and less dissatisfied after low-caloric exposure, whereas LRs weight satisfaction remained unchanged. Taken together, our results suggest that HRs body image is more impaired by exposure to food cues than LRs body image. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.030