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Distribution and Management of Pomacea Canaliculata in the Northern Region of Malaysia: Mini Review
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
APCBEE Procedia 2 (2012) 129 – 134
ICBFS 2012: April 7-8, 2012, Bangkok, Thailand
Distribution and Management of Pomacea canaliculata in the Northern Region of Malaysia: Mini Review Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleha,*, Dachyar Arbaina, Mohamed Zulkali Mohamed Dauda, Nilawati Pilusb, Rohaina Nawic a
b
School of Bioprocess Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Arau, 02600, Malaysia Department of Agricultural Perlis, Beseri, 02400, Malaysia, cDepartment of Agricultural Kedah, Alor Setar, 06600, Malaysia
Abstract Golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata is widely regarded as worst invasive pest species. It normally destroys the young stems and leaves of paddy and could consume 7-24 rice seedlings per day; thus, resulting in extreme damage to the rice growing area. However, despite the enormous losses that the snail can cause, the reports on preventive and curative management of snails’ invasion are scarce. Moreover, in many cases, the control actions often come from the farmer with trial-error approach and not properly documented. The aim of the paper is to present the data on the Pomacea canaliculata distribution together with efforts to control the snails’ population in the northern region of Malaysia, particularly in Kedah and Perlis sub-regions.
© 2012 2012Published PublishedbybyElsevier Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or review under responsibility of Asia-Pacific © B.V. Selection and/or peerpeer review under responsibility of Asia-Pacifi c Chemical,Biological Biological&&Environmental Environmental Engineering Society Chemical, Engineering Society Keywords: Pomacea canaliculata; distribution; management;, Kedah; Perlis
1. Introduction Pomacea canaliculata is freshwater snails that could be easily found especially in the water irrigation system of paddy fields and local wetlands. It was initially introduced into the Asean in 1980s [1]. Its feeding habit is, mostly, towards the young stems and leaves of paddy [2] and it could consume 7-24 rice seedlings
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +06-04-9798829; fax: +06-04-9798755. E-mail address: [email protected].
2212-6708 © 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society doi:10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.06.024
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Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh et al. / APCBEE Procedia 2 (2012) 129 – 134
per day [3] thus, resulting in extreme damage to growing paddy. Therefore, it could threaten the integrity of the rice bowl and food security in Asean countries that depend on the rice grain as their main staple food and income. Due to their extensive reproductive capacity which causes a huge damage to the rice fields and wetlands in 18 countries, the snails are classified as one of the 100 world worst invasive pest species [4]. Currently, many methods have been developed and employed to control the invasion of the snails through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) which uses integration of multidiscipline approach [5]. IPM strategies which include mechanical [6-7], physical [8-9], chemical [10-14] and biological control [15-17] have claimed to be effective. It was reported that Pomacea canaliculata was initially introduced in Malaysia as early as 1992 in Keningau, Sabah [18]. Then, eventually, the snails’ invasion has spread to the Peninsular Malaysia and it has caused an extensive damage to the young rice plants especially in Perlis and Kedah. 2. Malaysia Northern Region
Fig. 1. Map of Perlis and Kedah state
Perlis and Kedah are two states in Malaysia which are sharing same border with Thailand (Figure 1). They are well known as ‘Rice Bowl of Malaysia’ since they produced more than half of the country demand for the rice supply. Perlis state has an area of 821 km2 while Kedah state has an area of 9,500 km2. The Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA) has been assigned by the government of Malaysia and it has the responsibility to develop the planting area for both states. The planting area for Perlis and Kedah were 18,676 ha and 77,882 ha corresponding to 19.34% and 80.66% respectively. The planting area has been divided into one area for Perlis and three areas for Kedah state for adequate monitoring and observing the
Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh et al. / APCBEE Procedia 2 (2012) 129 – 134
growth, yield and infected disease related to the paddy. 3. Distribution of Pomacea canaliculata in Northern Region of Malaysia The distribution of the snails has become more aggressive due to the drastic climatic changes (heavy rain and flood in November 2010) which have affected the whole area of Kedah and Perlis; thus, it had encouraged the spreading. However, attempts of using chemicals to control the snails’ population seemed to be not successful because the chemicals are used by individual farmers on their own plots. Consequently, the snails in the water irrigation system are not affected and it resulted in a constant supply of snails into the paddy fields. The initiative from the Department of Agricultural (DOA) of Kedah and Perlis in controlling the snails’ invasion has helped the farmers to accommodate and manage the snails’ distribution. The DOA has also kept a good record on the population of the snails; thus it can help in controlling and managing the snails’ distribution. All planting region in Kedah have shown an increment of the Pomacea canaliculata distribution from 2010 to 2011 (Figure 2). Area 1 to area 3 was under the supervision of Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA). However, Area 4 was not under MADA supervision, and the area showed the highest increment of snails’ population compared to other areas. The information and training was delivered to the farmers in particular area under the MADA’s supervision.
