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Earthquakes and mineral collections
UNDERGROUND
EXCAVATIONSTUNNELS
956327 Residential construction failures caused by Hurricane Andrew W. Suaris & M. S. Khan, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities - AXE, 9(l), 1995, pp 24-33. This paper presents results of a study conducted on several residential structures to determine the design and construction deficiencies that contributed significantly to their failure. The failures in masonry construction can mainly be attributed to lack of anchorage because the wall reinforcing was either missing or not hooked to the tie beam. Some masonry-wall failures were also caused by the tie beam bending about its minor axis when subjected to lateral loading. The failures in framed construction can mainly be attributed to deficient design and construction practices. Wood end gables failed due to lack of proper bracing. Loss of roof sheathing was also common due to inadequate nailing. (Authors) 956328 Ear&quakes and mineral collections A. R. Kampf, Mineralogical Record, 25(4), 1994, pp 245241. Museums and private collectors face special problems when storing and displaying priceless artefacts in seismically active areas. The article covers the following factors that need to be considered to minimise risk of damage: these relate to the frequency of the earthquakes, the stability of the building, storage and display structure, the method used to contain or display the specimens and the specimen orientation. The recommendations address earthquakes of moderate strength only. (M.J.Smith)
UNDERGROUND EXCAVATIONS Stresses around underground openings 956329 Axisyuunetric analysis of ground reinforcing in tunnelling design
D. Peila & P. P. Oreste, Computers & Geotechnics, 17(2), 1995, pp 253-274. The convergence confinement method has been widely applied to tunnel support design due to its simplicity. A solution able to take into account the existence of an area with different properties around the tunnel is proposed in this paper. The ground behatiour considered for the analytical formulation includes a strain softening law both for the reinforced or disturbed area and for the natural ground. The proposed model has been tested and found consistent with a well-known numerical model. Examples showing the importance of the various parameters involved are discussed. (from Authors) 956330 Respome of a circular opening in a friable low-permeability me&an to temperature and pore pressure changes Yarlong Wang & M. B. Dusseault, International Journal for Numerical & Analytical Methoak in Geomechanics, 19(3), 1995, pp 157-179. A general analysis using an incremental elastic, perfectly plastic constitutive stress-strain relationship for poroelastoplastic materials is presented to simulate. an opening in a lowpermeability friable porous medium under non-isothermal conditions. Analytical solutions are obtained for the stresses and strains around a 2-D plane strain circular borehole. Expansion potential is introduced by combining the strains induced by temperature and pore pressure changes. Steady-
293A
state pressures and temperatures are considered, and a nonassociated plastic flow rule is applied to calculate plastic strains. Focusing on stress distribution near a circular opening, the classic solutions for those stresses under dry and isothermal conditions are used to compare with the newly derived solution. The general poroelastoplastic effect and the thermal effect on sand production and borehole stability are addressed. It is suggested that the knowledge of stress history is critical to achieve adequate solutions for displacement and stress in friable media such as clays, shales and oil sands. (Authors)
Tunnels 956331 Behavior of pressure tnnnels and guidelines for her design G. Fernandez, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering - ASCE, 120(10), 1994, pp 1768-1791. This paper presents a framework to identify and evaluate the variables that control tunnel behavior and thus determine the key decisions made in the design of a pressure tunnel. An approach is also given for incorporating the hydraulic and mechanical liner-ground interaction in the evaluation of the water tightness of various types of liners under operating conditions, as well as for evaluating the capability of these liners to control the pore-water pressure in the surrounding rock mass. Specific liner design recommendations and guidelines are given to accommodate a wide combination of rock mass characteristics, topography, ground-water levels, and operating conditions. (from Author) 956332 Rehab of a tunnel ANON, Compressed Air, 100(2), 1995, pp 24-29. Rehabilitation of the Lincoln Tunnel in the Manhattan district of New York is described. The tunnel is a vital road link between Manhattan and New Jersey. The wnstruction of the tunnel in the 1930s is discussed. The rebuilding of the roadway and relining of the tunnel is described. A unique aspect of the rehabilitation project is a truck trap at the Manhattan entrance of the North Tube, with a similar device planned for the Manhattan entrance of the centre tube when reconstruction is completed in 1997. (P.M.Taylor) 956333 Hawaii’s interbase interstate R. Robinson, Civil Engineering - ASCE, 65(l), 1995, pp 4245. Hawaii’s third interstate highway is the largest HDOT project to date as well as the longest in time (planning began in 1966) although only 15 miles long. Its centerpiece is a world-class, state-of-the-art twin-bore tunnel sandwiched between two one-mile state-of-the-art segmental viaducts. There are also three major interchanges, 16 major bridges, two cut-andcover tunnels, relocation of Hawaii’s Quarantine Station (a $20 million project in itself), all designed after studies that resulted in a highway sensitive to the fragile environment. (from Author) 956334 Sbot in tbe dark A. Oliver, New Civil Engineer (NCE), 1118, 1995, pp 12-13. Investigations are. being carried out by the Health and Safety Executive, BAA and Balfour Beatty into the catastrophic tunnel collapse at Heathrow in October 1994. The collapse disrupted tunnelling projects under the central terminal ma. The ICE has also set up a commission to investigate shoterete-lined tunnelling in soft ground and to produce guidance on the future use of shotcrete tunnelling. Although
