- Email: [email protected]
Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel M. Yuvaraj ⇑, G. Viswanath Department of Automobile Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 18 September 2019 Received in revised form 15 November 2019 Accepted 18 November 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Ternary fuels Palm oil Ethanol Biodiesel Diesel
a b s t r a c t The objective of this research is to evaluate the characteristics of an engine by using diesel–biodieselethanol (Ternary fuel) into the present VCR (Variable Compression Ratio) single-cylinder four-stroke water-cooled diesel engine. In this investigation, palm oil is taken as biodiesel. The world needs biodiesel due to the deficiency of fossil fuels. The best choice is selecting the biodiesel and ethanol because they are available from the renewable feedstock, non-toxicity to the environment and it is eco-friendly. In blending stage B30 as a blend chosen because it contains 70% of diesel, 20% of biodiesel as palm oil and lastly remaining 10% is ethanol was used. 0 kW which is known as a no-load condition, 3 kW, 6 kW and 9 kW were taken as loading conditions. In these loading conditions 9 kW taken as maximum load condition. The present investigation is to measure together with these parameters emissions like Hydro Carbons (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Oxides of nitrogen (NO) and smoke were taken. 15:1, 16.5:1, 17.5:1 and 18:1 are the four compression ratios selected to find the engine emission characteristics. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction In the present world, the value of fossil fuels (petrol and diesel etc..,) are increased day by day because due to the reasons for increasing the vehicles [1]. By usage of fossil fuels are increasing for the main purpose of transportation and industrial purposes [2]. Due to this increasing issue, the quality of air is reduced due to the increase in vehicles and industrial emissions [3,4]. For achieving environmental benefits ethanol and biodiesel are blended with diesel. 100% of biodiesel cannot be used as an alternative fuel in the engines [5]. At the beginning of the 21st century by using ethanol, methanol and n-butanol which are known as alcohol are mixed with diesel and used as a binary fuel [6]. Due to the content of higher octane number directly used in Spark Ignition engine [7]. Adding of 20% biodiesel and ethanol-blended result in lower dependent of mixture stabilizer this resulted in ternary fuel contains diesel–biodiesel-ethanol [8,9,10]. Biodiesel is easily blended with petrol and diesel because of fatty acid methyl esters and it can be used directly in present engines [11,12]. Regarding
⇑ Corresponding author.
the fuel advantages, it has good lubricity, high flash point temperature and less toxic compounds [13]. Different development research has done to improve diesel–biodiesel blends on emissions of diesel engines [14–19]. In so many countries wastes are produced from plants and industries are collected to converted into the biodiesel [20]. By using biodiesel in engines is an alternative method to reduce the emissions [21–23]. The blend of diesel– biodiesel-ethanol can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines [24,25]. For every blend, the method has an advantage and disadvantage [26–28] few studies has done blended more and fumigation mode using the same fuel runs on the same diesel engine under the same controlling conditions [29–32]. Recent studies proved that the level of emissions is reduced than diesel [33–36]. Diesel/e-diesel is the other name of ethanol diesel blended. Many research people have tested this blend with various additives but all blends are containing a small amount of ethanol where additives improved solubility but the blend properties are not changed [37–41]. Few researchers studied the blend with hydrous ethanol [42], few are used anhydrous ethanol [43–46]. The low flashpoint of this blend without biodiesel is another critical problem, which hinders the application of this blending the CI engine and studies have shown no effect of emulsifiers on this
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Yuvaraj). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232
2
M. Yuvaraj, G. Viswanath / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
property [47]. When biodiesel is added to this diesel–ethanol blend, then the solubility of ethanol In the diesel fuel increases over a wide range of temperature along with improving the blend’s physicochemical properties [48,49]. This blend is stable well below under sub-zero temperature [50,51]. Studies have shown that the diesel–biodiesel– ethanol/bioethanol blend has improved physicochemical properties compare to diesel–biodiesel or diesel–ethanol/ bioethanol blends separately [52,53]. This blend has better water tolerance and stability than the diesel–ethanol blend [54]. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Diesel Diesel fuel, in general, is any liquid fuel used in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel. Diesel engines have found broad use as a result of higher thermodynamic Fig. 3. BioDiesel.
Fig. 4. Ethanol. Fig. 1. Work flow diagram.
Fig. 2. Diesel.
Fig. 5. B30 (Ternary fuel).
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232
M. Yuvaraj, G. Viswanath / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 6. Layout of Experimental setup.
Fig. 7. Variation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emission with respect to Engine Load.
and thus fuel efficiencies. This is particularly noted where diesel engines are run at part-load; as their air supply is not throttled as in a petrol engine, their efficiency remains very high.
the transport sector, biodiesel can be assured of a significant market in India. The Indian Government announced its ’National Biodiesel Policy’ which aims to meet 20% of India’s diesel demand with fuel derived from plants.
