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Distillery waste toxicity: Metabolic dysfunctioning in nine freshwater teleosts
Toxicology
Letters,
179
8 (1981) 179-186
Elsevier/North-Holland
Biomedical
DISTILLERY WASTE NINE FRESHWATER
Press
TOXICITY: TELEOSTS
METABOLIC
DYSFUNCTIONING
IN
S.A. SHAFFI
Department of Science, Regional College of Education (NCERT), Bhopal-462 013 (India) (Received
November
(Revision
received
(Accepted
January
lOth, 1980) January
7th, 1981)
9th, 1981)
SUMMARY An inverse relationship
was recorded
and liver and muscle glycogen increased catfish
industrial or murrels.
effluent
between the concentrations
depletion concentrations.
The effect of effluent
of the fish studied. Changes addition
of distillery
Serum glucose
were more marked
upon water quality
waste (5, 10, 15,20 ppm)
and lactate
in major
levels rose with
carp species than in
is recorded.
INTRODUCTION
Increased ambient levels of environmental standards, and mortality in aquatic animals
pollutants may exceed FAO/WHO may result from accumulation and
interference with various metabolic processes [l-3, 6-8, 10-12, 14-161. The effects of electroplating waste on tissue glycogen and on serum glucose and lactate levels in 9 freshwater teleosts have already been reported [14]. The present study have been undertaken with the same species on distillery waste, which is acidic in nature MATERIALS
and contains
appreciable
quantities
of hydrogen
sulphide
and sulphides.
AND METHODS
Mature C. mrigala, L. rohita, C. catla, C. batrachus, H. fossilis, M. seenghala, C. striatus, C. punctatus and C. marulius, 18-20 cm, were obtained locally and acclimatized in the laboratory for 7 days. Ten of each species were killed for estimation of liver, muscle, brain and kidney glycogen. Serum glucose and lactate were determined. Equal numbers of fish were kept in different concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm) of distillery waste (collected from a local distillery) for 3.5 h. After exposure, tissue glycogen levels and serum glucose and lactate were determined [8-121. Equal numbers of control fish were kept in water without added 0378-4274/81/0000-0000/$02.50
CG ElsevierINorth-Holland
Biomedical
Press
180
distillery
waste.
pH,
ammoniacal
nitrogen,
chloride,
oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand determined as described elsewhere [ 14, 171.
carbon
and
dioxide,
dissolved
chemical
oxygen
were
RESULTS
A thin mucous
layer was formed
in all fish exposed
to distillery
waste,
in the opercular region. The fish seemed restless and came to the surface The results are presented in Tables I-VI.
notably
frequently.
DISCUSSION
Alterations in various physicochemical parameters of the water is the result of a reaction between the fish and the environment which decreased the adaptation capabilities and survival times by increased toxicity of the solution [2, 5, 14, 17, 191. The acidic nature of the waste and the presence of various sulphides might have enhanced the process of tissue acidosis that caused the viscera1 glycogenolysis and accumulation of glucose and lactate in serum. The differential response of the viscera may be related to the biochemical organisation and accumulation of the pollutant
TABLE
[4, 13, 181.
I
ANALYSIS WASTE
OF
ADDED
SOME
PHYSICOCHEMICAL
AND WASTE-DISCHARGED
Physicochemical
Control
parameters
water
PH Chloride
Dissolved Carbon
oxygen dioxide
B.O.D. C.O.D.
3Values expressed
CONTROL,
10 ppm
DISTILLERY
TREATMENT
water
Waste15 ppm
7.8
7.2
6.5
5.9
+ 0.5
i 0.4
+ 0.4
15.0a
nitrogen
5 ppm
IN
WITHOUT
? 0.5 i 1.2 Ammoniacal
Experimental
PARAMETERS WATER
29.2
41.4
62.4
f 3.8
k 8.1
+ 7.6
0.23
0.69
2.30
3.94
i 0.03
+ 0.09
* 0.26
k 0.59
20 ppm
discharged water
5.1 i
0.3
4.6 *
0.5
88.1
124.0
i-
9.4
* 10.2
+
0.70
5.96
7.88 2
0.68
7.2
6.9
6.4
5.1
k 0.6
k 0.7
i 0.5
+ 0.6
i
0.7
*
0.4
Nil
2.4 f 0.7
4.3 zk 0.5
9.1 i 0.7
i
14.5 1.2
k
20.2 2.4
3.2
10.4
32.8
60.4
i 0.4
* 2.0
i 1.9
i 6.7
4.3
+
3.1
90.4
150.0
8.9
+ 11.1
11.5
24.4
43.1
92.8
140.5
220.5
+ 0.9
rt 1.8
k 8.2
k 9.8
+ 12.8
+ 16.2
in mg/l except pH are mean + SE of 10 replicates.
