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Effects of food intake and food cue exposure on body and weight satisfaction: The moderating role of body mass index (BMI) and dietary restraint
ARTICLE IN PRESS 562
Abstracts / Appetite 50 (2008) 555–567
The influence of the glycaemic index of an evening meal on the glycaemic response to breakfast and subsequent cognitive performance in young adults
both digestive and cognitive influences on body and weight satisfaction, moderated by body mass index and restraint. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.044
D. LAMPORT, C.L. LAWTON, M. MANSFIELD, L. DYE. Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS29JT, UK. [email protected]. It has been reported that the glycaemic response to consumption of a high glycaemic index (GI) breakfast is higher after consuming a high GI evening meal compared to a low GI evening meal. However, no research has investigated how this ‘previous meal effect’ may influence cognitive performance. Eight young, healthy, male participants consumed a low GI and a high GI evening meal, in a counterbalanced order. In each condition, the following morning a high GI breakfast was consumed. Immediate recall, delayed recall, recognition, and attention were assessed before and after breakfast, and blood glucose was measured throughout. The blood glucose profiles following each meal were not significantly different between the high and low GI meals. However, there was an association between evening and morning glycaemic responses, with higher evening glycaemic responses being associated with higher morning glycaemic responses. Generally, there were no associations between GI and cognitive performance or between morning glycaemic response and cognitive performance. In conclusion, the glycaemic response to an evening meal can influence the glycaemic response to breakfast. This has implications for research investigating any associations between blood glucose, nutritional manipulations, and cognitive performance. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.043
Effects of food intake and food cue exposure on body and weight satisfaction: The moderating role of body mass index (BMI) and dietary restraint
P. LATTIMORE, A. ROEFS, A. JANSEN, A.-K FETT, N. GESCHWIND, A. LAU. School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK. p.j.lattimore@ ljmu.ac.uk High-calorie intake is associated with changes in state body satisfaction, and is moderated by dietary restraint and body mass index. This implies that food intake signals fear of overeating and weight increase in specific populations. Four experiments addressed aspects of this putative relationship by direct manipulation of energy intake and exposure to food cues. This enabled determination of whether digestive or cognitive factors cause changes in body and weight satisfaction. Females were randomly allocated either to food versus non-food conditions, or to lowcalorie versus high-calorie food cue exposure. Results: Study 1. Body satisfaction decreased after lunch intake compared to control, an effect more pronounced for overweight than lean participants. Study 2. Consumption of a disguised soup-load increased body satisfaction for overweight but decreased body satisfaction for lean participants; weight satisfaction decreased for lean participants. Study 3. Restrained eaters showed decreased body satisfaction after both cue exposure conditions compared to unrestrained eaters. Restrained eaters showed decreased weight satisfaction after high-calorie, compared to low-calorie exposure, in which weight satisfaction increased. Study 4. Body and weight satisfaction increased in lean unrestrained eaters after both exposure conditions; body and weight satisfaction decreased in overweight restrained eaters after low-calorie exposure and increased after high-calorie exposure. Findings partially support
Subjective appetite-reducing effects of a low-fat dairy product enriched in protein and fibre
A. LLUCH, M. GARSETTI, D. L’HEUREUX-BOURON, J. GARRY, V. LANG. Danone Research, Palaiseau Cedex, France. [email protected] Controlling the energy of the diet while maintaining satiety is a key strategy for weight management. One challenge for the food industry is to provide to the consumers healthy low-energy dense products, helping them to control their appetite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single serving of a marketed low-fat dairy yoghurt, enriched in protein and selected fibre, on subjective appetite. Twenty-four healthy female (mean age 28.7; mean BMI 24.7 kg/m2), non-dieters, participated in a randomised, cross-over study. Two hours after the consumption of a standardised breakfast (180 kcal), subjects were given, as a mid-morning snack, an isoenergetic serving (70 kcal) of either the test (6.5% protein, 2.4% fibre, 0.1% fat) or a control marketed yoghurt (2.3% protein, 0.1% fibre, 0.7% fat). Appetite sensations (e.g. hunger, fullness, desire to eat, prospective food consumption, satisfaction) were tracked over the morning. An integrated score of appetite was also calculated. Post-prandial appetite profiles were analysed by a repeated-measures ANOVA. Over the 2 h after consumption, the test yoghurt reduced all measures of appetite (including appetite score) more than the control yoghurt (po0.01). In conclusion, a low-fat yoghurt enriched in protein and selected fibre effectively reduced appetite in healthy subjects, which can be helpful for daily weight management. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.045
Keep it on: How complex diet rules prevent weight loss J. MATA, P.M. TODD, S. LIPPKE. Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany. [email protected] We investigated the impact that the cognitive complexity of diet rules has on adherence to weight loss diets. The underlying assumption guiding this research was that popular weight loss diets can fail at the individual level if they are too complicated from a cognitive point of view, meaning that dieters are not able to recall or apply all required information. The impact of excessive cognitive demands on diet compliance and dieters’ perception of diet rule complexity were investigated (1) from an environmental perspective, by analysing diet environments (i.e., diet rules in diet books), and (2) from the perspective of the dieter in an online-questionnaire. First results suggest that diets with more complex diet rules correlate with lower adherence rates from clinical trials examining popular weight loss diets. In our longitudinal study with more than 1200 participants who are trying to lose weight, we show that perceived difficulty reported at the first measurement point predicts quitting of the diet prematurely (i.e., before goal weight or time planned to be on diet are reached) at later points in time. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.046
