Effect of different animal protein sources on digestive and metabolic parameters and milk production in dairy goats

Small Ruminant Research ELSEVIER

Small Ruminant Research 13 (1994) 127-132

Effect of different animal protein sources on digestive and metabolic parameters and milk production in dairy goats I. Andrighetto*, L. Bailoni Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Universitb di Padua, Via Gradenigo 6, 35131 Padua, haly (Accepted 25 June 1993)

Abstract Twenty-eight multiparous goats were fed a diet containing corn silage and concentrate with a ratio of 1 : 1 on a DM basis ad libitum. Two commercial concentrates were prepared using meat meal (MM) and hydrolyzed feather meal plus blood meal (FBM). Twenty-seven percent of total N in both diets was supplied by animal protein sources. No differences were observed in voluntary intakes, whereas DM, protein and fibrous fraction digestibility was slightly lower in animals fed FBM concentrate. Total VFA and NH3-N concentrations were slightly lower in the rumen fluid of goats receiving FBM diet but rumen pH was significantly higher (6.58 vs. 6.47; P < 0.05) in this group as well as the acetate: propionate ratio (3.96 vs. 3.63). N excretion in milk was higher for dairy goats fed FBM concentrate than in those fed MM concentrate (29.7 vs. 27.7% of N intake, respectively; P < 0.05). Milk production was similar for both treatments but protein and casein contents were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in goats fed FBM diet (2.85 vs. 2.72% and 1.95 vs. 1.84%, respectively). The use of hydrolyzed feather meal with blood meal can improve the nutritive value of the diet and milk quality of dairy goats. Key words: Meat meal; Feather meal; Blood meal; Dairy goat

I. Introduction Systems to determine protein requirements of lactating dairy goats are continually evolving (INRA, 1978; ARC, 1980; NRC, 1981; Brun-Bellut et al., 1991 ). In particular, a recent study has evaluated combinations between rumen degradable and non-degradable protein (Brun-Bellut et al., 1990) and the duodenal availability of digestible amino acids. However, it is important to know not only the quantity of dietary by-pass protein but also the quality of protein and amino acid sources in the diet. Traditional feedstuffs and new alternative by-products of different provenance are available as nitrogen *Corresponding author. 0921-4488/94/$07.00 © 1994 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved SSDI092 1-4488 (93) E0080-C

sources. In Italy the slaughter industry produces large amounts of residues ( 170,000 t / y r feather meal and 150,000 t blood meal) which are difficult to dispose of. These products can be utilized in ruminant nutrition (Church et al., 1982; Waltz et al., 1989; Goedeken et al. 1990a, 1990b; Blasi et al., 1991). In the diets of dairy goats the use of meat meal and meat and bone meal can give satisfactory results (Lu et al., 1990b; Andrighetto et al. 1992), whereas the few studies conducted on feather meal have shown that some caution should be exercised due to limited microbial synthesis and poor quality of the undegraded protein (Lu et al., 1990a). The objective of this trial was to compare effects of two different diets in which 30% of nitrogen was supplied by meat meal and feather meal plus blood meal

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on digestive and metabolic parameters, and milk production of lactating dairy goats.

Table 1 Chemical composition of the feedstuffs ~ Corn- Concentrate silage meat meal feathers and blood meal

2. Materials and methods 2.1. Animals and diets T w e n t y - e i g h t pluriparous goats ( 12 Alpine and 16 Saanen) were utilized. At the beginning o f the experiment the average body weight was 50.9_+ 6.5 kg and average milk yield was 2.9 + 0.8 k g / d . A n i m a l s were housed in a closed-sided barn in eight 4 x 7.5 m boxes with straw litter. The experiment was conducted between March and June, in temperatures ranging from 15 to 25°C. B e t w e e n parturition and the start of the trial (about 4 w e e k s ) the animals were fed a transition diet based on the same feedstuffs used during the experimental period, blocked according to milk production, body weight and parturition distance, and r a n d o m l y assigned to four groups for each breed. During the experimental period ( 12 w e e k s ) , goats r e c e i v e d a diet o f corn silage and pelleted concentrates in a ratio o f 50 : 50 on a D M basis. T w o concentrates were prepared with soybean meal, extruded soybean and urea as basal protein sources ( 6 0 % N content) and the addition o f meat meal ( M M ) or hydrolyzed feather meal plus blood meal ( F B M ) , respectively. C h e m i c a l composition and ingredients of the feedstuffs are in Table I. Feeds were accurately m i x e d to prevent sorting by the animals. Diets were fed ad libitum and offered once daily after the morning milking. 2.2. Sampling and experimental design F e e d samples and orts were taken w e e k l y and c o m posited in each o f the 3 weeks for analysis. Nutrient intake was determined by difference b e t w e e n the administered feeds and orts. A n i m a l s were w e i g h e d at the beginning o f the trial and b i w e e k l y thereafter. B l o o d samples were obtained by jugular vein puncture at the beginning o f the trial and 21, 42, 63 and 84 d thereafter. Goats were milked by m a c h i n e twice daily and milk production was recorded. The P M - A M milk samples were taken at the same time as the blood samples. A 2 x 2 experimental design took into consideration goat breeds and protein source. Diet digestibility was determined in v i v o using four