181
TABLE
II
CHANGES
IN
TISSUE
CATION-MAJOR Tissue
GLYCOGEN
CONTENT
DUE
TO
DISTILLERY
15
20
WASTE
INTOXI-
CARPS Control
Distillery
% of fall
waste (ppm) 10
5 C. mrigala 4954.3
4438.1
3823.1
2146.5
1058.4
+ 248.1
i 360.7
+ 188.9
+ 124.0
f 78.7
Liver
3384.1
Muscle
f 184.2 Brain
2026.8 k
64.0
1240.4 + 105.3
Kidney
1480.5 f
64.0
860.5 f
49.0
2648.1 k 110.5 1784.1 f
81.5
982.1 *
38.4
t f
1238.2 f
94.4
f
1948.4
1462.1
84.9
f 49.5
920.4
568.2
39.4
f 36.4
606.2
404.1
98.2
f 24.1
78.63 56.79 54.19 53.04
L. rohita
4438.2
4056.8
3530.9
2846.8
1426.3
+ 198.1
+ 210.6
k 134.8
+ 182.4
+ 52.1
Liver Muscle
2984.1 k 105.8
Brain + Kidney f
2640.1 +
78.9
1105.3
1324.9
98.4
z!z 69.8
760.4
994.5
58.7
zk 58.4
2384.1 +
20.3
2042.1 +
1498.1 k
92.8
f
16.2
+
48.39
99.7
+ 76.1
724. I
424. I + 39.4
61.63
540.5
429.1
43.56
38.1
t 28.1
44.1
1024.2 f
1540.1
67.86
C. catla Liver Muscle
4324.5
3994.1
3410.2
2210.4
849.9
k 308.1
+ 208.1
k 236.4
+ 164.8
+ 59.6
2750.1 k 205.1
Brain
1020.1 *
Kidney
Values bg/g
2510.2 +
90.4
68.8
2048.8
1756.9
1024.1
+ 172.1
f 124.1
+ 62.4
1236.3 +
11.4
1458.2 *
70.4
t
810.2
380.1
48.2
+ 39.4
694.5
758.3
898.1
524.3
330.1
38.4
64.2
58.1
38.4
28.1
wet wt. tissue) are mean k SE of 10 replicates.
80.36 62.75 62.73 52.45
TABLE
III
CHANGES
IN
TISSUE
GL.YCOGEN
CONTENT
DUI
TO
DISTII.I.K\i
MASTL-
INTOXI-
CATION-CATFISH Tissue
Control
Distillery
waste (ppm) IO
5
~‘0
15
of fall
20
c‘. hatruchus Liver
2728.X * 124.3
Muscle
i
1756.4 t
92.5
Brain
42.1
Kidney
38.9
1750.3
1424.1
k 105.6
? 95.4
t 64.1
76.3
i
838.7 2
506. I f
2418.6
98.1 1524.1
i
672. I i
2410.5
56.3
+
624. I i
38.1
i
47.1x
1248.5
984. I
724. I
98.4
k 68.9
+ 70.5
996.4
520.6
340.5
49.8
i 48.5
+ 28.1
788.3
436.4
324.