Fig. 2. Distribution of Pomacea canaliculata in Kedah from season 1/ 2010 to season 1/2011.
The infected area under the supervision of MADA is diagramatically represented (Figure 3). Area 1 and area 2 have higher density of matured Pomacea canaliculata compared to area 3, thus; it showed that some precautions have been taken in controlling the distribution of the snails. The increament in the infected area from 2010 to 2011 for Area 1 such as Kodiang, Sanglang, Jerlun, Jitra, Kubang Sepat and Kepala Batas was due to the flood in 2010 which has distributed the snails into the snails’ unpopulated area. It would also be probable that the management of snails control in the area was not well-managed. Furthermore, the molluscicide used, then, seemed ineffective because the snails population seemed to increase rapidly from 2010 to 2011.
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Fig. 3. The distribution of Pomacea canaliculata in Kedah under supervision of MADA ( 2010-2011)
The highest infected area in Perlis was Padang Siding, while the lowest infected area was Paya (Figure 4). Geographically, Padang Siding is low land area compared to other areas. Consequently, the flood of 2010 caused massive migration of snails into the paddy fields.
Fig. 4. Infected area with Pomacea canaliculata in Perlis for Season 1/2011
4. The Management of Pomacea canaliculata in Northern region of Malaysia Biological predators like duck has been used in the three areas in Perlis which are Paya, Mata Ayer and Padang Siding area; however, the employment of the ducks seemed not to be practical if the paddy fields are distant away from the village. The Department of Agricultural (DOA) has listed a few strategies in controlling the distribution’s of the snails. The suggested strategies are listed as in Table 1. Table 1. The strategies recommended by the DOA Malaysia
Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh et al. / APCBEE Procedia 2 (2012) 129 – 134 Physical control
-Handpicking of eggs and matured Pomacea canaliculata with attractant like jackfruit skin, tapioca leaf, spinach as recommended before [18] - Using wire mesh at the water inlet of paddy planting area as recommended before [14] -Enforcing the cooperation among farmers to control the snails
Cultural management
-Lowering the water level in the fileds (below the high of the shells of the snails) as recommended before [19] -Using direct seeding and letting the water in after 7-10 days of sowing as recommended before [20] -Transplanting of 30-40 day of old seedling and water level maintaned at 5 cm as recommended before [20]
Biological control
-Using tobacco waste as recommended before [21]
Chemical control
-Using niclosamide and metaldehyde as recommended before [23]
-Using ducks before sowing and after 35 days of sowing as recommended before [23]
The strategies recommended by the DOA have been employed by the farmers. However, continuous remedial action and complying with the DOA requirement should be followed to maintain the snails’ population in check. Further research in the School of Bioprocess Engineering, UniMAP has found that bacteriacide like Bacillus thuringiensis could give some positive effect on the new juvenil snails. 5. Conclusion and recommendations The invasion of the snails and their destructive nature to the paddy land crop and wetland areas have become a major pest problem due to their growth and high reproductivity; hence, causing drastic economical impact to the country. Most of the farmers prefer to choose chemical molluscicides which deliver fast and effective responses. However, the application has negative effect to the farmer’s health and the ecosystem. Therefore, a better and safer solution ought to be addressed. The farmers have to be educated on the awareness of the chemical toxicity. Application of appropriate machinery with proper water management system could help to control the snails. Acknowlegment The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia for the Explorative Research Grant Scheme (9010-00006) and School of Bioprocess Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia for the financial support and facilities respectively. References [1] Hayes, K.A., Joshi, R.C., Thiengo, S.C. and Cowie, R.H. (2008). Out of South America: multiple origins of non-native apple snails in Asia. Diversity &Distributions, 14, 701-712. [2] Nylor, R. (1996). Invasions in agriculture: assessing the cost of the golden apple snail in Asia. Ambio, 25, 443-448. [3] Oya, S. H. (1986). Injuring habits of the apple snail, Ampullarius insularus d'Orbigny, to the young rice seedlings. Proc Ass. Plant Prot Kyushu, 32, 92-95. [4] Global Invasive Species Database (http://www.issg.org/database) [5] Kargos, M. (1996). Integrated Pest Management: historical perspective and contemporary developments. Annual Review of Entomology, 43, 243-270. [6] Kimiyasu, T., Masahiro, S., Hatsuki, N. (2002). Prevention of the harm from apple snail with rotary cultivator. Journal of the Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery, 64, 101-107.