2.2. Bio diesel Biodiesel development in India centres mainly on the cultivation and processing of palm oil which is very rich in oil (20%). Palm oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel for the diesel fuel requirements of remote rural and forest communities. Palm oil can be used directly after extraction (i.e. without refining) in diesel generators and engines. The Government is currently implementing an ethanol-blending program and considering initiatives in the form of mandates for biodiesel. Due to these strategies, the rising population, and the growing energy demand from
2.3. Ethanol Ethanol is used as an alternative fuel, a fuel extender, an oxygenate and an octane enhancer. It is expected that the use of ethanol as a gasoline-blending component can reduce the amount of petroleum-fuel imports by up to 10–15%. Moreover, the use of ethanol can also increase farmer’s incomes, because it can be produced domestically from many kinds of agricultural products such as sugar cane, molasses or cassava root. This success of ethanol-
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232
4
M. Yuvaraj, G. Viswanath / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
tics of a VCR (Variable Compression Ratio) Diesel Engine. Biodiesel (B20) + Diesel(B70) Mixed with 10% of Ethanol (Fig. 2). 4. Experimental setup The engine used is VCR (variable compression ratio) singlecylinder four-stroke water-cooled DI diesel engin Fig. 1, show the experimental setup in the laboratory. The engine loading was done using an electric dynamometer fixed to the engine output shaft. IC Engine set up under test is Kirloskar TV1 having power 5.20 kW @ 1500 rpm which is single Cylinder, Four-stroke , Constant Speed, Water Cooled, Diesel Engine, with Cylinder Bore 87.50(mm), Stroke Length 110.00(mm), Connecting Rod length 234.00(mm), Compression ratio 17.5, modified to VCR engine Compression ratio range 12 to 18 (Figs. 3–6). 5. Results and discussion 5.1. Carbon mono oxide (CO) Fig. 8. Variation of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission with Respect to Engine Load.
gasoline blending has led to an interest in the use of oxygenated compounds as emissions-reducing additives in diesel fuel 3. Methodology
From the above graph Fig. 7 shows that at the minimum load condition TF (CR 15) showing more amount of carbon mono oxide and both BD100 TF (CR 18) Showing the same amount of carbon mono oxide .when we come for maximum load condition like minimum load condition TF (CR15) is greatest and TF (CR 18) is lesser carbon mono oxide. 5.2. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
The methodology followed in the project is shown in the Fig. 1 3.1. Preparation of blend Blend Composition from The Effect of Biodiesel and Bio ethanol Blended Diesel Fuel on the Performance and Emission. Characteris-
From the above graph Fig. 8 it is know that carbon dioxide emission are increasing when the there is an increase of load at minimum load condition TF (CR 15) producing less carbon dioxide and the both TF (CR 17.5) and TF (CR 18) producing some amount of carbon dioxide at maximum load condition DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing more amount of carbon dioxide.
Fig. 9. Variation of Hydrocarbon (HC) Emission with Respect to Engine Load.
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232
M. Yuvaraj, G. Viswanath / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
5
producing more amount of nitrogen oxide TF (CR 15) producing lesser amount of nitrogen oxide at the maximum load condition DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing more amount of nitrogen oxide and TF (CR 15) producing lesser amount of nitrogen oxide. 5.5. Smoke (%) From the graph Fig. 11 we know at the minimum load condition TR (CR 15) producing more amount of force DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing less amount of smoke at maximum load condition is BIODIESEL 100 (CR 17.5) producing more amount of smoke and TF (CR 18) producing more amount of smoke. 6. Conclusion
Fig. 10. Variation of Nitrogen oxide (NO) Emission with Respect to Engine Load.
5.3. Hydrocarbon (HC) From the graph Fig. 9 we know that TF (CR 15) producing a higher amount of hydrocarbon and BIODIESEL 100 (CR 17.5) producing less amount hydrocarbon at the maximum load condition TF(CR 15) producing more amount of hydrocarbon and DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing lesser amount of hydrocarbon. 5.4. Nitrogen oxide (NO) From the graph Fig. 10 it is knowing that nitrogen oxide is increasing by the increasing of load at minimum load TF (CR 18)
Thus to prepare a blend of B30 is diesel-biodiesel-ethanol be used and its amount in the blend should be kept as low as possible. Diesel 70%,biodiesel 20%,ethanol 10%. The best result can be obtained from the blend containing 10% ethanol or less than that. And the amount from the biodiesel should be determined according to its quality. The use of this ternary fuel blend in the singlecylinder (VCR) diesel engine reduces the emission of CO, CO2, HC, NO, and SMOKE. were taken. 15:1, 16.5:1, 17.5:1 and 18:1 are the four compression ratios selected to find the engine emission characteristics. As from the above result and discussion we can conclude that diesel engine at compression ratio of emission result of Carbon monoxide (CO) we are going to know that at the minimum load condition TF (CR 15) showing more amount of carbon monoxide and both BD100 TF (CR 18) Showing the same amount of carbon monoxide. When we come for maximum load condition like minimum load condition TF (CR15) is greatest and TF (CR 18) is lesser carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) it is know that carbon dioxide emission are increasing when the there is an increase of load at minimum load condition TF (CR 15) producing less carbon dioxide and the both TF (CR 17.5) and TF (CR 18) producing some amount of carbon dioxide at maximum load
Fig. 11. Variation of Smoke (%) Emission with Respect to Engine Loa.