52.4
+_96.1
* 40.1
5x.77 49.33
I
35.94
H. fossilrs Liver
2484. I
2184.3
+ 104.1
k 138.4
Muscle
1596.4 f
9x.4
Brain
1328.1 *
524. I +
Kidney
50.4 29.1
84.2
k
674. I t
39.4
460. I i
t
k
598.4 +
29.4
+
1866.7
1624.3
1354.1
98.5
i 82.1
+ 38.2
1148.5
956.4
706.2
76.8
i 48.5
? 52.4
884.2
472.1
240.4
68.4
+ 29.1
f 18.‘)
704.8
328. I
262. I
59.2
+- 28.1
+ 36.1
45.48 55.75 54.12 43.04
IM. seenghala Liver
2348. I i 196.1
Muscle
1394.1 i
Brain
87.1
Kidney
50.3 38.2
1746.3
1250.4
* 103.4
t 15.5
34.3
t
691.7 k
394. I t
46.3 1184.1
i
594.1 *
Values (pg/g
2105. I k
42.4
+
506.9 i
37.1
2
884. I
924.5
689.2
376.2
88.4
k 68.1
f 38.5
85X.2
504.1
205.1
62.4
k 42.4
i 19.2
624.8
308.1
194.4
28.3
+ 30.1
k 24.3
wet wt. tissue) are mean i SE of 10 replicates
62.34
i 40.5 73.01 65.48 50.66
TABLE
IV
CHANGE
IN TISSUE
GLYCOGEN
CONTENT
DUE TO DISTILLERY
WASTE
INTOXICATION-
MURRELS Tissue
Control
Distillery 5
% of fall
waste (ppm) 10
20
15
C. slriatus Liver
3454.1
3124.8
2650.1
2058.1
1630.0
+ 124.8
?z 176.1
i 105.4
t 156.1
f 89.5
Muscle
2248.2 k 184.9
Brain
954.4 *
56.3
Kidney
98.0
38.4
C. puncralus Liver
84.1 52.1
3148.5
2784.5 + 109.3
2240.1 98.1 864.2
+
k
39.8
+
Kidney
42.0
39.2
64.5
43.5
42.8
k
2310.6 +
98.4
f
1730.2 +
59.4
+
1256.4 f
82.3
698.1 +
+
824.1 ?
1024.9
574.9 k
98.4
+
1183.4 k
1956.1
f Brain
76.4
709.2 i-
+ 206.8 Muscle
k
1096.1 t
609.2 f
1724.1
2016.3 k
!I
768.4 i
52.1
f
1396.4
1029.1
86.8
t 64.3
724.8
405.1
52.3
+ 29.3
524.1
306.1
40.1
k 18.9
1936.4
1648.3
72.0
i 82.4
1424.2
1096.1
84.1
+ 77.1
658.4
424.1
49.5
+ 28.3
506.1
258.9
38.2
+ 21.3
52.80 54.22 57.55 49.74
49.74 51.06 50.91 54.96
C. marulius Liver Muscle
2856.4
2484.3
t 154.8
k 106.3
2039.4 k
Brain
1836.2 t
796.1 +
Kidney
65.5 48.5
94.3 41.5 42.1
f
80.3
*
984.7 +
636.8 k
76.8 1606.2
i
858.4 f
524.1 k
Values &g/g
94.3
2138.1 k
39.4
+
784.2 i
48.3
wet wt. tissue) are mean i SE of 10 replicated.
k
1798.4
1236.4
54.4
+ 84.1
1310.9
864.1
70.5
k 58.2
606.3
324.1
42.4
f 38.9
478.1
296.4
30.1
k 32.1
56.71 57.62 59.28 43.44
184
TABLE
V
CHANGES
IN SERUM
GLUCOSE
LEVEL
DUE
TO
DISTILLERY
WASTE
‘TOXICITY
-NINE
TELEOSTS Name
of the
Control
fish
Rise in
waste (ppm) 10
5
Major
-fold
20
15
carps
f.. rohilo C.
Distillery
mrigala
C. cat/a
H. fossilis M. seenghala
1305.1
1640.3
t 48.5
c 66.3
1034. I -+39.1
1756.1
2758.1
3740.6
+ 72.1
I 105.4
t 240.1
i
2482.2
3156.4
3813.7
94.0
+ 138.2
+ 124.1
888.4
1356.5
2856.6
* 36.5
z+z58.5
2 178.1
572.2
640.3
i 36.4
* 28.1
705.4
784.1
* 54.5
i 69.5
490.1
574.1
+ 62.1
+ 43.2
99.3
49.5
924.
I
884.5 +
72.8 948.2
i
68.1
36.4
1206.3 1519.5
49.1
2.3
32.1 1.7
_t 56.1
1238.3 -f
4.9
194.0
1316.2 2
I
1024.
rt
i
I
79.8
4.1
310.5 4353.5
3516.1 i
796.4 +
4640.1
i
2.9
3.1
zk 74.1
MUUdS
C. striatus C. punctatus C. ~uruiiu.~
Value (&ml
402.3
548.9
698.4
i 38.1
i 25.1
-t- 60.4
506.3
634.3
+ 29.1
* 46.4
362.4
474.1
i 30.2
+ 29.1
124.4 +
805.1 +
46.4
894.