EXCAVATIONSTUNNELS
956327 Residential construction failures caused by Hurricane Andrew W. Suaris & M. S. Khan, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities - AXE, 9(l), 1995, pp 24-33. This paper presents results of a study conducted on several residential structures to determine the design and construction deficiencies that contributed significantly to their failure. The failures in masonry construction can mainly be attributed to lack of anchorage because the wall reinforcing was either missing or not hooked to the tie beam. Some masonry-wall failures were also caused by the tie beam bending about its minor axis when subjected to lateral loading. The failures in framed construction can mainly be attributed to deficient design and construction practices. Wood end gables failed due to lack of proper bracing. Loss of roof sheathing was also common due to inadequate nailing. (Authors) 956328 Ear&quakes and mineral collections A. R. Kampf, Mineralogical Record, 25(4), 1994, pp 245241. Museums and private collectors face special problems when storing and displaying priceless artefacts in seismically active areas. The article covers the following factors that need to be considered to minimise risk of damage: these relate to the frequency of the earthquakes, the stability of the building, storage and display structure, the method used to contain or display the specimens and the specimen orientation. The recommendations address earthquakes of moderate strength only. (M.J.Smith)
UNDERGROUND EXCAVATIONS Stresses around underground openings 956329 Axisyuunetric analysis of ground reinforcing in tunnelling design
D. Peila & P. P. Oreste, Computers & Geotechnics, 17(2), 1995, pp 253-274. The convergence confinement method has been widely applied to tunnel support design due to its simplicity. A solution able to take into account the existence of an area with different properties around the tunnel is proposed in this paper. The ground behatiour considered for the analytical formulation includes a strain softening law both for the reinforced or disturbed area and for the natural ground. The proposed model has been tested and found consistent with a well-known numerical model. Examples showing the importance of the various parameters involved are discussed. (from Authors) 956330 Respome of a circular opening in a friable low-permeability me&an to temperature and pore pressure changes Yarlong Wang & M. B. Dusseault, International Journal for Numerical & Analytical Methoak in Geomechanics, 19(3), 1995, pp 157-179. A general analysis using an incremental elastic, perfectly plastic constitutive stress-strain relationship for poroelastoplastic materials is presented to simulate. an opening in a lowpermeability friable porous medium under non-isothermal conditions. Analytical solutions are obtained for the stresses and strains around a 2-D plane strain circular borehole. Expansion potential is introduced by combining the strains induced by temperature and pore pressure changes. Steady-
293A
state pressures and temperatures are considered, and a nonassociated plastic flow rule is applied to calculate plastic strains. Focusing on stress distribution near a circular opening, the classic solutions for those stresses under dry and isothermal conditions are used to compare with the newly derived solution. The general poroelastoplastic effect and the thermal effect on sand production and borehole stability are addressed. It is suggested that the knowledge of stress history is critical to achieve adequate solutions for displacement and stress in friable media such as clays, shales and oil sands. (Authors)
Tunnels 956331 Behavior of pressure tnnnels and guidelines for her design G. Fernandez, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering - ASCE, 120(10), 1994, pp 1768-1791. This paper presents a framework to identify and evaluate the variables that control tunnel behavior and thus determine the key decisions made in the design of a pressure tunnel. An approach is also given for incorporating the hydraulic and mechanical liner-ground interaction in the evaluation of the water tightness of various types of liners under operating conditions, as well as for evaluating the capability of these liners to control the pore-water pressure in the surrounding rock mass. Specific liner design recommendations and guidelines are given to accommodate a wide combination of rock mass characteristics, topography, ground-water levels, and operating conditions. (from Author) 956332 Rehab of a tunnel ANON, Compressed Air, 100(2), 1995, pp 24-29. Rehabilitation of the Lincoln Tunnel in the Manhattan district of New York is described. The tunnel is a vital road link between Manhattan and New Jersey. The wnstruction of the tunnel in the 1930s is discussed. The rebuilding of the roadway and relining of the tunnel is described. A unique aspect of the rehabilitation project is a truck trap at the Manhattan entrance of the North Tube, with a similar device planned for the Manhattan entrance of the centre tube when reconstruction is completed in 1997. (P.M.Taylor) 956333 Hawaii’s interbase interstate R. Robinson, Civil Engineering - ASCE, 65(l), 1995, pp 4245. Hawaii’s third interstate highway is the largest HDOT project to date as well as the longest in time (planning began in 1966) although only 15 miles long. Its centerpiece is a world-class, state-of-the-art twin-bore tunnel sandwiched between two one-mile state-of-the-art segmental viaducts. There are also three major interchanges, 16 major bridges, two cut-andcover tunnels, relocation of Hawaii’s Quarantine Station (a $20 million project in itself), all designed after studies that resulted in a highway sensitive to the fragile environment. (from Author) 956334 Sbot in tbe dark A. Oliver, New Civil Engineer (NCE), 1118, 1995, pp 12-13. Investigations are. being carried out by the Health and Safety Executive, BAA and Balfour Beatty into the catastrophic tunnel collapse at Heathrow in October 1994. The collapse disrupted tunnelling projects under the central terminal ma. The ICE has also set up a commission to investigate shoterete-lined tunnelling in soft ground and to produce guidance on the future use of shotcrete tunnelling. Although