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232
6
M. Yuvaraj, G. Viswanath / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
condition DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing more amount of carbon dioxide. hydrocarbon (HC) we know that TF (CR 15) producing a higher amount of hydrocarbon and BIODIESEL 100 (CR 17.5) producing less amount hydrocarbon at the maximum load condition TF(CR 15) producing more amount of hydrocarbon and DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing lesser amount of hydrocarbon. nitrogen oxide (NOX) it is knowing that nitrogen oxide is increasing by the increasing of load at minimum load TF (CR 18) producing more amount of nitrogen oxide TF (CR 15) producing lesser amount of nitrogen oxide at the maximum load condition DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing more amount of nitrogen oxide and TF (CR 15) producing lesser amount of nitrogen oxide. The smoke we know at the minimum load condition TR (CR 15) producing more amount of force DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing less amount of smoke at maximum load condition is BIODIESEL 100 (CR 17.5) producing more amount of smoke and TF(CR 18) producing more amount of smoke. CRediT authorship contribution statement M. Yuvaraj: . G. Viswanath: Conceptualization, Supervision, Project administration. Declaration of Interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financialinterestsor personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References [1] X. Zheng, Y. Wu, S. Zhang, L. He, J. Hao, Evaluating real-world Emissions of light-duty gasoline vehicles with deactivated three-way catalyst converters, Atmos. Pollut. Res. 9 (1) (2018) 126–132. [2] Tiwari, S., Thomas, A., Rao, P., Chate, D.M., Soni, V.K., Singh, S., Ghude, S.D., Singh, D. and Hopke, P.K., 2018. Pollution concentrations in Delhi India during winter2015–16: A case study of an odd-even vehicle strategy. Atmospheric Pollution Research. [3] A.S. Silitonga, H.H. Masjuki, H.C. Ong, A.H. Sebayang, S. Dharma, F. Kusumo, J. Siswantoro, J. Milano, K. Daud, T.M.I. Mahlia, W.H. Chen, Evaluation of the engine performance and exhaust emissions of biodiesel-ethanol-diesel blends using kernel-based extreme learning machine, Energy 159 (2018) 1075–1087. [4] Soares, S. and Rocha, F.R., 2018. Fast Spectrophotometric Determination of Iodine Value in Biodiesel and Vegetable Oils. J. Braz. Chem. Soc, 29(8), pp. 1701-1706.44 [5] Çelebi, Y. and Aydın, H., 2018. Investigation of the effects of butanol addition on safflower biodiesel usage as fuel in a generator diesel engine. Fuel, 222, pp.385-393. [6] J.W. Turner, A.G. Lewis, S. Akehurst, C.J. Brace, S. Verhelst, J. Vancoillie, L. Sileghem, F. Leach, P.P. Edwards, Alcohol fuels for spark-ignition engines: Performance, efficiency and emission effects at mid to high blend rates for binary mixtures and pure components, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D: J. Automobile Eng. 232 (1) (2018) 36–56. [7] P. Sakthivel, K.A. Subramanian, R. Mathai, Indian scenario of ethanol fuel and its utilization in automotive transportation sector, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 132 (2018) 102–120. [8] H. Venu, V. Madhavan, Influence of diethyl ether (DEE) addition in ethanolbiodiesel-diesel (EBD) and methanol-biodiesel-diesel (MBD) blends in a diesel engine, Fuel 189 (2017) 377–390. [9] H. Venu, V. Madhavan, Effect of Al2O3 nano particles in biodiesel-diesel ethanol blends at various injection strategies: Performance, combustion and emission characteristics, Fuel 186 (2016) 176–189. [10] H. Venu, V. Madhavan, Effect of diethyl ether and Al 2 O 3 nano additives in diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends: Performance, combustion and emission characteristics, J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 31 (1) (2017) 409–420. [11] M.M.K. Bhuiya et al., Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel—Part: 1 selection of feedstocks, oil extraction techniques and conversion technologies, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 55 (2016) 1109–1128. [12] M.M.K. Bhuiya et al., Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel – Part 2: Properties, performance and emission characteristics, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 55 (2016) 1129–1146. [13] Wyatt, V.T., et al., Fuel properties and nitrogen oxide emission levels of biodiesel produced from animal fats. Journal of the Fuel, 2018. 222: p. 574585. [14] Abdalla, I.E., Experimental studies for the thermo-physiochemical properties of Biodiesel and its blends and the performance of such fuels in a Compression Ignition Engine. Fuel, 2018. 212: p. 638-655. American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2005. 82(8): p. 585-591.
[15] Giakoumis, E.G. and C.K. Sarakatsanis, Estimation of biodiesel cetane number, density, kinematic viscosity and heating values from its fatty acid weight composition. [16] M.M. Islam et al., Improvement of cold flow properties of Cocos nucifera and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blends using polymethyl acrylate additive, J. Cleaner Prod. 137 (2016) 322–329. [17] Private Communication, ARfuels Barnawatha, Victoria, Australia [18] J. Xue, Combustion characteristics, engine performances and emissions of waste edible oil biodiesel in diesel engine, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 23 (2013) 350–365. [19] A.E. Atabani et al., Non-edible vegetable oils: A critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 18 (2013) 211–245. [20] M. Hajjari et al., A review on the prospects of sustainable biodiesel production: A global scenario with an emphasis on waste-oil biodiesel utilization, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 72 (2017) 445–464. [21] S.J. Murad Algayyim, A.P. Wandel, T. Yusaf, I. Hamawand, Production and application of ABE as a biofuel, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 82 (1) (2018) 1195–1214. [22] M. Mofijur, M.G. Rasul, J. Hyde, A.K. Azad, R. Mamat, M.M.K. Bhuiya, Role of biofuel and their binary (diesel-biodiesel) and ternary (ethanol-biodieseldiesel) blends on internal combustion engines emission