2
694.8 t
38.1
serum) are mean It SE of 10 replicates.
965.4
39.4
-i
1063.2
I
70.1
t
39.1
i
2.1
81.1 1087.2
806.3 F
2.4
52.1
62.7
3.0
185
TABLE
VI
CHANGES
IN SERUM
LACTATE
LEVEL
DUE
TO DISTILLERY
WASTE
INTOXICATION-
NINE TELEOSTS Name of the
Control
fish Major
Distillery
Rise in
waste (ppm)
-fold
5
10
15
20
184.5 k 23.1
324.8 * 41.3
594.2 + 52.3
887.9 + 62.1
9.3 8.5
carps
L. rohita C. mrigala C. mrigala
95.4 + 120.1 120.1
258.1
526.1
784.5
1021 .o
+
18.3
k 16.3
+ 38.3
+ 60.4
+ 74.1
89.1
194.3
394.8
696.4
1069.2
+
22.1
zk 20.4
k 29.4
+ 70.1
+ 44.1
C. catla
12.0
Catfish C. batrachus f
H. fossilis +
M. seenghala
41.3
84.3
139.4
194.5
240.0
9.1
k 12.1
i 24.8
t 16.4
k 98.0
38.1
79.8 k 10.4
122.3 * 20.1
160.1 t 14.2
230.6 k 25.1
6.2 10.2
8.0 32.1
+
7.0
*
60.3
174.1
240.1
326.9
9.3
k 21.8
c 30.0
k 21.0
5.8
Murrels C. striatus *
C. punctaius +
C. marulius +Values (pg/ml
serum)
68.4
98.3
194.3
292.1
417.3
7.0
k 18.2
k 24.1
f 32.1
t 32.4
60.8
106.4
198.4
262.1
324.6
7.0
i 22.1
t 19.1
k 27.1
f 20.1
48.2
89.4
148.2
240.4
395.5
9.0
i 11.3
* 14.1
k 18.9
+ 42.1
are mean k SE of 10 replicates.
6.1 5.5 8.2
186
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author is grateful to Prof. J.S. Rajput, Dr. G.K. Lehri and Dr. C.K. Asoke Kumar for encouragement and critical reading of the manuscript. REFERENCES
I D.G.
Burton,
Jones,
Confirmation
A.H.
and J. Cairns,
of the hypothesis
1463-1466. 2 G.M. Huges,
Respiratory
3 S.D. Lewis and W.M.
responses
catfish
Ictalurus
Mitchell;
Trans.
Am. Fish. Sot.,
trout
Effect
(Saltno
to hypoxia
punctatus,
of dissolved
gairdneri
Lockwood London,
dioxide, (Ed,),
oxygen
Effects
of industrial
Shaffi,
teleosts,
Change,
Curr.
8 S.A. Shaffi,
concentrations
and the toxicity
and
responses
phenol
with
on Aquatic
Preliminary
waste,
Curr.
crysoleucas
of several
poisons
to rainbow
reference
Organisms,
to water
oxygen,
balance,
Vol. 2, Cambridge
in A.P.
University
Pre\a,
observations
on the pollution
Curr.
content
due to cadmium
in tissue glycogen
Biochemical
content,
compartmentation
Lett.,
Shaffi,
Lead toxicity;
Toxicol.
freshwater
serum
lactate
and glucose
ievel\ due to copper
of fish tissues,
I. Energy fishes,
reserve
and
II. Accumulation
its metabolic of metabolic
toxicity
biochemical
to fresh water
fishes, Toxicol.
and physiological
non-specific
Lclt.,
4 (1979) 31-37.
phorphomonoeiterasef
in
Lett., 4 (1979) 155-162.
Biochemical
Experientia,
Shaffi,
in three
3 (1978) 319-323.
I I S.A. Shaffi, The acute heptachlor
in brain,
intoxication
Sci., 47 (1978) 954-956.
Toxicol.
13 S.A. Shaffi,
of the Ricer Kali caused b!