Chemical composition DM (%) CP (%) ash (%) NDF (%) ADF ( % ) pH Ingredient Barley Corn gluten feed Wheat fine bran Dried sugarbeet pulp Soybean meal Extruded soybean Meat meal Hydrolyzed feather meal Blood meal Molasses Urea Corn Dicalcium phosphate Calcium carbonate Mineralized saltb Vitamin trace mineral premix c

36.8 6.2 3.7 48.0 27.7 3.7

90.5 29.2 10.5 30.1 9.8 -

89.9 28.0 11.2 31.6 9.9 -

-

23.0 18.0 13.0 7.5 4.5 3.8 18.0 4.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 0.6 3.8 0.9

23.0 18.0 12.5 11.0 5.0 4.0 5.5 5.5 4.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 3.5 7.1 0.9

"On DM basis. bContaining: sodium chloride 1.0; magnesium oxide 0.2; sulphur 0.2; bentonite 0.8%. LContaining (per kg}: vitamin A 60000 UI; vitamin D 5000 UI; vitamin E 60 mg; vitamin BI 9 mg; vitamin B2 4.5 rag; vitamin Bo 3.6 rag; vitamin B,2 0.01 mg; D-pantothenic acid 14 mg; vitamin PP 200 rag; caolin 1000 rag; Co 1 mg; Fe 200 rag; l 3.5 mg; Mn 90 mg; Cu 25 mg; Zn 275 mg; Se 0.5 rag; S 2000 mg. lactating goats ( t w o Saanen and two A l p i n e ) . For each breed, a Latin square design (2 X 2) considered animals on two different diets during two periods. Each period c o m p r i s e d a 10-d preliminary and 7-d experimental period during which m e a s u r e m e n t s were taken. Quantity o f administered diet, orts, faeces, urine and milk yield were recorded daily and samples retained for analysis. Urine was collected daily in containers with 50 ml 10% sulphuric acid, and the samples frozen. Total N was m e a s u r e d in each sample. At the end of each digestibility period, r u m e n samples from four goats were taken via stomach tube before and 3 h after

l. Andrighetto, L. Bailoni / Small Ruminant Research 13 (1994) 127-132

the meal, and pH was determined immediately after sampling. Rumen samples were frozen at - 20°C.

2.3. Chemical and statistical analysis DM, CP, ash and pH were determined in feed samples, orts and faeces (AOAC, 1984). NDF and ADF were determined according to Goering and Van Soest (1970). Milk fat, total protein, lactose and non-casein-N were analyzed according to Biggs (1978). Casein-N was obtained from the difference between total N and noncasein N. Titratable acidity, expressed as °SH/50 ml of milk, was determined according to Alais (1974), and pH value using the potentiometric method (AOAC, 1984). Urea N was analyzed automatically by the conductimetric-enzymatic method using BUN-Analyzer (Beckman). The coagulation time, curd firming rate and curd firmness at 30 min were determined according to the methods of Zannoni and Annibaldi ( 1981 ) on a Formagraph using 10 ml milk. Coagulation was achieved by adding a 0.2 ml i.6% rennet solution. The rennet unit was l : 15000. All serum parameters were determined automatically in blood samples using Technicon RA 1000 System (Technicon Instruments Corporation, Tarrytown, NY) at 37°C. Serum total proteins and albumins were analyzed by the colorimetric method with a biuret reagent ( Skeggs and Hochstrasser, 1964) and bromcresol green (BCG) dye ( Doumas et al., 1971 ), respectively. Serum globulins were determined by difference (total proteins-albumins); urea nitrogen and glucose by enzymatic methods using urease (Tiffany et al., 1972) and hexokinase (Leon et al., 1977), respectively; glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase (GOT) and y-glutamyl transferase (GGT) enzymes were analyzed by enzymatic methods using malate dehydrogenase (IFCC, 1978) and y-glutamil-p-nitroanilide substrate (Szazs, 1969) respectively; calcium by direct colorimetry ( Cowley et al., 1986) and inorganic phosphorus by measuring the phosphomolybdate complex (Amador and Urban, 1972). Volatile fatty acids content ( Hamada et al., 1968 ) and ammonia N ( AOAC, 1984) were determined in rumen fluid samples. Data analysis of variance was by the general linear models procedure (Harvey, 1987): Yijk = I,z + ai

+ bj + ( a b ) ij q- eij ~

where Y~jkis the value of the variable of a single obser-

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vation;/x is the overall mean; ai is the effect of ith breed (Alpine and Saanen); bj is the effect ofjth protein source (MM and FBM); (ab)ij is the interaction effect and e0k is the random residual. The statistical model was modified for the analysis of milk composition and Table 2 Voluntary intake and body weight changes of lactating dairy goats Concentrate

Daily intake DM CP ash NDF ADF BW BW changes

SE a

meat meal

feather and blood meal

1960 335 135 784 382 50.5 32

1910 315 139 777 372 50.5 16

(g)

(kg) (g/d)

29 < 1 < 1 2 < 1 1.8 10

"Standard error of the mean.