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[7] Takahashi, K., Seki, M. & Nishida, H. (2005). Development of technology by rotary tiller to control the density of apple snail. Journal of the Japanese Soceity of Agricultral Machinery, 67, 68-74. [8] Osamu, U., Yusuke, F., Hidehito, N. (2002). Field husbandary prevention technique of golden apple snail in paddy field rotation system. Kyushu Okinawa Nogyo Kenkyu Seika Joho (abstract in english), 17, 11-12. [9] Wada, T., Ichinose, K., Yusa, Y., Suguira, N. (2004). Decrease in density of the apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (Gastropoda : Ampullariidae) in paddy fields after crop rotation with soybean, and its population growth during the crop season. Applied Entamology and Zoology, 39, 367-372. [10] Cheng. E.Y., K. C. (2004). Review and suggestions for the control strategy of golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck).APEC Symposium on the Management of the Golden Apple Snail. [11] Yang, P. S.H., Chen, Y.H., Lee, W.C.H., Chen, Y.H. (2006). Golden apple snail management and prevention in Taiwan. In: Joshi, R.C., Sebastian, L.S. (Eds). Global advances in ecology and management of golden apple snails. Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), Nueva Ecija, The Philippines, 169-179. [12] Chen, Y.F., Yang, C.H., Chang, M.S., Ciou, Y.P. & Huang, Y.C. (2010). Foam properties and detergent abilities of the saponins from Camellia oleifera. International Journal of Molecular Science, 11, 4417-4425. [13] Musman, M. (2010). Toxicity of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) kernel extract on Pomacea canaliculata (Ampullariidae). Tropical Life Sciences Research, 21, 41-50. [14] Joshi, R.C., Sebastian, L.S. (2006). Global advances in ecology and management of golden aplle snails. Philippine Rice Research Institute. [15] Wong, P.K., Kwong, K.L., Qiu, J.W. (2009). Complex interactions among fish, snails and macrophytes: implications for biological control of an invasive snail. Biological Invasion, 11, 2223-2232. [16] Maketon, M., Suttichart, K., Domhom, J. (2009). Effective control of invasive apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck) using Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson. Malacologica, 51, 181-190. [17] Joshi, R.C., Meepagala, K.M., Sturtz, G., Cagauan, A.G., Mendoza, C.O., Dayan, F.E. & Duke, S.O. (2005). Molluscicidal activity of vulgarone B from Artemisia douglasiana (Besser) against the invasive, alien, mollus pest, Pomacea canaliculata (L.). International Journal of Pest Management, 51, 175-180. [18] Teo, S. (1999b). Control of the golden apple snail by handpicking using herbage as attractants. In : Proceedings of the MCBMAPPS Plant Protection Conference. [19] Joshi, R. (2007). Problems with the management of the golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata: an important exotic pest of rice in asia. Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests, 257-264. [20] Teo, S. (2003). Damage potential of the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) in irrigated rice and its control by cultural approaches. International Journal of Pest Management, 49, 49-55. [21] Tangkoonboribun, R. & Sassanarakkit, S. (2009). Molluscicide from tobacco waste. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1, 76-78. [22] Teo, S. (2001). Evaluation of different duck varieties for the control of the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in transplanted and direct seeded rice. Crop Protection, 20, 599-604. [23] Schnorbach, H.J., Rauen, H.W. & Bieri, M. (2006). Chemical control of the golden apple snail, Pomacae canaliculata. In: Joshi, R.C. Sebastian, L.S. (Eds), Global Advances in Ecology and Management of Golden Apple Snails. Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), Nueva Ecija, The Philippines, 419-438.