Sci., 29 (1960) 310-311.
in tissue glycogen
Variations
Shaffi,
products,
14 S.A.
of blood serum of the
Notemigorus
by fresh water fish to low dissolved
particular
products, Acta Physiol., 52 (1978) 435-440. 10 S.A. Shaffi, Effect of Lint intoxication on rome fresh water
brain,
shiner,
Sci., 47 (1978) 868-870.
intoxication,
12 S.A.
29 (1972)
13 (1973) 475-489.
on the osmelality
golden
gairdneri).
1976, pp. 47-69.
the eftluents
9 S.A.
and
(S&no
J. Exp. Biol., 38 (1961) 447--455.
of Pollution
6 S.Z. Qasim and R.H. Siddiqui, 7 S.A.
in fish; Am. Zool.,
trout
J. Fish. Bd. Can.,
100 (1971) 639-643.
Richardsen), ammonia,
to rainbow
to tissue hyposia,
Rafinesque
5 R. Lloyd and D.J. Swift, Some physiological high carbon
zinc toxicity
is related
Lewis, The effect of zinc and copper
channel 4 R. Lloyd,
Acute
that death
compartmentation
of fish tissues,
11. Non-specific
phosphomonoestera\e\
35 (1979) 1280-1282.
The acute
industrial
effluent
toxicity
to freshwater
fishes,
Toriicol.
I.ett.,
5 (1980)
183-190. 15 S.A. Shaffi, content, 16 S.A.
Effect
Ann.
of zinc intoxication
Limnol.,
Shaffi,
Thiodon
on some fresh water
fishes,
1. Variatiotls
in tissue glqcogcn
16 (1980) 91--97. toxicity;
Toxicol. Lett., 6 (1980) 339-348. 17 S.A. Shaffi, Ammonia toxicity:
non-specific Metabolic
phosphomonocsterase\ disorder
in nine freshwater
in nine
freshwater
tcleosts,
Toxicol.
teleosls,
I ett., 6
(1980) 349-356. 18 S.A.
Shaffi,
Physiol.
Biochemical
Bohem.,
compartmentation
19 C.M. Weiss and J.L. Booth, Factors Waste,
of fish tissue\,
111. Gluconeogenic
enzymes
in brain,
1981, in press.
29 (1967) 810-81X.
affecting
the response
of fish to toxic material,
Sewage,
Indust.
Letters,
179
8 (1981) 179-186
Elsevier/North-Holland
Biomedical
DISTILLERY WASTE NINE FRESHWATER
Press
TOXICITY: TELEOSTS
METABOLIC
DYSFUNCTIONING
IN
S.A. SHAFFI
Department of Science, Regional College of Education (NCERT), Bhopal-462 013 (India) (Received
November
(Revision
received
(Accepted
January
lOth, 1980) January
7th, 1981)
9th, 1981)
SUMMARY An inverse relationship
was recorded
and liver and muscle glycogen increased catfish
industrial or murrels.
effluent
between the concentrations
depletion concentrations.
The effect of effluent
of the fish studied. Changes addition
of distillery
Serum glucose
were more marked
upon water quality
waste (5, 10, 15,20 ppm)
and lactate
in major
levels rose with
carp species than in
is recorded.
INTRODUCTION
Increased ambient levels of environmental standards, and mortality in aquatic animals
pollutants may exceed FAO/WHO may result from accumulation and
interference with various metabolic processes [l-3, 6-8, 10-12, 14-161. The effects of electroplating waste on tissue glycogen and on serum glucose and lactate levels in 9 freshwater teleosts have already been reported [14]. The present study have been undertaken with the same species on distillery waste, which is acidic in nature MATERIALS
and contains
appreciable
quantities
of hydrogen
sulphide
and sulphides.
AND METHODS
Mature C. mrigala, L. rohita, C. catla, C. batrachus, H. fossilis, M. seenghala, C. striatus, C. punctatus and C. marulius, 18-20 cm, were obtained locally and acclimatized in the laboratory for 7 days. Ten of each species were killed for estimation of liver, muscle, brain and kidney glycogen. Serum glucose and lactate were determined. Equal numbers of fish were kept in different concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm) of distillery waste (collected from a local distillery) for 3.5 h. After exposure, tissue glycogen levels and serum glucose and lactate were determined [8-121. Equal numbers of control fish were kept in water without added 0378-4274/81/0000-0000/$02.50
CG ElsevierINorth-Holland
Biomedical
Press
180
distillery
waste.
pH,
ammoniacal
nitrogen,
chloride,
oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand determined as described elsewhere [ 14, 171.
carbon
and
dioxide,
dissolved
chemical
oxygen
were
RESULTS
A thin mucous
layer was formed
in all fish exposed
to distillery
waste,
in the opercular region. The fish seemed restless and came to the surface The results are presented in Tables I-VI.
notably
frequently.
