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Discrimination performance of event-related potentials in the autonomic-based Concealed Information Test
Abstracts / International Journal of Psychophysiology 77 (2010) 239–287
clinical data about dynamics of conscious perception by neurological and psychological disease. We created algorithms of classification of functional states of the human-operator on the basis of the features of persons in the thresholds of perception and motor management in the virtual environment that has provided the speed and accuracy to the identification of stress, anxiety, level of vegetative regulation and difficulty of brain blood circulation.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.151
Non-medical treatment and evaluation of the autonomic nervous system of migraine patients Anda Kaulinaa, Evita Valevicab, Daina Voitaa,b, Juris Porozovsa Riga Teacher Training and Educational Management Academy, Riga, Latvia b Latvian University Institute of Cardiology, Riga, Latvia
285
non-medical treatment. Also, an insignificant result of decreased pain intensity and migraine attack frequency in the biofeedback period was stated. Mentioned outcomes were not found in the M1 group. Conclusions. Increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system for M1 patients was observed. Decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system for M2 patients and changed activity of the sympathetic nervous system was seen. It is suggested that it is possible to improve the sympatho-parasympathetic balance in migraine patients using the BFB training method. It was also found that the best average training period of BFB was 6 weeks for each person in the M2 group. The optimal training session lasted at least 20 min and would be performed 2–3 times weekly. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.152
a
Introduction. Migraine is a chronic neurologic syndrome characterized by recurrent headaches. It is stated that there is both hyperfunction and hypofunction of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in migraine patients. In many clinics all over the world, non-medical treatments are considered as an alternative or an additional method to pharmacological treatment for the reduction of frequency and severity of migraine attacks. One of these approaches is the biofeedback (BFB) method. BFB is a treatment technique in which people are trained to improve their health by using signals from their own bodies. The aim of this study was to detect the peculiarities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in migraine patients and to elaborate optimal biofeedback training methods. Methods. Data from 22 female migraine patients (18–22 years old) and 14 healthy, non-trained, age- and sex-matched control group persons without any other diseases were analysed. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (ABP) and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) were recorded continuously during physical rest, precontraction orientation reaction (10 s countdown), static muscular effort (handgrip), afterwork arterial occlusion (AO) on loaded extremity, and recovery period by Task Force Monitor device (CN Systems Medizintechnik, Austria). Handgrip (HG) was performed with 50% of maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC) by the dominant arm comfortably fixed on the support. The MVC was determined by applying a hydraulic dynamometer system securing optimal visual feedback control. The Biofeedback 2000 X-pert device (Schuhfried GmbH, Austria) was used for biofeedback trainings. Blood volume pulse amplitude (PVA) training of a. temporalis was used to optimize ANS function and reduce PVA (measurement of the difference between the highest and lowest values of the blood volume pulse (BVP) relative to the maximum recordable range). One session lasted for approximately 20–30 min and the patient was asked to maintain reduced PVA as long as possible during the session. Results. The migraine patients were divided in two groups (M1 and M2) according to HR and BRS at rest. At rest, 60% of all migraine patients (group M1) had significantly decreased HR compared to the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in HR between the M2 group and controls. The M1 group had statistically significant lower HR compared to the M2 group. Statistically significant differences in systolic blood pressure were found in the M2 group in comparison with the control and M1 groups. Statistically significant differences were not found in diastolic blood pressure dynamics in the analyzed groups. It was found that PVA training for a. temporalis significantly decreased medication use in the M2 group, as compared to the period before
Discrimination performance of event-related potentials in the autonomic-based Concealed Information Test Izumi Matsudaa, Hiroshi Nittonob, Tokihiro Ogawaa First Information Science Section, National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan b Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan a
