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Driving forces of the Brazilian electricity industry reform
06 Electrical power supply and utilization (economics, policy, supplies, forecasts)
Economics, policy, supplies, forecasts 02fO1523 A correlation concept for the energy cost: a case study In Egypt Hamed, M. Electric Power Sysrems Research, 2001, 57, (1). 49-57. This paper presents two factors for the correlation of energy cost. The first factor is based on the process of accounting and the cycle of recording the readings of consumption in order to control the exact cost of energy. A sample for the domestic customers in Egypt within 20 years has been included in the investigation and analysed. The mathematical analysis is deduced. Another sample for the load curves in Port Said City is inserted and investigated. The statistical performance for the readings of the presented load curves is deduced and the results are discussed. A second correlation factor for pricing the energy is proposed to cover the engineering effect in the technical process of operation. It correlates the automatic random variation in loads of customers and the load curves on the statistical base. The mathematical analysis for either average price of consumed energy or of load curve the statistical average loads, with the variation characteristics, are presented. 02/01524 A study of reactive power marginal price in electricity market Dai, Y. et a/. Elecfric Power Systems Research, 2001, 57, (1). 41-48. Developing an accurate and feasible method for reactive power pricing is significant in the electricity market. The reactive power price cannot be obtained accurately by conventional optimal power flow models within usually ignore the production cost of reactive power. In this paper, the authors include the production cost of reactive power into the objective function of the optimal power flow problem, and use sequential quadratic programming method to solve the optimization problem and obtain reactive power marginal price accordingly. A fivebus test system is used for computer study. The results from eight study cases show clearly the effects of various factors on reactive power marginal price.
Abstractions for operator support in energy management systems
02101525
Avouris, N.M. Electrical
Power and Energy Sysrems, 2001, 23, (5). 333-
341.
This paper describes operator support systems for energy management, based on two complementary approaches. The first one involves development of synoptic views of network status that present the system to the human operator in a concise way. The second involves development of software components that reduce the amount of runtime information directed to the operator. Both approaches implement abstracting mechanisms along the space and time dimensions of the supervised process. It is argued that the described techniques support effectively the operators in their complex task of supervision and management of power transmission networks. fey:/:26
Driving forces of the Brazilian electricity industry
de Almeida, E.L.F. and Pinto Junior, H.Q. Energy Srudies Review, 1999, 9, (2), 50-65. This paper addresses the main driving forces of the Brazilian Electricity Industry Reform. The paper shows that although we can identify important motivations to increase the industry’s efficiency, more general macro-economic motivations are playing an essential role in the industry’s reform process. The paper argues that the recent macro-economic reforms in Brazil, aiming at the stabilization of the economy, represent the main driving force for introduction of marketoriented reforms and the privatization of the electricity industry. Given this scope, the government has emphasized the privatization process to the detriment of a new regulatory framework capable to guarantee an efficient allocation of resources in the industry. The article points and analyses the main unsolved questions for the creation for the new market oriented regulatory framework.
Economic and environmental dispatch of power/ CHP production systems
02lO1527
Eriksen, P.B. Electric Power Systems Research, 2001, 57, (1) 33-39. The paper describes a method for complying with emission quotas for a power producing or CHP producing system in an economically rational and optimal way. The method is based on extended use of a simulation model (SIVAEL) and a pre-processor which optimizes the environmental aspects of each system unit. SIVAEL is a unit commitment/load dispatching model, which solves the problem of optimal scheduling of CHP production. On a weekly basis, the scheduling of power producing units, heat producing units and units with-CHP production is laid down. The pre-processor, PRESIVAEL, calculates the environmental parameters of each system unit. When handling the SOz quota, for
instance the pre-processor optimizes the operation of each coal-fired (or oil-fired) unit, including possible deS0, plants. The application of the method is illustrated by examples.
Modeiiing and economic analysis of DSM programs in generation planning
02/01526
Malik, AS.
Electrical
Power and Energy
Sysrems, 2001, 23, (5), 413-
419.
This paper presents a technique to model demand-side management programs into production costing analyses within the framework of equivalent load duration curve and frequency and duration method. The technique allows a single simulation to study probabilistically the impact of DSM on loss-of-load probability, energy not served, energy consumption and cycling costs of power plants. Also the importance of incorporating the cycling costs of power plants in the cost-effectiveness analysis of DSM programs is presented. Comparable results are achieved when the technique is tested against the avoided cost method of two simulations by applying them to IEEE RTS data. The results also reveal that avoided start-up cost is a major benefit of DSM. The applicability of the paper is relevant to vertically integrated utilities.