DISCUSSION
Alterations in various physicochemical parameters of the water is the result of a reaction between the fish and the environment which decreased the adaptation capabilities and survival times by increased toxicity of the solution [2, 5, 14, 17, 191. The acidic nature of the waste and the presence of various sulphides might have enhanced the process of tissue acidosis that caused the viscera1 glycogenolysis and accumulation of glucose and lactate in serum. The differential response of the viscera may be related to the biochemical organisation and accumulation of the pollutant
TABLE
[4, 13, 181.
I
ANALYSIS WASTE
OF
ADDED
SOME
PHYSICOCHEMICAL
AND WASTE-DISCHARGED
Physicochemical
Control
parameters
water
PH Chloride
Dissolved Carbon
oxygen dioxide
B.O.D. C.O.D.
3Values expressed
CONTROL,
10 ppm
DISTILLERY
TREATMENT
water
Waste15 ppm
7.8
7.2
6.5
5.9
+ 0.5
i 0.4
+ 0.4
15.0a
nitrogen
5 ppm
IN
WITHOUT
? 0.5 i 1.2 Ammoniacal
Experimental
PARAMETERS WATER
29.2
41.4
62.4
f 3.8
k 8.1
+ 7.6
0.23
0.69
2.30
3.94
i 0.03
+ 0.09
* 0.26
k 0.59
20 ppm
discharged water
5.1 i
0.3
4.6 *
0.5
88.1
124.0
i-
9.4
* 10.2
+
0.70
5.96
7.88 2
0.68
7.2
6.9
6.4
5.1
k 0.6
k 0.7
i 0.5
+ 0.6
i
0.7
*
0.4
Nil
2.4 f 0.7
4.3 zk 0.5
9.1 i 0.7
i
14.5 1.2
k
20.2 2.4
3.2
10.4
32.8
60.4
i 0.4
* 2.0
i 1.9
i 6.7
4.3
+
3.1
90.4
150.0
8.9
+ 11.1
11.5
24.4
43.1
92.8
140.5
220.5
+ 0.9
rt 1.8
k 8.2
k 9.8
+ 12.8
+ 16.2
in mg/l except pH are mean + SE of 10 replicates.
181
TABLE
II
CHANGES
IN
TISSUE
CATION-MAJOR Tissue
GLYCOGEN
CONTENT
DUE
TO
DISTILLERY
15
20
WASTE
INTOXI-
CARPS Control
Distillery
% of fall
waste (ppm) 10
5 C. mrigala 4954.3
4438.1
3823.1
2146.5
1058.4
+ 248.1
i 360.7
+ 188.9
+ 124.0
f 78.7
Liver
3384.1
Muscle
f 184.2 Brain
2026.8 k
64.0
1240.4 + 105.3
Kidney
1480.5 f
64.0
860.5 f
49.0
2648.1 k 110.5 1784.1 f
81.5
982.1 *
38.4
t f
1238.2 f
94.4
f
1948.4
1462.1
84.9
f 49.5
920.4
568.2
39.4
f 36.4
606.2
404.1
98.2
f 24.1
78.63 56.79 54.19 53.04
L. rohita
4438.2
4056.8
3530.9
2846.8
1426.3
+ 198.1
+ 210.6
k 134.8
+ 182.4
+ 52.1
Liver Muscle
2984.1 k 105.8
Brain + Kidney f
2640.1 +
78.9
1105.3
1324.9
98.4
z!z 69.8
760.4
994.5
58.7
zk 58.4
2384.1 +
20.3
2042.1 +
1498.1 k
92.8
f
16.2
+
48.39
99.7
+ 76.1
724. I
424. I + 39.4
61.63
540.5
429.1
43.56
38.1
t 28.1
44.1
1024.2 f
1540.1
67.86
C. catla Liver Muscle
4324.5
3994.1
3410.2
2210.4
849.9
k 308.1
+ 208.1
k 236.4
+ 164.8
+ 59.6
2750.1 k 205.1
Brain
1020.1 *
Kidney
Values bg/g
2510.2 +
90.4
68.8
2048.8
1756.9
1024.1
+ 172.1
f 124.1
+ 62.4
1236.3 +
11.4
1458.2 *
70.4
t
810.2
380.1
48.2
+ 39.4
694.5
758.3
898.1
524.3
330.1
38.4
64.2
58.1
38.4
28.1
wet wt. tissue) are mean k SE of 10 replicates.