reduction, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 53 (2016) 265–278. [23] S.A. Shahir, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, A. Imran, I.M. Rizwanul Fattah, A. Sanjid, Feasibility of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol/bioethanol blend as existing CI engine fuel:an assessment of properties, material compatibility, safety and combustion, RenewSustain Energy Rev 32 (2014) 379–395. [24] M. Zöldy, Ethanol-biodiesel-diesel blends as a diesel extender option compression ignition engines, Transport 26 (2011) 303–309. [25] Barabas I, Todorutß IA. Utilization of biodiesel-diesel-ethanol blends in CI engine. In: Montero G, Stoytcheva M, editors. Biodiesel-Quality, Emissions and by-Products. InTech; 2011. p. 215–34 [26] D.B. Hulwan, S.V. Joshi, Performance, emission and combustion characteristic of a multicylinder DI diesel engine running on diesel-ethanol-biodiesel blends of high ethanol content, Appl. Energy 88 (12) (2011) 5042–5055. [27] S.A. Shahir, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, A. Imran, A.M. Ashraful, Performance and emission assessment of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol/bioethanol blend as a fuel in diesel engines: a review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 48 (2015) 62–78. [28] A. Imran, M. Varman, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, Review on alcohol fumigation on diesel engine: A viable alternative dual fuel technology for satisfactory engine performance and reduction of environment concerning emission, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 26 (2013) 739–751. [29] M.A. Ghadikolaei, Effect of alcohol blend and fumigation on regulated and unregulated emissions of IC engines – a review, Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 57 (2016) 1440–1495. [30] M. Abu-Qudais, O. Haddad, M. Qudaisat, The effect of alcohol fumigation on diesel engine performance and emissions, Energy Convers. Manage. 41 (2000) 389–399. [31] Cheng CH, Cheung CS. Chan TL, Lee SC, Yao CD, Tsang KS. Comparison of emissions of a direct injection diesel engine operating on biodiesel with emulsified and fumigated methanol. Fuel 2008; 87:1870-1879 [32] Z. S ß ahin, O. Durgun, O.N. Aksu, Experimental investigation of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends and n-butanol fumigation – Evaluation of engine performance, exhaust emissions, heat release and flammability analysis, Energy Convers. Manage. 103 (2015) 778–789. [33] F. Mariasiu, N.V. Burnete, D. Moldovanu, B.O. Varga, C. Iclodean, L. Kocsis, Effects of bioethanol ultrasonic generated aerosols application on diesel engine performances, The rm Sci 19 (6) (2015) 1931–1941. [34] LiDgZhenH, XingcaiL, WugaoZ, JianguangY.Physicochemical properties of ethanol dieselBlend fuel and its effecton performance and emissions of diesel engines.RenewableEnergy2005;30:967–76. [35] Shi X,YuY,HeH,ShuaiS,WangJ,LiR.Emission characteristics using methyl soyate–ethanol–diesel fuelblendsonadieselengine.Fuel2005;84:1543–9 [36] PrasadR SrivastavaA, Triglycerides-based diesel fuels.RenewableSustainable, Energy Rev 4 (2000) 111–133. [37] Masum BM,KalamMA,MasjukiHH,PalashSM,FattahIMR. Performance and emission analysis of amulti cylinder gasoline engine operating at differential cohol–gasoline blends.RSCAdv2014;4:27898–904. [38] AgarwalAK.Biofuels(alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines.ProgEnergyCombustSci2007;33:233–71 [39] Lapuerta M,ArmasO,Rodríguez-FernándezJ. Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions.Prog Energy CombustSci2008;34:198–223 [40] McCormickRL,ParishR.Advanced petroleum based fuels program and renewable diesel program. [41] ShahirSA, MasjukiHH, KalamMA, ImranA, FattahIMR, SanjidA. Feasibility of diesel biodiesel ethanol/bio ethanol blend CI engine fuel: an assessment of properties, material compatibility, safetyandcombustion. Renewable Sustainable EnergyRev2014;32:379–95. [42] Mn Lapuerta, Garci´ a-ContrerasR,Campos-Fernández J,DoradoMP.Stability, lubricity, viscosity, and cold-flow properties of alcohol–diesel lends. Energy Fuels 2010;24:4497–502 [43] ReyesY,Ar and aDAG,LAMSantander,CavadoA, CRP Belchior. Action principles of co solvent additives in ethanol–diesel blends: stability studies. Energy Fuels2009;23:2731–5
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232
M. Yuvaraj, G. Viswanath / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx [44] Torres Jimenez E, Svoljsak Jerman M, Gregorc A, LisecI, Dorado MP,Kegl B. Physical and chemical properties of ethanol–biodiesel blends for diesel engines. Energy Fuels 2009; 24200. [45] Kumar C, Athawe M ,Aghav YV ,Gajendra Babu MK, Das LM. Effects of ethanol addition on performance , emission and combustion of DI diesel engine running at different injection pressures.SAE2007-01-0626;2007 [46] Rakopoulos C, Antonopoulos K, Rakopoulos D. Experimental heat release analysis and emissions of a HSDI diesel engine fueled with ethanol–diesel fuel blends. Energy 2007;32:1791–808. _ UstaN.Effects of ethanol addition on performance and [47] Can Ö,Çelikten I, emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection Diesel engine running at different injection pressures.EnergyConversManage2004;45:2429–40 [48] Lapuerta M, ArmasO, Herreros JM. Emissions from a diesel– bio ethanol blend in anautomotivedieselengine. Fuel, 2008;87:25–31
7
[49] Mc Cormick R,Parish R. Technicalbarrierstotheuse of ethanol in diesel fuel. Milestonereportto 49 National Renewable Energy Laboratory/MP-540-32674, Colorado; 2001 [50] I. Barabás, I.-A. Todorutß, Utilization of biodiesel–diesel–ethanol blends in CI engine, Emissions and By-productsInTechPublisher, Biodiesel-Quality, 2011. [51] Fernando S, Hanna M. Development to fan ovel biofuel blend using ethanol– biodiesel–diesel microemulsions:EB-diesel. Energy Fuels 2004;18:1695–703. [52] LapuertaM, ArmasO, García Contrer as R.Effect of ethanol on blending stability and diesel engine emissions.EnergyFuels2009;23:4343–54 [53] Bhale PV, Deshpande NV, Thombre SB. Improving the low temperature properties ofbiodieselfuel. Renewable Energy 2009;34:794–800. [54] K. Cheenkachorn, Fungtamm as an B. Biodiesel as an additive for diesohol, Int. J. Green Energy 6 (2009) 57–72.