APCBEE Procedia 2 (2012) 129 – 134
ICBFS 2012: April 7-8, 2012, Bangkok, Thailand
Distribution and Management of Pomacea canaliculata in the Northern Region of Malaysia: Mini Review Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleha,*, Dachyar Arbaina, Mohamed Zulkali Mohamed Dauda, Nilawati Pilusb, Rohaina Nawic a
b
School of Bioprocess Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Arau, 02600, Malaysia Department of Agricultural Perlis, Beseri, 02400, Malaysia, cDepartment of Agricultural Kedah, Alor Setar, 06600, Malaysia
Abstract Golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata is widely regarded as worst invasive pest species. It normally destroys the young stems and leaves of paddy and could consume 7-24 rice seedlings per day; thus, resulting in extreme damage to the rice growing area. However, despite the enormous losses that the snail can cause, the reports on preventive and curative management of snails’ invasion are scarce. Moreover, in many cases, the control actions often come from the farmer with trial-error approach and not properly documented. The aim of the paper is to present the data on the Pomacea canaliculata distribution together with efforts to control the snails’ population in the northern region of Malaysia, particularly in Kedah and Perlis sub-regions.
© 2012 2012Published PublishedbybyElsevier Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or review under responsibility of Asia-Pacific © B.V. Selection and/or peerpeer review under responsibility of Asia-Pacifi c Chemical,Biological Biological&&Environmental Environmental Engineering Society Chemical, Engineering Society Keywords: Pomacea canaliculata; distribution; management;, Kedah; Perlis
1. Introduction Pomacea canaliculata is freshwater snails that could be easily found especially in the water irrigation system of paddy fields and local wetlands. It was initially introduced into the Asean in 1980s [1]. Its feeding habit is, mostly, towards the young stems and leaves of paddy [2] and it could consume 7-24 rice seedlings
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +06-04-9798829; fax: +06-04-9798755. E-mail address: [email protected].
2212-6708 © 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Asia-Pacific Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society doi:10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.06.024
130
Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh et al. / APCBEE Procedia 2 (2012) 129 – 134
per day [3] thus, resulting in extreme damage to growing paddy. Therefore, it could threaten the integrity of the rice bowl and food security in Asean countries that depend on the rice grain as their main staple food and income. Due to their extensive reproductive capacity which causes a huge damage to the rice fields and wetlands in 18 countries, the snails are classified as one of the 100 world worst invasive pest species [4]. Currently, many methods have been developed and employed to control the invasion of the snails through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) which uses integration of multidiscipline approach [5]. IPM strategies which include mechanical [6-7], physical [8-9], chemical [10-14] and biological control [15-17] have claimed to be effective. It was reported that Pomacea canaliculata was initially introduced in Malaysia as early as 1992 in Keningau, Sabah [18]. Then, eventually, the snails’ invasion has spread to the Peninsular Malaysia and it has caused an extensive damage to the young rice plants especially in Perlis and Kedah. 2. Malaysia Northern Region
Fig. 1. Map of Perlis and Kedah state
Perlis and Kedah are two states in Malaysia which are sharing same border with Thailand (Figure 1). They are well known as ‘Rice Bowl of Malaysia’ since they produced more than half of the country demand for the rice supply. Perlis state has an area of 821 km2 while Kedah state has an area of 9,500 km2. The Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA) has been assigned by the government of Malaysia and it has the responsibility to develop the planting area for both states. The planting area for Perlis and Kedah were 18,676 ha and 77,882 ha corresponding to 19.34% and 80.66% respectively. The planting area has been divided into one area for Perlis and three areas for Kedah state for adequate monitoring and observing the
Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh et al. / APCBEE Procedia 2 (2012) 129 – 134
growth, yield and infected disease related to the paddy. 3. Distribution of Pomacea canaliculata in Northern Region of Malaysia The distribution of the snails has become more aggressive due to the drastic climatic changes (heavy rain and flood in November 2010) which have affected the whole area of Kedah and Perlis; thus, it had encouraged the spreading. However, attempts of using chemicals to control the snails’ population seemed to be not successful because the chemicals are used by individual farmers on their own plots. Consequently, the snails in the water irrigation system are not affected and it resulted in a constant supply of snails into the paddy fields. The initiative from the Department of Agricultural (DOA) of Kedah and Perlis in controlling the snails’ invasion has helped the farmers to accommodate and manage the snails’ distribution. The DOA has also kept a good record on the population of the snails; thus it can help in controlling and managing the snails’ distribution. All planting region in Kedah have shown an increment of the Pomacea canaliculata distribution from 2010 to 2011 (Figure 2). Area 1 to area 3 was under the supervision of Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA). However, Area 4 was not under MADA supervision, and the area showed the highest increment of snails’ population compared to other areas. The information and training was delivered to the farmers in particular area under the MADA’s supervision.