80.36 62.75 62.73 52.45
TABLE
III
CHANGES
IN
TISSUE
GL.YCOGEN
CONTENT
DUI
TO
DISTII.I.K\i
MASTL-
INTOXI-
CATION-CATFISH Tissue
Control
Distillery
waste (ppm) IO
5
~‘0
15
of fall
20
c‘. hatruchus Liver
2728.X * 124.3
Muscle
i
1756.4 t
92.5
Brain
42.1
Kidney
38.9
1750.3
1424.1
k 105.6
? 95.4
t 64.1
76.3
i
838.7 2
506. I f
2418.6
98.1 1524.1
i
672. I i
2410.5
56.3
+
624. I i
38.1
i
47.1x
1248.5
984. I
724. I
98.4
k 68.9
+ 70.5
996.4
520.6
340.5
49.8
i 48.5
+ 28.1
788.3
436.4
324.
52.4
+_96.1
* 40.1
5x.77 49.33
I
35.94
H. fossilrs Liver
2484. I
2184.3
+ 104.1
k 138.4
Muscle
1596.4 f
9x.4
Brain
1328.1 *
524. I +
Kidney
50.4 29.1
84.2
k
674. I t
39.4
460. I i
t
k
598.4 +
29.4
+
1866.7
1624.3
1354.1
98.5
i 82.1
+ 38.2
1148.5
956.4
706.2
76.8
i 48.5
? 52.4
884.2
472.1
240.4
68.4
+ 29.1
f 18.‘)
704.8
328. I
262. I
59.2
+- 28.1
+ 36.1
45.48 55.75 54.12 43.04
IM. seenghala Liver
2348. I i 196.1
Muscle
1394.1 i
Brain
87.1
Kidney
50.3 38.2
1746.3
1250.4
* 103.4
t 15.5
34.3
t
691.7 k
394. I t
46.3 1184.1
i
594.1 *
Values (pg/g
2105. I k
42.4
+
506.9 i
37.1
2
884. I
924.5
689.2
376.2
88.4
k 68.1
f 38.5
85X.2
504.1
205.1
62.4
k 42.4
i 19.2
624.8
308.1
194.4
28.3
+ 30.1
k 24.3
wet wt. tissue) are mean i SE of 10 replicates
62.34
i 40.5 73.01 65.48 50.66
TABLE
IV
CHANGE
IN TISSUE
GLYCOGEN
CONTENT
DUE TO DISTILLERY
WASTE
INTOXICATION-
MURRELS Tissue
Control
Distillery 5
% of fall
waste (ppm) 10
20
15
C. slriatus Liver
3454.1
3124.8
2650.1
2058.1
1630.0
+ 124.8
?z 176.1
i 105.4
t 156.1
f 89.5
Muscle
2248.2 k 184.9
Brain
954.4 *
56.3
Kidney
98.0
38.4
C. puncralus Liver
84.1 52.1
3148.5
2784.5 + 109.3
2240.1 98.1 864.2
+
k
39.8
+
Kidney
42.0
39.2
64.5
43.5
42.8
k
2310.6 +
98.4
f
1730.2 +
59.4
+
1256.4 f
82.3
698.1 +
+
824.1 ?
1024.9
574.9 k
98.4
+
1183.4 k
1956.1
f Brain
76.4
709.2 i-
+ 206.8 Muscle
k
1096.1 t
609.2 f
1724.1
2016.3 k
!I
768.4 i
52.1
f
1396.4
1029.1
86.8
t 64.3
724.8
405.1
52.3
+ 29.3
524.1
306.1
40.1
k 18.9
1936.4
1648.3
72.0
i 82.4
1424.2
1096.1
84.1
+ 77.1
658.4
424.1
49.5
+ 28.3
506.1
258.9
38.2
+ 21.3
52.80 54.22 57.55 49.74
49.74 51.06 50.91 54.96
C. marulius Liver Muscle
2856.4
2484.3
t 154.8
k 106.3
2039.4 k
Brain
1836.2 t
796.1 +
Kidney
65.5 48.5
94.3 41.5 42.1
f
80.3
*
984.7 +
636.8 k
76.8 1606.2
i
858.4 f
524.1 k
Values &g/g
94.3
2138.1 k
39.4
+
784.2 i
48.3
wet wt. tissue) are mean i SE of 10 replicated.