Objective: The Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a psychophysiological method of detecting an examinee's knowledge about a crime by comparing physiological responses between one crimerelated item (critical item) and several control items (non-critical items). In Japan, the autonomic-based CIT has been largely applied to criminal investigations. On the other hand, many laboratory studies have shown that event-related potentials (ERPs) can be used as an effective measure of the CIT. In the present study, we simultaneously recorded ERPs and autonomic responses, using the standard protocol of the autonomic-based CIT, to examine whether ERPs could increase discrimination on performance in the autonomic-based CIT. Methods: Twenty participants were asked to perform one of two mock crime scenarios. They then received two CITs: One CIT was related to the mock crime in which they participated and the other CIT was related to the mock crime in which they did not participate. Each test had one critical and four non-critical items. The CIT consisted of five blocks. In each block, five items were presented verbally at a constant interval of 22 s in random order. Heart rate, skin conductance response, and EEG were recorded during the CITs. The EEG was re-referenced to the linked mastoids and filtered using a 0.1–30 Hz band-pass filter. First, ERP waveforms were calculated separately for critical and non-critical items. Then, the difference in waveforms between critical and non-critical items was calculated and the most positive peak between 400 and 1000 ms after item onset was determined at the Pz site. The mean amplitude of the 100-ms period around the peak was used as an ERP measure. For both autonomic and ERP measures, the distribution of the difference values was computed by the bootstrapping method, which was used for calculating the z-score of the difference between critical and non-critical items. Whether or not each participant knew what the critical item could have been was judged based on the z-scores, which had a threshold of 90% confidence interval. The discrimination performance by integrating multiple measures was calculated using the Bayesian discrimination (Allen et al., 1992) with the leaveone-out cross validation method. Results: The correct discrimination rates of ERP, heart rate and skin conductance response were.70,.70 and.75, respectively. The ERP measure could detect five participants who could not be detected by
286
Abstracts / International Journal of Psychophysiology 77 (2010) 239–287
autonomic measures. Performance observed by combining all measures was higher (.83) than that by the ERP alone or by the combined autonomic measures (.78). Conclusions: The results show that adding the ERP measure had an incremental validity in the autonomic-based CIT, even if the block is repeated only five times. The results also suggest that ERPs and autonomic measures may reflect different aspects of physiological responses to crime-related items. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.153
Vegetative reactions in participants of screening with different psychological and physiological features P.N. Ermakov, I.S. Dikiy Southern Federal University, Psychology Faculty, Rostov-on-Don, Russia The polygraph is a set of equipment that can be used in attempts to detect deception. Polygraph testing is used for a variety of purposes, such as event-specific investigations (e.g. after a crime), personnel screening, and pre-employment screening. Although the polygraph accurately measures a number of physiological activities, these activities do not reflect a single underlying process. Furthermore, the individual personality traits of the subjects, such as IQ, brain inter-hemisphere functional asymmetry, and temperament, can influence vegetative reactions reflecting lie manifestation. The objective is to reveal informative attributes of lie-detection in subjects with different psychological/ physiological features. Methods: 38 healthy crime-suspect subjects were lie-detected by means of the polygraph (with respiration, electro-dermal activity and heart rate being measured). Their nervous system and temperament properties, a type of sensor-motor asymmetry, and mode of thinking were tested as well. On the basis of the obtained results, all the subjects were divided into groups according to lateral organization profile, mode of thinking, and temperament and nervous system properties. Results: Informative attributes of lie-detection in subjects with different types of sensor-motor asymmetry, cognitive modes of thinking, and properties of the nervous system and temperament varied (p < 0.05). 1) The informative attribute of a lie in subjects with right-hand sensor-motor asymmetry and left-hand cognitive mode of information processing was characterized by slow breathing and an increase of skin conductivity amplitude. 2) The informative attribute of a lie in subjects with left-hand sensor-motor asymmetry and combined/ right-hand mode of information processing was the increased reaction time of skin conductivity. 3) Highly emotional subjects with an imbalance of nervous processes towards excitation had the most spontaneous and high-amplitude reactions of skin conductivity compared to the other tested subjects; this decreases the degree of validity of informative lie attributes. Conclusion: The findings of the present research can be used by polygraph-specialists in their occupational work for polygraph-data analysis, for designing various screening models taking into account psychological and psycho-physiological characteristics of the subjects, and for identifying errors and problems in the course of polygraph liedetection. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.154