Fig. 2. Distribution of Pomacea canaliculata in Kedah from season 1/ 2010 to season 1/2011.
The infected area under the supervision of MADA is diagramatically represented (Figure 3). Area 1 and area 2 have higher density of matured Pomacea canaliculata compared to area 3, thus; it showed that some precautions have been taken in controlling the distribution of the snails. The increament in the infected area from 2010 to 2011 for Area 1 such as Kodiang, Sanglang, Jerlun, Jitra, Kubang Sepat and Kepala Batas was due to the flood in 2010 which has distributed the snails into the snails’ unpopulated area. It would also be probable that the management of snails control in the area was not well-managed. Furthermore, the molluscicide used, then, seemed ineffective because the snails population seemed to increase rapidly from 2010 to 2011.
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Fig. 3. The distribution of Pomacea canaliculata in Kedah under supervision of MADA ( 2010-2011)
The highest infected area in Perlis was Padang Siding, while the lowest infected area was Paya (Figure 4). Geographically, Padang Siding is low land area compared to other areas. Consequently, the flood of 2010 caused massive migration of snails into the paddy fields.
Fig. 4. Infected area with Pomacea canaliculata in Perlis for Season 1/2011
4. The Management of Pomacea canaliculata in Northern region of Malaysia Biological predators like duck has been used in the three areas in Perlis which are Paya, Mata Ayer and Padang Siding area; however, the employment of the ducks seemed not to be practical if the paddy fields are distant away from the village. The Department of Agricultural (DOA) has listed a few strategies in controlling the distribution’s of the snails. The suggested strategies are listed as in Table 1. Table 1. The strategies recommended by the DOA Malaysia
Noor Hasyierah Mohd Salleh et al. / APCBEE Procedia 2 (2012) 129 – 134 Physical control
-Handpicking of eggs and matured Pomacea canaliculata with attractant like jackfruit skin, tapioca leaf, spinach as recommended before [18] - Using wire mesh at the water inlet of paddy planting area as recommended before [14] -Enforcing the cooperation among farmers to control the snails
Cultural management
-Lowering the water level in the fileds (below the high of the shells of the snails) as recommended before [19] -Using direct seeding and letting the water in after 7-10 days of sowing as recommended before [20] -Transplanting of 30-40 day of old seedling and water level maintaned at 5 cm as recommended before [20]
Biological control
-Using tobacco waste as recommended before [21]
Chemical control
-Using niclosamide and metaldehyde as recommended before [23]
-Using ducks before sowing and after 35 days of sowing as recommended before [23]
The strategies recommended by the DOA have been employed by the farmers. However, continuous remedial action and complying with the DOA requirement should be followed to maintain the snails’ population in check. Further research in the School of Bioprocess Engineering, UniMAP has found that bacteriacide like Bacillus thuringiensis could give some positive effect on the new juvenil snails. 5. Conclusion and recommendations The invasion of the snails and their destructive nature to the paddy land crop and wetland areas have become a major pest problem due to their growth and high reproductivity; hence, causing drastic economical impact to the country. Most of the farmers prefer to choose chemical molluscicides which deliver fast and effective responses. However, the application has negative effect to the farmer’s health and the ecosystem. Therefore, a better and safer solution ought to be addressed. The farmers have to be educated on the awareness of the chemical toxicity. Application of appropriate machinery with proper water management system could help to control the snails. Acknowlegment The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia for the Explorative Research Grant Scheme (9010-00006) and School of Bioprocess Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia for the financial support and facilities respectively. References [1] Hayes, K.A., Joshi, R.C., Thiengo, S.C. and Cowie, R.H. (2008). Out of South America: multiple origins of non-native apple snails in Asia. Diversity &Distributions, 14, 701-712. [2] Nylor, R. (1996). Invasions in agriculture: assessing the cost of the golden apple snail in Asia. Ambio, 25, 443-448. [3] Oya, S. H. (1986). Injuring habits of the apple snail, Ampullarius insularus d'Orbigny, to the young rice seedlings. Proc Ass. Plant Prot Kyushu, 32, 92-95. [4] Global Invasive Species Database (http://www.issg.org/database) [5] Kargos, M. (1996). Integrated Pest Management: historical perspective and contemporary developments. Annual Review of Entomology, 43, 243-270. [6] Kimiyasu, T., Masahiro, S., Hatsuki, N. (2002). Prevention of the harm from apple snail with rotary cultivator. Journal of the Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery, 64, 101-107.