k
1798.4
1236.4
54.4
+ 84.1
1310.9
864.1
70.5
k 58.2
606.3
324.1
42.4
f 38.9
478.1
296.4
30.1
k 32.1
56.71 57.62 59.28 43.44
184
TABLE
V
CHANGES
IN SERUM
GLUCOSE
LEVEL
DUE
TO
DISTILLERY
WASTE
‘TOXICITY
-NINE
TELEOSTS Name
of the
Control
fish
Rise in
waste (ppm) 10
5
Major
-fold
20
15
carps
f.. rohilo C.
Distillery
mrigala
C. cat/a
H. fossilis M. seenghala
1305.1
1640.3
t 48.5
c 66.3
1034. I -+39.1
1756.1
2758.1
3740.6
+ 72.1
I 105.4
t 240.1
i
2482.2
3156.4
3813.7
94.0
+ 138.2
+ 124.1
888.4
1356.5
2856.6
* 36.5
z+z58.5
2 178.1
572.2
640.3
i 36.4
* 28.1
705.4
784.1
* 54.5
i 69.5
490.1
574.1
+ 62.1
+ 43.2
99.3
49.5
924.
I
884.5 +
72.8 948.2
i
68.1
36.4
1206.3 1519.5
49.1
2.3
32.1 1.7
_t 56.1
1238.3 -f
4.9
194.0
1316.2 2
I
1024.
rt
i
I
79.8
4.1
310.5 4353.5
3516.1 i
796.4 +
4640.1
i
2.9
3.1
zk 74.1
MUUdS
C. striatus C. punctatus C. ~uruiiu.~
Value (&ml
402.3
548.9
698.4
i 38.1
i 25.1
-t- 60.4
506.3
634.3
+ 29.1
* 46.4
362.4
474.1
i 30.2
+ 29.1
124.4 +
805.1 +
46.4
894.
2
694.8 t
38.1
serum) are mean It SE of 10 replicates.
965.4
39.4
-i
1063.2
I
70.1
t
39.1
i
2.1
81.1 1087.2
806.3 F
2.4
52.1
62.7
3.0
185
TABLE
VI
CHANGES
IN SERUM
LACTATE
LEVEL
DUE
TO DISTILLERY
WASTE
INTOXICATION-
NINE TELEOSTS Name of the
Control
fish Major
Distillery
Rise in
waste (ppm)
-fold
5
10
15
20
184.5 k 23.1
324.8 * 41.3
594.2 + 52.3
887.9 + 62.1
9.3 8.5
carps
L. rohita C. mrigala C. mrigala
95.4 + 120.1 120.1
258.1
526.1
784.5
1021 .o
+
18.3
k 16.3
+ 38.3
+ 60.4
+ 74.1
89.1
194.3
394.8
696.4
1069.2
+
22.1
zk 20.4
k 29.4
+ 70.1
+ 44.1
C. catla
12.0
Catfish C. batrachus f
H. fossilis +
M. seenghala
41.3
84.3
139.4
194.5
240.0
9.1
k 12.1
i 24.8
t 16.4
k 98.0
38.1
79.8 k 10.4
122.3 * 20.1
160.1 t 14.2
230.6 k 25.1
6.2 10.2
8.0 32.1
+
7.0
*
60.3
174.1
240.1
326.9
9.3
k 21.8
c 30.0
k 21.0
5.8
Murrels C. striatus *
C. punctaius +
C. marulius +Values (pg/ml
serum)
68.4
98.3
194.3
292.1
417.3
7.0
k 18.2
k 24.1
f 32.1
t 32.4
60.8
106.4
198.4
262.1
324.6
7.0
i 22.1
t 19.1
k 27.1
f 20.1
48.2
89.4
148.2
240.4
395.5
9.0
i 11.3
* 14.1
k 18.9
+ 42.1
are mean k SE of 10 replicates.
6.1 5.5 8.2
186
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author is grateful to Prof. J.S. Rajput, Dr. G.K. Lehri and Dr. C.K. Asoke Kumar for encouragement and critical reading of the manuscript. REFERENCES
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