Pupillometry in Myasthenia Gravis D. Tsiptsiosa, A. Tychalasa, C. Litharib, M. Nakoua, G. Zafeiridoua, V. Stergioua, A. Karvolasitoua a Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Greece b Laboratory of Medical Informatics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Introduction: Myasthenia gravis (MG) manifests clinically with symptoms related to the dysfunction of acetylcholine (Ach) synaptic transmission in the neuromuscular junction. However, there is evidence that in MG patients, cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS) is also affected (Tsiptsios et al., 2008). Pupillometry is a non-invasive method capable to identify cholinergic deficiency through pupil reaction to light stimuli in MG patients (Tsiptsios et al., 2008). The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Myasthenia Gravis (MG) on the Central Nervous System (CNS) and/or the smooth muscles of the iris through pupillometry. Methods: To further investigate this issue, 28 control subjects, and 28 patients who suffered from newly diagnosed MG, underwent a pupillometric study of the effects of single flash stimuli of 24.6 cd/m2 intensity and 20 ms duration. Results: A significant decrease in Amplitude (p < 0.001), Maximum Constriction Velocity (p < 0.001) and especially Maximum Constriction Acceleration with a perfect discrimination ability (AUC = 1, p < 0.001) was observed in the Myasthenic compared to the non-Myasthenic subjects. In contrast, no significant difference was observed in Baseline Pupil Radius (R1) and 3.5 secs Percentage Recovery-Redilatation (R%) (p = 0.051 and p = 0.517, respectively). Of the parameters that are studied, R1 and R% are governed mainly by the action of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) and the rest by the Parasympathetic Nervous System (ParNS), using Acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. Conclusion: The analysis of these parameters demonstrates that the SNS remains unaltered while the ParNS may be affected in MG. This post-synaptic cholinergic receptors' deficit may be central, within the CNS, or peripheral, related to the Neuromuscular Junction of the iris' sphincter. Reference Tsiptsios, D., Fotiou, D.F., Haidich, A.B., Brozou, G.C., Nakou, M., Giantselidis, C., Karlovasitou, A., Fotiou, F., 2008. Evaluation of pupil mobility in patients with myasthenia gravisElectromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 48 (5), 209–218 Jun-Jul.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.155
Eyeblink activities as a function of participants' position and task difficulty Toshiko Sugiyamaa, Yuka Matsudab, Sakiko Ogasawaraa, Hideoki Tadac Tohoku Fukushi University, Department of Nursing, Sendai, Japan b Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan c Hakuoh University, Department of Psychology, Oyama, Japan
a
Purpose: The main purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of participants' position (supine and sitting) on eyeblink activities, including some wave form features. Methods: 1) Participants: Nineteen students (9 males and 10 females) participated in this experiment. Averaged and standard deviation of participants' age is 21.7 ± 0.5 and all of them had normal or corrected normal vision. 2) Task: The Japanese version of the Reading Span Test (RST) was delivered to participants in order to
clinical data about dynamics of conscious perception by neurological and psychological disease. We created algorithms of classification of functional states of the human-operator on the basis of the features of persons in the thresholds of perception and motor management in the virtual environment that has provided the speed and accuracy to the identification of stress, anxiety, level of vegetative regulation and difficulty of brain blood circulation.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.151
Non-medical treatment and evaluation of the autonomic nervous system of migraine patients Anda Kaulinaa, Evita Valevicab, Daina Voitaa,b, Juris Porozovsa Riga Teacher Training and Educational Management Academy, Riga, Latvia b Latvian University Institute of Cardiology, Riga, Latvia
285
non-medical treatment. Also, an insignificant result of decreased pain intensity and migraine attack frequency in the biofeedback period was stated. Mentioned outcomes were not found in the M1 group. Conclusions. Increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system for M1 patients was observed. Decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system for M2 patients and changed activity of the sympathetic nervous system was seen. It is suggested that it is possible to improve the sympatho-parasympathetic balance in migraine patients using the BFB training method. It was also found that the best average training period of BFB was 6 weeks for each person in the M2 group. The optimal training session lasted at least 20 min and would be performed 2–3 times weekly. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.152
a
Introduction. Migraine is a chronic neurologic syndrome characterized by recurrent headaches. It is stated that there is both hyperfunction and hypofunction of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in migraine patients. In many clinics all over the world, non-medical treatments are considered as an alternative or an additional method to pharmacological treatment for the reduction of frequency and severity of migraine attacks. One of these approaches is the biofeedback (BFB) method. BFB is a treatment technique in which people are trained to improve their health by using signals from their own bodies. The aim of this study was to detect the peculiarities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in migraine patients and to elaborate optimal biofeedback training methods. Methods. Data from 22 female migraine patients (18–22 years old) and 14 healthy, non-trained, age- and sex-matched control group persons without any other diseases were analysed. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (ABP) and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) were recorded continuously during physical rest, precontraction orientation reaction (10 s countdown), static muscular effort (handgrip), afterwork arterial occlusion (AO) on loaded extremity, and recovery period by Task Force Monitor device (CN Systems Medizintechnik, Austria). Handgrip (HG) was performed with 50% of maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC) by the dominant arm comfortably fixed on the support. The MVC was determined by applying a hydraulic dynamometer system securing optimal visual feedback control. The Biofeedback 2000 X-pert device (Schuhfried GmbH, Austria) was used for biofeedback trainings. Blood volume pulse amplitude (PVA) training of a. temporalis was used to optimize ANS function and reduce PVA (measurement of the difference between the highest and lowest values of the blood volume pulse (BVP) relative to the maximum recordable range). One session lasted for approximately 20–30 min and the patient was asked to maintain reduced PVA as long as possible during the session. Results. The migraine patients were divided in two groups (M1 and M2) according to HR and BRS at rest. At rest, 60% of all migraine patients (group M1) had significantly decreased HR compared to the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in HR between the M2 group and controls. The M1 group had statistically significant lower HR compared to the M2 group. Statistically significant differences in systolic blood pressure were found in the M2 group in comparison with the control and M1 groups. Statistically significant differences were not found in diastolic blood pressure dynamics in the analyzed groups. It was found that PVA training for a. temporalis significantly decreased medication use in the M2 group, as compared to the period before
Discrimination performance of event-related potentials in the autonomic-based Concealed Information Test Izumi Matsudaa, Hiroshi Nittonob, Tokihiro Ogawaa First Information Science Section, National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan b Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan a
Objective: The Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a psychophysiological method of detecting an examinee's knowledge about a crime by comparing physiological responses between one crimerelated item (critical item) and several control items (non-critical items). In Japan, the autonomic-based CIT has been largely applied to criminal investigations. On the other hand, many laboratory studies have shown that event-related potentials (ERPs) can be used as an effective measure of the CIT. In the present study, we simultaneously recorded ERPs and autonomic responses, using the standard protocol of the autonomic-based CIT, to examine whether ERPs could increase discrimination on performance in the autonomic-based CIT. Methods: Twenty participants were asked to perform one of two mock crime scenarios. They then received two CITs: One CIT was related to the mock crime in which they participated and the other CIT was related to the mock crime in which they did not participate. Each test had one critical and four non-critical items. The CIT consisted of five blocks. In each block, five items were presented verbally at a constant interval of 22 s in random order. Heart rate, skin conductance response, and EEG were recorded during the CITs. The EEG was re-referenced to the linked mastoids and filtered using a 0.1–30 Hz band-pass filter. First, ERP waveforms were calculated separately for critical and non-critical items. Then, the difference in waveforms between critical and non-critical items was calculated and the most positive peak between 400 and 1000 ms after item onset was determined at the Pz site. The mean amplitude of the 100-ms period around the peak was used as an ERP measure. For both autonomic and ERP measures, the distribution of the difference values was computed by the bootstrapping method, which was used for calculating the z-score of the difference between critical and non-critical items. Whether or not each participant knew what the critical item could have been was judged based on the z-scores, which had a threshold of 90% confidence interval. The discrimination performance by integrating multiple measures was calculated using the Bayesian discrimination (Allen et al., 1992) with the leaveone-out cross validation method. Results: The correct discrimination rates of ERP, heart rate and skin conductance response were.70,.70 and.75, respectively. The ERP measure could detect five participants who could not be detected by
286
Abstracts / International Journal of Psychophysiology 77 (2010) 239–287
autonomic measures. Performance observed by combining all measures was higher (.83) than that by the ERP alone or by the combined autonomic measures (.78). Conclusions: The results show that adding the ERP measure had an incremental validity in the autonomic-based CIT, even if the block is repeated only five times. The results also suggest that ERPs and autonomic measures may reflect different aspects of physiological responses to crime-related items. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.153