Abstracts / Appetite 50 (2008) 555–567
The influence of the glycaemic index of an evening meal on the glycaemic response to breakfast and subsequent cognitive performance in young adults
both digestive and cognitive influences on body and weight satisfaction, moderated by body mass index and restraint. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.044
D. LAMPORT, C.L. LAWTON, M. MANSFIELD, L. DYE. Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS29JT, UK. [email protected]. It has been reported that the glycaemic response to consumption of a high glycaemic index (GI) breakfast is higher after consuming a high GI evening meal compared to a low GI evening meal. However, no research has investigated how this ‘previous meal effect’ may influence cognitive performance. Eight young, healthy, male participants consumed a low GI and a high GI evening meal, in a counterbalanced order. In each condition, the following morning a high GI breakfast was consumed. Immediate recall, delayed recall, recognition, and attention were assessed before and after breakfast, and blood glucose was measured throughout. The blood glucose profiles following each meal were not significantly different between the high and low GI meals. However, there was an association between evening and morning glycaemic responses, with higher evening glycaemic responses being associated with higher morning glycaemic responses. Generally, there were no associations between GI and cognitive performance or between morning glycaemic response and cognitive performance. In conclusion, the glycaemic response to an evening meal can influence the glycaemic response to breakfast. This has implications for research investigating any associations between blood glucose, nutritional manipulations, and cognitive performance. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.043
Effects of food intake and food cue exposure on body and weight satisfaction: The moderating role of body mass index (BMI) and dietary restraint
P. LATTIMORE, A. ROEFS, A. JANSEN, A.-K FETT, N. GESCHWIND, A. LAU. School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK. p.j.lattimore@ ljmu.ac.uk High-calorie intake is associated with changes in state body satisfaction, and is moderated by dietary restraint and body mass index. This implies that food intake signals fear of overeating and weight increase in specific populations. Four experiments addressed aspects of this putative relationship by direct manipulation of energy intake and exposure to food cues. This enabled determination of whether digestive or cognitive factors cause changes in body and weight satisfaction. Females were randomly allocated either to food versus non-food conditions, or to lowcalorie versus high-calorie food cue exposure. Results: Study 1. Body satisfaction decreased after lunch intake compared to control, an effect more pronounced for overweight than lean participants. Study 2. Consumption of a disguised soup-load increased body satisfaction for overweight but decreased body satisfaction for lean participants; weight satisfaction decreased for lean participants. Study 3. Restrained eaters showed decreased body satisfaction after both cue exposure conditions compared to unrestrained eaters. Restrained eaters showed decreased weight satisfaction after high-calorie, compared to low-calorie exposure, in which weight satisfaction increased. Study 4. Body and weight satisfaction increased in lean unrestrained eaters after both exposure conditions; body and weight satisfaction decreased in overweight restrained eaters after low-calorie exposure and increased after high-calorie exposure. Findings partially support
Subjective appetite-reducing effects of a low-fat dairy product enriched in protein and fibre
A. LLUCH, M. GARSETTI, D. L’HEUREUX-BOURON, J. GARRY, V. LANG. Danone Research, Palaiseau Cedex, France. [email protected] Controlling the energy of the diet while maintaining satiety is a key strategy for weight management. One challenge for the food industry is to provide to the consumers healthy low-energy dense products, helping them to control their appetite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single serving of a marketed low-fat dairy yoghurt, enriched in protein and selected fibre, on subjective appetite. Twenty-four healthy female (mean age 28.7; mean BMI 24.7 kg/m2), non-dieters, participated in a randomised, cross-over study. Two hours after the consumption of a standardised breakfast (180 kcal), subjects were given, as a mid-morning snack, an isoenergetic serving (70 kcal) of either the test (6.5% protein, 2.4% fibre, 0.1% fat) or a control marketed yoghurt (2.3% protein, 0.1% fibre, 0.7% fat). Appetite sensations (e.g. hunger, fullness, desire to eat, prospective food consumption, satisfaction) were tracked over the morning. An integrated score of appetite was also calculated. Post-prandial appetite profiles were analysed by a repeated-measures ANOVA. Over the 2 h after consumption, the test yoghurt reduced all measures of appetite (including appetite score) more than the control yoghurt (po0.01). In conclusion, a low-fat yoghurt enriched in protein and selected fibre effectively reduced appetite in healthy subjects, which can be helpful for daily weight management. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.045
Keep it on: How complex diet rules prevent weight loss J. MATA, P.M. TODD, S. LIPPKE. Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany. [email protected] We investigated the impact that the cognitive complexity of diet rules has on adherence to weight loss diets. The underlying assumption guiding this research was that popular weight loss diets can fail at the individual level if they are too complicated from a cognitive point of view, meaning that dieters are not able to recall or apply all required information. The impact of excessive cognitive demands on diet compliance and dieters’ perception of diet rule complexity were investigated (1) from an environmental perspective, by analysing diet environments (i.e., diet rules in diet books), and (2) from the perspective of the dieter in an online-questionnaire. First results suggest that diets with more complex diet rules correlate with lower adherence rates from clinical trials examining popular weight loss diets. In our longitudinal study with more than 1200 participants who are trying to lose weight, we show that perceived difficulty reported at the first measurement point predicts quitting of the diet prematurely (i.e., before goal weight or time planned to be on diet are reached) at later points in time. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.046