02/01529 Pricing and operation in deregulated electricity market by noncooperative game Geerli, L. er a/. Electric Power Sysrems Research, 2001, 57, (2), 133139. Pricing structure is becoming considerably important for both electric utility industries and their customers. This paper derives an operation rule for a market model with an electric utility and independent power producers (IPPs) as players of the non-cooperative game. The derived operation rules reflecting the competition can be viewed as an extension of the conventional equalizing incremental cost method for the deregulated power systems. As indicated in this paper, the prices of electricity for purchases and sales are equal to the incremental costs of the generators of IPPs but are generally cheaper than the incremental cost of the generators belonging to the utility. To examine the proposed approach, several systems are used as the demonstrated examples in this paper. 02/01530 Safety of lithium batteries in transportation Farrington, M.D. Journal of Power Sources, 2001, 96, (I), 260-265. UN document (‘Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Manual of Tests and Criteria’, 3rd revised edition, 1999) outlines a test plan that is fundamental to the classification for transport of lithium batteries with metallic lithium, lithium alloy or lithium-ion intercalation electrodes. The tests can be divided into two categories: safety tests (internal and external short circuit, forced-overdischarge, charge) and environmental tests (reduced pressure, thermal, vibration and shock). These safety tests are intended to assess known unsafe behaviour in abusive circumstance. This paper discusses the importance of environmental tests in the transport scenario and presents a discussion on how the existing safety tests provide only a false sense of security. Simple measures that prevent abuses in transport are suggested that would be more effective and ensure greater safety. A recent incident at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), where lithium cells in transit were abused and caused to burn, is now cited by some regulators as proof that safety testing is required. This paper describes how that logic is flawed. Testing would not have prevented the LAX incident. Therefore, continued promotion of and focus on safety testing is working against the ultimate goal of improved safety in transport. This paper concludes that effective regulations should promote and maximize safe transportation of lithium batteries through environmental testing and the elimination of unsafe circumstances that enable lithium batteries to become a hazard in transport.
02/01531 Theoretical study of a molten carbonate fuel ceil stack for pressurized operation Koh, J-H. and Kang,
B.S. International
Journal
of Energy
Research,
2001, 25, (7), 621-641.
A mathematical stack model of molten carbonate fuel cell was numerically solved for temperature, gas dynamic pressure, and cell performance. The model assumed a steady state, constant load operation for a co-flow stack with an external reformer. The numerical computation was done for a two-dimensional domain with a real size of cell specifications. The effect of two stack operation variables, gas utilization and system pressure, was thoroughly analysed. The computation results were demonstrated in the form of flow fields, temperature contours, axial profiles, and plots of characteristic values. Our analysis began with an underlying fact that a high cathode gas flow is necessary for stack temperature control. The analysis result verified the effect of stack cooling by the cathode gas, and showed various aspects of stack operation and performance under pressurization. The pressurization effect is most significant in a moderate pressure range of l-5 atm. The gas dynamic pressure, as it inevitably increases at a high gas flow rate, is regulated by pressurization. All the pressurization effects can generally be represented using a dimensionless parameter, Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2662
195
Economics, policy, supplies, forecasts 02fO1523 A correlation concept for the energy cost: a case study In Egypt Hamed, M. Electric Power Sysrems Research, 2001, 57, (1). 49-57. This paper presents two factors for the correlation of energy cost. The first factor is based on the process of accounting and the cycle of recording the readings of consumption in order to control the exact cost of energy. A sample for the domestic customers in Egypt within 20 years has been included in the investigation and analysed. The mathematical analysis is deduced. Another sample for the load curves in Port Said City is inserted and investigated. The statistical performance for the readings of the presented load curves is deduced and the results are discussed. A second correlation factor for pricing the energy is proposed to cover the engineering effect in the technical process of operation. It correlates the automatic random variation in loads of customers and the load curves on the statistical base. The mathematical analysis for either average price of consumed energy or of load curve the statistical average loads, with the variation characteristics, are presented. 02/01524 A study of reactive power marginal price in electricity market Dai, Y. et a/. Elecfric Power Systems Research, 2001, 57, (1). 41-48. Developing an accurate and feasible method for reactive power pricing is significant in the electricity market. The reactive power price cannot be obtained accurately by conventional optimal power flow models within usually ignore the production cost of reactive power. In this paper, the authors include the production cost of reactive power into the objective function of the optimal power flow problem, and use sequential quadratic programming method to solve the optimization problem and obtain reactive power marginal price accordingly. A fivebus test system is used for computer study. The results from eight study cases show clearly the effects of various factors on reactive power marginal price.
Abstractions for operator support in energy management systems
02101525
Avouris, N.M. Electrical
Power and Energy Sysrems, 2001, 23, (5). 333-
341.
This paper describes operator support systems for energy management, based on two complementary approaches. The first one involves development of synoptic views of network status that present the system to the human operator in a concise way. The second involves development of software components that reduce the amount of runtime information directed to the operator. Both approaches implement abstracting mechanisms along the space and time dimensions of the supervised process. It is argued that the described techniques support effectively the operators in their complex task of supervision and management of power transmission networks. fey:/:26
Driving forces of the Brazilian electricity industry
de Almeida, E.L.F. and Pinto Junior, H.Q. Energy Srudies Review, 1999, 9, (2), 50-65. This paper addresses the main driving forces of the Brazilian Electricity Industry Reform. The paper shows that although we can identify important motivations to increase the industry’s efficiency, more general macro-economic motivations are playing an essential role in the industry’s reform process. The paper argues that the recent macro-economic reforms in Brazil, aiming at the stabilization of the economy, represent the main driving force for introduction of marketoriented reforms and the privatization of the electricity industry. Given this scope, the government has emphasized the privatization process to the detriment of a new regulatory framework capable to guarantee an efficient allocation of resources in the industry. The article points and analyses the main unsolved questions for the creation for the new market oriented regulatory framework.
