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Diffraction de le houle sur des obstacles à parois verticales
1034
Oceanographic Abstracts
period. This type of calcification appears to occur in a number o f Malacostraca. Calcium of the exocuticle seems to b e " bound," but that o f the interface is labile and apparently serves as a calcium (or alkaline) reserve, though this calcium does not appear to be resorbed prior to ecdysis. DALL W., 1965. Studies on the Physiology o f a Shrimp, Metapenaeussp.(Crustacea:Decapoda: Penaeidae) IV. Carbohydrate Metabolism. Aust. Jr. mar. freshw. Res., 16: 163-80. By use o f a closed recirculating system for carbon dioxide collection, it was found that the greater part of (14C) glucose, either fed or injected, appeared as 14CO2 within 24 hr. Up to 2~. was incorporated as polysaccharide. Extract of sensory-pore-complex did not affect xaC distribution but eyestalk ablation reduced 14CO2 output to about two-thirds, with a corresponding increase in body carbohydrate 14C. A small amount of the 14C was incorporated in both carbonate and non-carbonate fractions o f the cuticle. Eyestalk ablation caused a highly significant reduction in blood reducing substances, while sensory-pore extract caused a significant increase. Blood o f intermoult animals contained 39.2-42'0 ~g/ml glucosamine in plasma proteins, and 3.34-0 ~g/ml in cells, but in premoult animals plasma content fell to 10/~g/ml and cells increased to 72.3 tzg/ml. Eyestalk ablation reduced plasma glucosamine only, while sensory-pore-complex extract raised total blood glucosamine slightly. Glucosamine o f the epidermis increased 10-fold following eyestalk ablation. On the assumption that hexosamine comprises about one-third o f the total sugars in mucopolysaccharides, mucopolysaccharide: glycogen ratios were calculated as 1:1 for epidermis, but were 5-3 : 1 for digestive gland, due to epithelial mucins involved in digestion. Oxidation of (14C) glucose in Metapenaeus, Metapograpsus, and Hemigrapsus are compared, and it is suggested that glycogen does not play a major role in Metapenaeus, the animal being dependent on a sustained intake of food for both oxidative metabolism and chitin synthesis. " Moult-accelerating h o r m o n e " o f the sensory-pore-complex may be a hyperglycaemic hormone responsible for mobilization of body carbohydrates. It is suggested that an acid mucopolysaccharide is supplied by the blood to the epidermis as a chitin precursor, the source being blood amoebocytes. DALRYMPLEDON W., 1965. Calcium carbonate deposition associated with blue-green algal mats, Baffin Bay, Texas. PubL Inst. Mar. Sci., Port Aransas, 10: 187-200. A distinctive grain type, termed " algal micrite," is forming in association with blue-green algal mats in the Baffin Bay area. This grain type consists essentially o f microcrystalline aragonite intermeshed with mucilaginous organic material, and is believed to form by direct precipitation from super-saturated sea water within the lower zones o f the mat. The precipitation may be induced by bacterial decomposition o f the algal mat. DAUBERT A. et J. C. LEBRETON, 1965. Diffra=tion de le hoale sur des obstacles ~. parois verticales. La Houille Blanche, 20 (4) : 337-344. In a linear irrotational wave theory the forces are calculated which act on vertical-sided structures subjected to waves coming in from an infinite distance by determining the diffracting wave potential and adding it to the incident waves. This is accomplished in two phases, as follows : (t) Finding Green's function and (2) Determining the intensity o f the sources to distribute over the obstacle. Green's " influence" function represents the singular potential created by a source. The source intensity is determined by expressing obstable wall impermeability, which leads to a Fredholm integral equation. A numerical solution method for this equation was applied with an IBM 70 94 computer. The results were first compared with Havelock's analytical solution for a circular pier which confirmed the accuracy o f the numerical solution. DEFFEYES KENNETH S., 1965. Carbonate equilibria: a graphic and algebraic approach. Limnol. Oceanogr., l0 (3) : 412-426. Graphic solutions for a wide variety of problems in carbonate equilibrium can be obtained if one uses the total carbonate carbon and alkalinity as abscissa and ordinate. At any point on such a diagram the carbonate system is completely defined and the pH, carbon dioxide pressure, bicarbonate concentration, and carbonate concentration can be presented as contours. The diagrams can be prepared for systems which contain other buffers in addition to carbonate. On such diagrams, the addition or removal of CO2, HCO3 , COa =, acid, or base is a vector property. Diagrams have been prepared for systems that are buffered only by H + and O H - ions and by the carbonate species at 25C and 1 atm pressure. For solutions in equilibrium with calcite, the magnitude o f the alkalinity minus the calcium can also be contoured. An algebraic treatment that is equivalent to graphic solutions can be used either to obtain greater vrecision or to work with different equilibrium constants. Dos SANTOSFRANCO A., 1965. Relative accuracy o f some methods o f harmonic analysis o f tides. Int. Hydrogr. Rev., 42 (2): 149-158. The sets o f normal equations for the determination o f R cos r and R sin r were established according to the Horn (1960) method, taking into account 28 constituents. The matrices o f these systems both have very strong diagonal elements in comparison with others. Under these conditions we are o f the opinion that for an accuracy study it will be sufficient to consider the inverse matrices as diagonal matrices whose values are the inverse o f those o f the equations' diagonals, Since the values o f the data