Vegetative reactions in participants of screening with different psychological and physiological features P.N. Ermakov, I.S. Dikiy Southern Federal University, Psychology Faculty, Rostov-on-Don, Russia The polygraph is a set of equipment that can be used in attempts to detect deception. Polygraph testing is used for a variety of purposes, such as event-specific investigations (e.g. after a crime), personnel screening, and pre-employment screening. Although the polygraph accurately measures a number of physiological activities, these activities do not reflect a single underlying process. Furthermore, the individual personality traits of the subjects, such as IQ, brain inter-hemisphere functional asymmetry, and temperament, can influence vegetative reactions reflecting lie manifestation. The objective is to reveal informative attributes of lie-detection in subjects with different psychological/ physiological features. Methods: 38 healthy crime-suspect subjects were lie-detected by means of the polygraph (with respiration, electro-dermal activity and heart rate being measured). Their nervous system and temperament properties, a type of sensor-motor asymmetry, and mode of thinking were tested as well. On the basis of the obtained results, all the subjects were divided into groups according to lateral organization profile, mode of thinking, and temperament and nervous system properties. Results: Informative attributes of lie-detection in subjects with different types of sensor-motor asymmetry, cognitive modes of thinking, and properties of the nervous system and temperament varied (p < 0.05). 1) The informative attribute of a lie in subjects with right-hand sensor-motor asymmetry and left-hand cognitive mode of information processing was characterized by slow breathing and an increase of skin conductivity amplitude. 2) The informative attribute of a lie in subjects with left-hand sensor-motor asymmetry and combined/ right-hand mode of information processing was the increased reaction time of skin conductivity. 3) Highly emotional subjects with an imbalance of nervous processes towards excitation had the most spontaneous and high-amplitude reactions of skin conductivity compared to the other tested subjects; this decreases the degree of validity of informative lie attributes. Conclusion: The findings of the present research can be used by polygraph-specialists in their occupational work for polygraph-data analysis, for designing various screening models taking into account psychological and psycho-physiological characteristics of the subjects, and for identifying errors and problems in the course of polygraph liedetection. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.154
Pupillometry in Myasthenia Gravis D. Tsiptsiosa, A. Tychalasa, C. Litharib, M. Nakoua, G. Zafeiridoua, V. Stergioua, A. Karvolasitoua a Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Greece b Laboratory of Medical Informatics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Introduction: Myasthenia gravis (MG) manifests clinically with symptoms related to the dysfunction of acetylcholine (Ach) synaptic transmission in the neuromuscular junction. However, there is evidence that in MG patients, cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS) is also affected (Tsiptsios et al., 2008). Pupillometry is a non-invasive method capable to identify cholinergic deficiency through pupil reaction to light stimuli in MG patients (Tsiptsios et al., 2008). The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Myasthenia Gravis (MG) on the Central Nervous System (CNS) and/or the smooth muscles of the iris through pupillometry. Methods: To further investigate this issue, 28 control subjects, and 28 patients who suffered from newly diagnosed MG, underwent a pupillometric study of the effects of single flash stimuli of 24.6 cd/m2 intensity and 20 ms duration. Results: A significant decrease in Amplitude (p < 0.001), Maximum Constriction Velocity (p < 0.001) and especially Maximum Constriction Acceleration with a perfect discrimination ability (AUC = 1, p < 0.001) was observed in the Myasthenic compared to the non-Myasthenic subjects. In contrast, no significant difference was observed in Baseline Pupil Radius (R1) and 3.5 secs Percentage Recovery-Redilatation (R%) (p = 0.051 and p = 0.517, respectively). Of the parameters that are studied, R1 and R% are governed mainly by the action of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) and the rest by the Parasympathetic Nervous System (ParNS), using Acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. Conclusion: The analysis of these parameters demonstrates that the SNS remains unaltered while the ParNS may be affected in MG. This post-synaptic cholinergic receptors' deficit may be central, within the CNS, or peripheral, related to the Neuromuscular Junction of the iris' sphincter. Reference Tsiptsios, D., Fotiou, D.F., Haidich, A.B., Brozou, G.C., Nakou, M., Giantselidis, C., Karlovasitou, A., Fotiou, F., 2008. Evaluation of pupil mobility in patients with myasthenia gravisElectromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 48 (5), 209–218 Jun-Jul.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.155
Eyeblink activities as a function of participants' position and task difficulty Toshiko Sugiyamaa, Yuka Matsudab, Sakiko Ogasawaraa, Hideoki Tadac Tohoku Fukushi University, Department of Nursing, Sendai, Japan b Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan c Hakuoh University, Department of Psychology, Oyama, Japan
a
Purpose: The main purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of participants' position (supine and sitting) on eyeblink activities, including some wave form features. Methods: 1) Participants: Nineteen students (9 males and 10 females) participated in this experiment. Averaged and standard deviation of participants' age is 21.7 ± 0.5 and all of them had normal or corrected normal vision. 2) Task: The Japanese version of the Reading Span Test (RST) was delivered to participants in order to