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel M. Yuvaraj ⇑, G. Viswanath Department of Automobile Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 18 September 2019 Received in revised form 15 November 2019 Accepted 18 November 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Ternary fuels Palm oil Ethanol Biodiesel Diesel
a b s t r a c t The objective of this research is to evaluate the characteristics of an engine by using diesel–biodieselethanol (Ternary fuel) into the present VCR (Variable Compression Ratio) single-cylinder four-stroke water-cooled diesel engine. In this investigation, palm oil is taken as biodiesel. The world needs biodiesel due to the deficiency of fossil fuels. The best choice is selecting the biodiesel and ethanol because they are available from the renewable feedstock, non-toxicity to the environment and it is eco-friendly. In blending stage B30 as a blend chosen because it contains 70% of diesel, 20% of biodiesel as palm oil and lastly remaining 10% is ethanol was used. 0 kW which is known as a no-load condition, 3 kW, 6 kW and 9 kW were taken as loading conditions. In these loading conditions 9 kW taken as maximum load condition. The present investigation is to measure together with these parameters emissions like Hydro Carbons (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Oxides of nitrogen (NO) and smoke were taken. 15:1, 16.5:1, 17.5:1 and 18:1 are the four compression ratios selected to find the engine emission characteristics. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction In the present world, the value of fossil fuels (petrol and diesel etc..,) are increased day by day because due to the reasons for increasing the vehicles [1]. By usage of fossil fuels are increasing for the main purpose of transportation and industrial purposes [2]. Due to this increasing issue, the quality of air is reduced due to the increase in vehicles and industrial emissions [3,4]. For achieving environmental benefits ethanol and biodiesel are blended with diesel. 100% of biodiesel cannot be used as an alternative fuel in the engines [5]. At the beginning of the 21st century by using ethanol, methanol and n-butanol which are known as alcohol are mixed with diesel and used as a binary fuel [6]. Due to the content of higher octane number directly used in Spark Ignition engine [7]. Adding of 20% biodiesel and ethanol-blended result in lower dependent of mixture stabilizer this resulted in ternary fuel contains diesel–biodiesel-ethanol [8,9,10]. Biodiesel is easily blended with petrol and diesel because of fatty acid methyl esters and it can be used directly in present engines [11,12]. Regarding
⇑ Corresponding author.
the fuel advantages, it has good lubricity, high flash point temperature and less toxic compounds [13]. Different development research has done to improve diesel–biodiesel blends on emissions of diesel engines [14–19]. In so many countries wastes are produced from plants and industries are collected to converted into the biodiesel [20]. By using biodiesel in engines is an alternative method to reduce the emissions [21–23]. The blend of diesel– biodiesel-ethanol can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engines [24,25]. For every blend, the method has an advantage and disadvantage [26–28] few studies has done blended more and fumigation mode using the same fuel runs on the same diesel engine under the same controlling conditions [29–32]. Recent studies proved that the level of emissions is reduced than diesel [33–36]. Diesel/e-diesel is the other name of ethanol diesel blended. Many research people have tested this blend with various additives but all blends are containing a small amount of ethanol where additives improved solubility but the blend properties are not changed [37–41]. Few researchers studied the blend with hydrous ethanol [42], few are used anhydrous ethanol [43–46]. The low flashpoint of this blend without biodiesel is another critical problem, which hinders the application of this blending the CI engine and studies have shown no effect of emulsifiers on this
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Yuvaraj). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232
2
M. Yuvaraj, G. Viswanath / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
property [47]. When biodiesel is added to this diesel–ethanol blend, then the solubility of ethanol In the diesel fuel increases over a wide range of temperature along with improving the blend’s physicochemical properties [48,49]. This blend is stable well below under sub-zero temperature [50,51]. Studies have shown that the diesel–biodiesel– ethanol/bioethanol blend has improved physicochemical properties compare to diesel–biodiesel or diesel–ethanol/ bioethanol blends separately [52,53]. This blend has better water tolerance and stability than the diesel–ethanol blend [54]. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Diesel Diesel fuel, in general, is any liquid fuel used in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel. Diesel engines have found broad use as a result of higher thermodynamic Fig. 3. BioDiesel.
Fig. 4. Ethanol. Fig. 1. Work flow diagram.
Fig. 2. Diesel.
Fig. 5. B30 (Ternary fuel).
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232
M. Yuvaraj, G. Viswanath / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 6. Layout of Experimental setup.
Fig. 7. Variation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emission with respect to Engine Load.
and thus fuel efficiencies. This is particularly noted where diesel engines are run at part-load; as their air supply is not throttled as in a petrol engine, their efficiency remains very high.
the transport sector, biodiesel can be assured of a significant market in India. The Indian Government announced its ’National Biodiesel Policy’ which aims to meet 20% of India’s diesel demand with fuel derived from plants.
2.2. Bio diesel Biodiesel development in India centres mainly on the cultivation and processing of palm oil which is very rich in oil (20%). Palm oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel for the diesel fuel requirements of remote rural and forest communities. Palm oil can be used directly after extraction (i.e. without refining) in diesel generators and engines. The Government is currently implementing an ethanol-blending program and considering initiatives in the form of mandates for biodiesel. Due to these strategies, the rising population, and the growing energy demand from
2.3. Ethanol Ethanol is used as an alternative fuel, a fuel extender, an oxygenate and an octane enhancer. It is expected that the use of ethanol as a gasoline-blending component can reduce the amount of petroleum-fuel imports by up to 10–15%. Moreover, the use of ethanol can also increase farmer’s incomes, because it can be produced domestically from many kinds of agricultural products such as sugar cane, molasses or cassava root. This success of ethanol-
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232
4
M. Yuvaraj, G. Viswanath / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
tics of a VCR (Variable Compression Ratio) Diesel Engine. Biodiesel (B20) + Diesel(B70) Mixed with 10% of Ethanol (Fig. 2). 4. Experimental setup The engine used is VCR (variable compression ratio) singlecylinder four-stroke water-cooled DI diesel engin Fig. 1, show the experimental setup in the laboratory. The engine loading was done using an electric dynamometer fixed to the engine output shaft. IC Engine set up under test is Kirloskar TV1 having power 5.20 kW @ 1500 rpm which is single Cylinder, Four-stroke , Constant Speed, Water Cooled, Diesel Engine, with Cylinder Bore 87.50(mm), Stroke Length 110.00(mm), Connecting Rod length 234.00(mm), Compression ratio 17.5, modified to VCR engine Compression ratio range 12 to 18 (Figs. 3–6). 5. Results and discussion 5.1. Carbon mono oxide (CO) Fig. 8. Variation of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission with Respect to Engine Load.