Oceanographic Abstracts
period. This type of calcification appears to occur in a number o f Malacostraca. Calcium of the exocuticle seems to b e " bound," but that o f the interface is labile and apparently serves as a calcium (or alkaline) reserve, though this calcium does not appear to be resorbed prior to ecdysis. DALL W., 1965. Studies on the Physiology o f a Shrimp, Metapenaeussp.(Crustacea:Decapoda: Penaeidae) IV. Carbohydrate Metabolism. Aust. Jr. mar. freshw. Res., 16: 163-80. By use o f a closed recirculating system for carbon dioxide collection, it was found that the greater part of (14C) glucose, either fed or injected, appeared as 14CO2 within 24 hr. Up to 2~. was incorporated as polysaccharide. Extract of sensory-pore-complex did not affect xaC distribution but eyestalk ablation reduced 14CO2 output to about two-thirds, with a corresponding increase in body carbohydrate 14C. A small amount of the 14C was incorporated in both carbonate and non-carbonate fractions o f the cuticle. Eyestalk ablation caused a highly significant reduction in blood reducing substances, while sensory-pore extract caused a significant increase. Blood o f intermoult animals contained 39.2-42'0 ~g/ml glucosamine in plasma proteins, and 3.34-0 ~g/ml in cells, but in premoult animals plasma content fell to 10/~g/ml and cells increased to 72.3 tzg/ml. Eyestalk ablation reduced plasma glucosamine only, while sensory-pore-complex extract raised total blood glucosamine slightly. Glucosamine o f the epidermis increased 10-fold following eyestalk ablation. On the assumption that hexosamine comprises about one-third o f the total sugars in mucopolysaccharides, mucopolysaccharide: glycogen ratios were calculated as 1:1 for epidermis, but were 5-3 : 1 for digestive gland, due to epithelial mucins involved in digestion. Oxidation of (14C) glucose in Metapenaeus, Metapograpsus, and Hemigrapsus are compared, and it is suggested that glycogen does not play a major role in Metapenaeus, the animal being dependent on a sustained intake of food for both oxidative metabolism and chitin synthesis. " Moult-accelerating h o r m o n e " o f the sensory-pore-complex may be a hyperglycaemic hormone responsible for mobilization of body carbohydrates. It is suggested that an acid mucopolysaccharide is supplied by the blood to the epidermis as a chitin precursor, the source being blood amoebocytes. DALRYMPLEDON W., 1965. Calcium carbonate deposition associated with blue-green algal mats, Baffin Bay, Texas. PubL Inst. Mar. Sci., Port Aransas, 10: 187-200. A distinctive grain type, termed " algal micrite," is forming in association with blue-green algal mats in the Baffin Bay area. This grain type consists essentially o f microcrystalline aragonite intermeshed with mucilaginous organic material, and is believed to form by direct precipitation from super-saturated sea water within the lower zones o f the mat. The precipitation may be induced by bacterial decomposition o f the algal mat. DAUBERT A. et J. C. LEBRETON, 1965. Diffra=tion de le hoale sur des obstacles ~. parois verticales. La Houille Blanche, 20 (4) : 337-344. In a linear irrotational wave theory the forces are calculated which act on vertical-sided structures subjected to waves coming in from an infinite distance by determining the diffracting wave potential and adding it to the incident waves. This is accomplished in two phases, as follows : (t) Finding Green's function and (2) Determining the intensity o f the sources to distribute over the obstacle. Green's " influence" function represents the singular potential created by a source. The source intensity is determined by expressing obstable wall impermeability, which leads to a Fredholm integral equation. A numerical solution method for this equation was applied with an IBM 70 94 computer. The results were first compared with Havelock's analytical solution for a circular pier which confirmed the accuracy o f the numerical solution. DEFFEYES KENNETH S., 1965. Carbonate equilibria: a graphic and algebraic approach. Limnol. Oceanogr., l0 (3) : 412-426. Graphic solutions for a wide variety of problems in carbonate equilibrium can be obtained if one uses the total carbonate carbon and alkalinity as abscissa and ordinate. At any point on such a diagram the carbonate system is completely defined and the pH, carbon dioxide pressure, bicarbonate concentration, and carbonate concentration can be presented as contours. The diagrams can be prepared for systems which contain other buffers in addition to carbonate. On such diagrams, the addition or removal of CO2, HCO3 , COa =, acid, or base is a vector property. Diagrams have been prepared for systems that are buffered only by H + and O H - ions and by the carbonate species at 25C and 1 atm pressure. For solutions in equilibrium with calcite, the magnitude o f the alkalinity minus the calcium can also be contoured. An algebraic treatment that is equivalent to graphic solutions can be used either to obtain greater vrecision or to work with different equilibrium constants. Dos SANTOSFRANCO A., 1965. Relative accuracy o f some methods o f harmonic analysis o f tides. Int. Hydrogr. Rev., 42 (2): 149-158. The sets o f normal equations for the determination o f R cos r and R sin r were established according to the Horn (1960) method, taking into account 28 constituents. The matrices o f these systems both have very strong diagonal elements in comparison with others. Under these conditions we are o f the opinion that for an accuracy study it will be sufficient to consider the inverse matrices as diagonal matrices whose values are the inverse o f those o f the equations' diagonals, Since the values o f the data