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[7] Takahashi, K., Seki, M. & Nishida, H. (2005). Development of technology by rotary tiller to control the density of apple snail. Journal of the Japanese Soceity of Agricultral Machinery, 67, 68-74. [8] Osamu, U., Yusuke, F., Hidehito, N. (2002). Field husbandary prevention technique of golden apple snail in paddy field rotation system. Kyushu Okinawa Nogyo Kenkyu Seika Joho (abstract in english), 17, 11-12. [9] Wada, T., Ichinose, K., Yusa, Y., Suguira, N. (2004). Decrease in density of the apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (Gastropoda : Ampullariidae) in paddy fields after crop rotation with soybean, and its population growth during the crop season. Applied Entamology and Zoology, 39, 367-372. [10] Cheng. E.Y., K. C. (2004). Review and suggestions for the control strategy of golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck).APEC Symposium on the Management of the Golden Apple Snail. [11] Yang, P. S.H., Chen, Y.H., Lee, W.C.H., Chen, Y.H. (2006). Golden apple snail management and prevention in Taiwan. In: Joshi, R.C., Sebastian, L.S. (Eds). Global advances in ecology and management of golden apple snails. Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), Nueva Ecija, The Philippines, 169-179. [12] Chen, Y.F., Yang, C.H., Chang, M.S., Ciou, Y.P. & Huang, Y.C. (2010). Foam properties and detergent abilities of the saponins from Camellia oleifera. International Journal of Molecular Science, 11, 4417-4425. [13] Musman, M. (2010). Toxicity of Barringtonia racemosa (L.) kernel extract on Pomacea canaliculata (Ampullariidae). Tropical Life Sciences Research, 21, 41-50. [14] Joshi, R.C., Sebastian, L.S. (2006). Global advances in ecology and management of golden aplle snails. Philippine Rice Research Institute. [15] Wong, P.K., Kwong, K.L., Qiu, J.W. (2009). Complex interactions among fish, snails and macrophytes: implications for biological control of an invasive snail. Biological Invasion, 11, 2223-2232. [16] Maketon, M., Suttichart, K., Domhom, J. (2009). Effective control of invasive apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck) using Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson. Malacologica, 51, 181-190. [17] Joshi, R.C., Meepagala, K.M., Sturtz, G., Cagauan, A.G., Mendoza, C.O., Dayan, F.E. & Duke, S.O. (2005). Molluscicidal activity of vulgarone B from Artemisia douglasiana (Besser) against the invasive, alien, mollus pest, Pomacea canaliculata (L.). International Journal of Pest Management, 51, 175-180. [18] Teo, S. (1999b). Control of the golden apple snail by handpicking using herbage as attractants. In : Proceedings of the MCBMAPPS Plant Protection Conference. [19] Joshi, R. (2007). Problems with the management of the golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata: an important exotic pest of rice in asia. Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests, 257-264. [20] Teo, S. (2003). Damage potential of the golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) in irrigated rice and its control by cultural approaches. International Journal of Pest Management, 49, 49-55. [21] Tangkoonboribun, R. & Sassanarakkit, S. (2009). Molluscicide from tobacco waste. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1, 76-78. [22] Teo, S. (2001). Evaluation of different duck varieties for the control of the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in transplanted and direct seeded rice. Crop Protection, 20, 599-604. [23] Schnorbach, H.J., Rauen, H.W. & Bieri, M. (2006). Chemical control of the golden apple snail, Pomacae canaliculata. In: Joshi, R.C. Sebastian, L.S. (Eds), Global Advances in Ecology and Management of Golden Apple Snails. Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), Nueva Ecija, The Philippines, 419-438.