gasoline blending has led to an interest in the use of oxygenated compounds as emissions-reducing additives in diesel fuel 3. Methodology
From the above graph Fig. 7 shows that at the minimum load condition TF (CR 15) showing more amount of carbon mono oxide and both BD100 TF (CR 18) Showing the same amount of carbon mono oxide .when we come for maximum load condition like minimum load condition TF (CR15) is greatest and TF (CR 18) is lesser carbon mono oxide. 5.2. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
The methodology followed in the project is shown in the Fig. 1 3.1. Preparation of blend Blend Composition from The Effect of Biodiesel and Bio ethanol Blended Diesel Fuel on the Performance and Emission. Characteris-
From the above graph Fig. 8 it is know that carbon dioxide emission are increasing when the there is an increase of load at minimum load condition TF (CR 15) producing less carbon dioxide and the both TF (CR 17.5) and TF (CR 18) producing some amount of carbon dioxide at maximum load condition DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing more amount of carbon dioxide.
Fig. 9. Variation of Hydrocarbon (HC) Emission with Respect to Engine Load.
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232
M. Yuvaraj, G. Viswanath / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
5
producing more amount of nitrogen oxide TF (CR 15) producing lesser amount of nitrogen oxide at the maximum load condition DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing more amount of nitrogen oxide and TF (CR 15) producing lesser amount of nitrogen oxide. 5.5. Smoke (%) From the graph Fig. 11 we know at the minimum load condition TR (CR 15) producing more amount of force DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing less amount of smoke at maximum load condition is BIODIESEL 100 (CR 17.5) producing more amount of smoke and TF (CR 18) producing more amount of smoke. 6. Conclusion
Fig. 10. Variation of Nitrogen oxide (NO) Emission with Respect to Engine Load.
5.3. Hydrocarbon (HC) From the graph Fig. 9 we know that TF (CR 15) producing a higher amount of hydrocarbon and BIODIESEL 100 (CR 17.5) producing less amount hydrocarbon at the maximum load condition TF(CR 15) producing more amount of hydrocarbon and DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing lesser amount of hydrocarbon. 5.4. Nitrogen oxide (NO) From the graph Fig. 10 it is knowing that nitrogen oxide is increasing by the increasing of load at minimum load TF (CR 18)
Thus to prepare a blend of B30 is diesel-biodiesel-ethanol be used and its amount in the blend should be kept as low as possible. Diesel 70%,biodiesel 20%,ethanol 10%. The best result can be obtained from the blend containing 10% ethanol or less than that. And the amount from the biodiesel should be determined according to its quality. The use of this ternary fuel blend in the singlecylinder (VCR) diesel engine reduces the emission of CO, CO2, HC, NO, and SMOKE. were taken. 15:1, 16.5:1, 17.5:1 and 18:1 are the four compression ratios selected to find the engine emission characteristics. As from the above result and discussion we can conclude that diesel engine at compression ratio of emission result of Carbon monoxide (CO) we are going to know that at the minimum load condition TF (CR 15) showing more amount of carbon monoxide and both BD100 TF (CR 18) Showing the same amount of carbon monoxide. When we come for maximum load condition like minimum load condition TF (CR15) is greatest and TF (CR 18) is lesser carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) it is know that carbon dioxide emission are increasing when the there is an increase of load at minimum load condition TF (CR 15) producing less carbon dioxide and the both TF (CR 17.5) and TF (CR 18) producing some amount of carbon dioxide at maximum load
Fig. 11. Variation of Smoke (%) Emission with Respect to Engine Loa.