Economic and environmental dispatch of power/ CHP production systems
02lO1527
Eriksen, P.B. Electric Power Systems Research, 2001, 57, (1) 33-39. The paper describes a method for complying with emission quotas for a power producing or CHP producing system in an economically rational and optimal way. The method is based on extended use of a simulation model (SIVAEL) and a pre-processor which optimizes the environmental aspects of each system unit. SIVAEL is a unit commitment/load dispatching model, which solves the problem of optimal scheduling of CHP production. On a weekly basis, the scheduling of power producing units, heat producing units and units with-CHP production is laid down. The pre-processor, PRESIVAEL, calculates the environmental parameters of each system unit. When handling the SOz quota, for
instance the pre-processor optimizes the operation of each coal-fired (or oil-fired) unit, including possible deS0, plants. The application of the method is illustrated by examples.
Modeiiing and economic analysis of DSM programs in generation planning
02/01526
Malik, AS.
Electrical
Power and Energy
Sysrems, 2001, 23, (5), 413-
419.
This paper presents a technique to model demand-side management programs into production costing analyses within the framework of equivalent load duration curve and frequency and duration method. The technique allows a single simulation to study probabilistically the impact of DSM on loss-of-load probability, energy not served, energy consumption and cycling costs of power plants. Also the importance of incorporating the cycling costs of power plants in the cost-effectiveness analysis of DSM programs is presented. Comparable results are achieved when the technique is tested against the avoided cost method of two simulations by applying them to IEEE RTS data. The results also reveal that avoided start-up cost is a major benefit of DSM. The applicability of the paper is relevant to vertically integrated utilities.
02/01529 Pricing and operation in deregulated electricity market by noncooperative game Geerli, L. er a/. Electric Power Sysrems Research, 2001, 57, (2), 133139. Pricing structure is becoming considerably important for both electric utility industries and their customers. This paper derives an operation rule for a market model with an electric utility and independent power producers (IPPs) as players of the non-cooperative game. The derived operation rules reflecting the competition can be viewed as an extension of the conventional equalizing incremental cost method for the deregulated power systems. As indicated in this paper, the prices of electricity for purchases and sales are equal to the incremental costs of the generators of IPPs but are generally cheaper than the incremental cost of the generators belonging to the utility. To examine the proposed approach, several systems are used as the demonstrated examples in this paper. 02/01530 Safety of lithium batteries in transportation Farrington, M.D. Journal of Power Sources, 2001, 96, (I), 260-265. UN document (‘Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Manual of Tests and Criteria’, 3rd revised edition, 1999) outlines a test plan that is fundamental to the classification for transport of lithium batteries with metallic lithium, lithium alloy or lithium-ion intercalation electrodes. The tests can be divided into two categories: safety tests (internal and external short circuit, forced-overdischarge, charge) and environmental tests (reduced pressure, thermal, vibration and shock). These safety tests are intended to assess known unsafe behaviour in abusive circumstance. This paper discusses the importance of environmental tests in the transport scenario and presents a discussion on how the existing safety tests provide only a false sense of security. Simple measures that prevent abuses in transport are suggested that would be more effective and ensure greater safety. A recent incident at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), where lithium cells in transit were abused and caused to burn, is now cited by some regulators as proof that safety testing is required. This paper describes how that logic is flawed. Testing would not have prevented the LAX incident. Therefore, continued promotion of and focus on safety testing is working against the ultimate goal of improved safety in transport. This paper concludes that effective regulations should promote and maximize safe transportation of lithium batteries through environmental testing and the elimination of unsafe circumstances that enable lithium batteries to become a hazard in transport.
02/01531 Theoretical study of a molten carbonate fuel ceil stack for pressurized operation Koh, J-H. and Kang,
B.S. International
Journal
of Energy
Research,
2001, 25, (7), 621-641.
A mathematical stack model of molten carbonate fuel cell was numerically solved for temperature, gas dynamic pressure, and cell performance. The model assumed a steady state, constant load operation for a co-flow stack with an external reformer. The numerical computation was done for a two-dimensional domain with a real size of cell specifications. The effect of two stack operation variables, gas utilization and system pressure, was thoroughly analysed. The computation results were demonstrated in the form of flow fields, temperature contours, axial profiles, and plots of characteristic values. Our analysis began with an underlying fact that a high cathode gas flow is necessary for stack temperature control. The analysis result verified the effect of stack cooling by the cathode gas, and showed various aspects of stack operation and performance under pressurization. The pressurization effect is most significant in a moderate pressure range of l-5 atm. The gas dynamic pressure, as it inevitably increases at a high gas flow rate, is regulated by pressurization. All the pressurization effects can generally be represented using a dimensionless parameter, Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2662
195