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232
6
M. Yuvaraj, G. Viswanath / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
condition DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing more amount of carbon dioxide. hydrocarbon (HC) we know that TF (CR 15) producing a higher amount of hydrocarbon and BIODIESEL 100 (CR 17.5) producing less amount hydrocarbon at the maximum load condition TF(CR 15) producing more amount of hydrocarbon and DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing lesser amount of hydrocarbon. nitrogen oxide (NOX) it is knowing that nitrogen oxide is increasing by the increasing of load at minimum load TF (CR 18) producing more amount of nitrogen oxide TF (CR 15) producing lesser amount of nitrogen oxide at the maximum load condition DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing more amount of nitrogen oxide and TF (CR 15) producing lesser amount of nitrogen oxide. The smoke we know at the minimum load condition TR (CR 15) producing more amount of force DIESEL (CR 17.5) producing less amount of smoke at maximum load condition is BIODIESEL 100 (CR 17.5) producing more amount of smoke and TF(CR 18) producing more amount of smoke. CRediT authorship contribution statement M. Yuvaraj: . G. Viswanath: Conceptualization, Supervision, Project administration. Declaration of Interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financialinterestsor personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References [1] X. Zheng, Y. Wu, S. Zhang, L. He, J. Hao, Evaluating real-world Emissions of light-duty gasoline vehicles with deactivated three-way catalyst converters, Atmos. Pollut. Res. 9 (1) (2018) 126–132. [2] Tiwari, S., Thomas, A., Rao, P., Chate, D.M., Soni, V.K., Singh, S., Ghude, S.D., Singh, D. and Hopke, P.K., 2018. Pollution concentrations in Delhi India during winter2015–16: A case study of an odd-even vehicle strategy. Atmospheric Pollution Research. [3] A.S. Silitonga, H.H. Masjuki, H.C. Ong, A.H. Sebayang, S. Dharma, F. Kusumo, J. Siswantoro, J. Milano, K. Daud, T.M.I. Mahlia, W.H. Chen, Evaluation of the engine performance and exhaust emissions of biodiesel-ethanol-diesel blends using kernel-based extreme learning machine, Energy 159 (2018) 1075–1087. [4] Soares, S. and Rocha, F.R., 2018. Fast Spectrophotometric Determination of Iodine Value in Biodiesel and Vegetable Oils. J. Braz. Chem. Soc, 29(8), pp. 1701-1706.44 [5] Çelebi, Y. and Aydın, H., 2018. Investigation of the effects of butanol addition on safflower biodiesel usage as fuel in a generator diesel engine. Fuel, 222, pp.385-393. [6] J.W. Turner, A.G. Lewis, S. Akehurst, C.J. Brace, S. Verhelst, J. Vancoillie, L. Sileghem, F. Leach, P.P. Edwards, Alcohol fuels for spark-ignition engines: Performance, efficiency and emission effects at mid to high blend rates for binary mixtures and pure components, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D: J. Automobile Eng. 232 (1) (2018) 36–56. [7] P. Sakthivel, K.A. Subramanian, R. Mathai, Indian scenario of ethanol fuel and its utilization in automotive transportation sector, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 132 (2018) 102–120. [8] H. Venu, V. Madhavan, Influence of diethyl ether (DEE) addition in ethanolbiodiesel-diesel (EBD) and methanol-biodiesel-diesel (MBD) blends in a diesel engine, Fuel 189 (2017) 377–390. [9] H. Venu, V. Madhavan, Effect of Al2O3 nano particles in biodiesel-diesel ethanol blends at various injection strategies: Performance, combustion and emission characteristics, Fuel 186 (2016) 176–189. [10] H. Venu, V. Madhavan, Effect of diethyl ether and Al 2 O 3 nano additives in diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends: Performance, combustion and emission characteristics, J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 31 (1) (2017) 409–420. [11] M.M.K. Bhuiya et al., Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel—Part: 1 selection of feedstocks, oil extraction techniques and conversion technologies, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 55 (2016) 1109–1128. [12] M.M.K. Bhuiya et al., Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel – Part 2: Properties, performance and emission characteristics, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 55 (2016) 1129–1146. [13] Wyatt, V.T., et al., Fuel properties and nitrogen oxide emission levels of biodiesel produced from animal fats. Journal of the Fuel, 2018. 222: p. 574585. [14] Abdalla, I.E., Experimental studies for the thermo-physiochemical properties of Biodiesel and its blends and the performance of such fuels in a Compression Ignition Engine. Fuel, 2018. 212: p. 638-655. American Oil Chemists’ Society, 2005. 82(8): p. 585-591.
[15] Giakoumis, E.G. and C.K. Sarakatsanis, Estimation of biodiesel cetane number, density, kinematic viscosity and heating values from its fatty acid weight composition. [16] M.M. Islam et al., Improvement of cold flow properties of Cocos nucifera and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel blends using polymethyl acrylate additive, J. Cleaner Prod. 137 (2016) 322–329. [17] Private Communication, ARfuels Barnawatha, Victoria, Australia [18] J. Xue, Combustion characteristics, engine performances and emissions of waste edible oil biodiesel in diesel engine, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 23 (2013) 350–365. [19] A.E. Atabani et al., Non-edible vegetable oils: A critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 18 (2013) 211–245. [20] M. Hajjari et al., A review on the prospects of sustainable biodiesel production: A global scenario with an emphasis on waste-oil biodiesel utilization, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 72 (2017) 445–464. [21] S.J. Murad Algayyim, A.P. Wandel, T. Yusaf, I. Hamawand, Production and application of ABE as a biofuel, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 82 (1) (2018) 1195–1214. [22] M. Mofijur, M.G. Rasul, J. Hyde, A.K. Azad, R. Mamat, M.M.K. Bhuiya, Role of biofuel and their binary (diesel-biodiesel) and ternary (ethanol-biodieseldiesel) blends on internal combustion engines emission reduction, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 53 (2016) 265–278. [23] S.A. Shahir, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, A. Imran, I.M. Rizwanul Fattah, A. Sanjid, Feasibility of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol/bioethanol blend as existing CI engine fuel:an assessment of properties, material compatibility, safety and combustion, RenewSustain Energy Rev 32 (2014) 379–395. [24] M. Zöldy, Ethanol-biodiesel-diesel blends as a diesel extender option compression ignition engines, Transport 26 (2011) 303–309. [25] Barabas I, Todorutß IA. Utilization of biodiesel-diesel-ethanol blends in CI engine. In: Montero G, Stoytcheva M, editors. Biodiesel-Quality, Emissions and by-Products. InTech; 2011. p. 215–34 [26] D.B. Hulwan, S.V. Joshi, Performance, emission and combustion characteristic of a multicylinder DI diesel engine running on diesel-ethanol-biodiesel blends of high ethanol content, Appl. Energy 88 (12) (2011) 5042–5055. [27] S.A. Shahir, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, A. Imran, A.M. Ashraful, Performance and emission assessment of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol/bioethanol blend as a fuel in diesel engines: a review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 48 (2015) 62–78. [28] A. Imran, M. Varman, H.H. Masjuki, M.A. Kalam, Review on alcohol fumigation on diesel engine: A viable alternative dual fuel technology for satisfactory engine performance and reduction of environment concerning emission, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 26 (2013) 739–751. [29] M.A. Ghadikolaei, Effect of alcohol blend and fumigation on regulated and unregulated emissions of IC engines – a review, Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 57 (2016) 1440–1495. [30] M. Abu-Qudais, O. Haddad, M. Qudaisat, The effect of alcohol fumigation on diesel engine performance and emissions, Energy Convers. Manage. 41 (2000) 389–399. [31] Cheng CH, Cheung CS. Chan TL, Lee SC, Yao CD, Tsang KS. Comparison of emissions of a direct injection diesel engine operating on biodiesel with emulsified and fumigated methanol. Fuel 2008; 87:1870-1879 [32] Z. S ß ahin, O. Durgun, O.N. Aksu, Experimental investigation of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends and n-butanol fumigation – Evaluation of engine performance, exhaust emissions, heat release and flammability analysis, Energy Convers. Manage. 103 (2015) 778–789. [33] F. Mariasiu, N.V. Burnete, D. Moldovanu, B.O. Varga, C. Iclodean, L. Kocsis, Effects of bioethanol ultrasonic generated aerosols application on diesel engine performances, The rm Sci 19 (6) (2015) 1931–1941. [34] LiDgZhenH, XingcaiL, WugaoZ, JianguangY.Physicochemical properties of ethanol dieselBlend fuel and its effecton performance and emissions of diesel engines.RenewableEnergy2005;30:967–76. [35] Shi X,YuY,HeH,ShuaiS,WangJ,LiR.Emission characteristics using methyl soyate–ethanol–diesel fuelblendsonadieselengine.Fuel2005;84:1543–9 [36] PrasadR SrivastavaA, Triglycerides-based diesel fuels.RenewableSustainable, Energy Rev 4 (2000) 111–133. [37] Masum BM,KalamMA,MasjukiHH,PalashSM,FattahIMR. Performance and emission analysis of amulti cylinder gasoline engine operating at differential cohol–gasoline blends.RSCAdv2014;4:27898–904. [38] AgarwalAK.Biofuels(alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines.ProgEnergyCombustSci2007;33:233–71 [39] Lapuerta M,ArmasO,Rodríguez-FernándezJ. Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions.Prog Energy CombustSci2008;34:198–223 [40] McCormickRL,ParishR.Advanced petroleum based fuels program and renewable diesel program. [41] ShahirSA, MasjukiHH, KalamMA, ImranA, FattahIMR, SanjidA. Feasibility of diesel biodiesel ethanol/bio ethanol blend CI engine fuel: an assessment of properties, material compatibility, safetyandcombustion. Renewable Sustainable EnergyRev2014;32:379–95. [42] Mn Lapuerta, Garci´ a-ContrerasR,Campos-Fernández J,DoradoMP.Stability, lubricity, viscosity, and cold-flow properties of alcohol–diesel lends. Energy Fuels 2010;24:4497–502 [43] ReyesY,Ar and aDAG,LAMSantander,CavadoA, CRP Belchior. Action principles of co solvent additives in ethanol–diesel blends: stability studies. Energy Fuels2009;23:2731–5
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232
M. Yuvaraj, G. Viswanath / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx [44] Torres Jimenez E, Svoljsak Jerman M, Gregorc A, LisecI, Dorado MP,Kegl B. Physical and chemical properties of ethanol–biodiesel blends for diesel engines. Energy Fuels 2009; 24200. [45] Kumar C, Athawe M ,Aghav YV ,Gajendra Babu MK, Das LM. Effects of ethanol addition on performance , emission and combustion of DI diesel engine running at different injection pressures.SAE2007-01-0626;2007 [46] Rakopoulos C, Antonopoulos K, Rakopoulos D. Experimental heat release analysis and emissions of a HSDI diesel engine fueled with ethanol–diesel fuel blends. Energy 2007;32:1791–808. _ UstaN.Effects of ethanol addition on performance and [47] Can Ö,Çelikten I, emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection Diesel engine running at different injection pressures.EnergyConversManage2004;45:2429–40 [48] Lapuerta M, ArmasO, Herreros JM. Emissions from a diesel– bio ethanol blend in anautomotivedieselengine. Fuel, 2008;87:25–31
7
[49] Mc Cormick R,Parish R. Technicalbarrierstotheuse of ethanol in diesel fuel. Milestonereportto 49 National Renewable Energy Laboratory/MP-540-32674, Colorado; 2001 [50] I. Barabás, I.-A. Todorutß, Utilization of biodiesel–diesel–ethanol blends in CI engine, Emissions and By-productsInTechPublisher, Biodiesel-Quality, 2011. [51] Fernando S, Hanna M. Development to fan ovel biofuel blend using ethanol– biodiesel–diesel microemulsions:EB-diesel. Energy Fuels 2004;18:1695–703. [52] LapuertaM, ArmasO, García Contrer as R.Effect of ethanol on blending stability and diesel engine emissions.EnergyFuels2009;23:4343–54 [53] Bhale PV, Deshpande NV, Thombre SB. Improving the low temperature properties ofbiodieselfuel. Renewable Energy 2009;34:794–800. [54] K. Cheenkachorn, Fungtamm as an B. Biodiesel as an additive for diesohol, Int. J. Green Energy 6 (2009) 57–72.
Please cite this article as: M. Yuvaraj and G. Viswanath, Effect of compression ratio on a single cylinder diesel engine operated with Ternary fuel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.11.232