Table 3 Digestibility, nitrogen utilization and nutritive value of the diets Concentrate

SEa

meat meal feather and blood meal Digestibility coefficients DM OM CP NDF ADF

(% )

Nitrogen utilization N intake (g/d) Faecal N (g/d) Urinary N (g/d) Milk N (g/d) N balance Nutritive value GE ME

(M cal/kg DM) (M cal/kg DM)

71.4 73.3 74.0 57.9 52.7

70.11 72.2 71.0 56.0 49.1

1.5 1.3 1.3 2.2 2.7

50.18 12.89 17.28 13.71 6.30

49.17 14.37 13.81 14.63 6.36

1.17 0.65 1.10 0.47 1.32

4.46 2.71B

4.42 2.64 A

<0.01 <0.01

aStandard error of the mean. A'aMeans in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.01).

1. Amlrighetto, L. Baihmi / Small Ruminant Research 13 (1994) 127-132

130

Table 4

Table 5

Rumen and blood measurements of lactating dairy goats during the trial

Milk yield and milk composition of lactating dairy goats daring the trial

Concentrate meat meal

SE ~

Concentrate

leather and

meat meal

blood meal

6.4T ~

6.58 ~

0.03

Milk

(kg/d)

2.44

2.45

0.21

(% ) (% )

3.06 2.72 A

3.14 2.85 B

0.05 0.02

(kg/d)

NH~-N

( m g / 1 0 0 ml)

25.1

21.2

1.49

Fat Protein

total V F A

(/,tM/ml )

63.3

59.8

1.87

3.5% FCM"

Acetate

I molar % )

67.1

67.8

(I.52

pH

Propionate

( molar % )

19.6

18.7

0.63

Titratable acidity

Butyrate

( molar %, )

I 1.3

I 1.5

0.40 0.15

Acetate / propionate ratio

3.63

3.96

feather and blood meal

Runlen pH

SE'

Serum

2.28

2.31

0.02

6.81

6.83

0.01

1"SH/50 ml )

2.41

2.35

0.02

Lactose

(% )

5.00

4.92

0.02

Casein

(% )

1.84 A

1.95 B

n-Cn h

(%)

0.14

0.14

0.01 <0.01

Total proteins

( g/I )

76.6

81.6

(1.6

Urea

I m g / l [ ) 0 ml)

52.6

43.5

1.01

Albumins

( g/I )

37.0

37.3

0.2

Coagulation time

(min)

10.5

11.0

0.24

Globulins

Cg / I )

39.6

44.3

0.5

Curd firming rate

/ min )

6.0

6.1

0.30

Urea

( mmol/I )

9.20

8.02

0.15

Curd firmness at 45 min

(ram)

29.4

29.6

0.73

Glucose

(mmol/I)

3.53

3.46

0.03

GOT ~

( IU/I )

103.3

103.6

2.0

GGT '

( IU/I )

80.4

80.2

I. 1

~non-casein N.

Ca

( mmol/l I

2.04

2.17

0.06

' Standard error of the mean.

P

( mmol/I )

2.90 t~

2.28 A

0.01

"XRMeans in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly

"Fat corrected milk.

( P < 0.05 ). +GOT. y-glutamyl translerase.

hGGT, glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase. "Standard error of the mean. ABMeans in the same row with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05).

blood parameters data introducing fixed effects of drawing and the random effects of animal. Data from the digestibility trial were subject to analysis of variance according to the Latin square design.

3. Results In order to obtain about 30% total N of the diets from animal sources, the two concentrates had been formulated with the theoretical values of NRC ( 1981 ) and ARC (1980), using 18% meat meal or 5.5% hydrolyzed feather meal plus 5.5% blood meal, respectively (Table 1 ). No differences were observed in intakes (Table 2) of DM ( average 1.94 k g / d ) and CP contents ( 17.1 and 16.5% DM of the two diets for MM and FBM, respectively). Diet digestibility was not significantly affected by protein source although DM, CP and fibrous fraction

digestibility coefficients were slightly lower in animals fed FBM concentrate (Table 3). Consequently the metabolizable energy content of MM concentrates was higher than that of FBM concentrates (2.71 vs. 2.64 Mcal/kg DM). These differences could be explained by different rumen degradation of animal protein sources (Waltz et al., 1989; Cozzi et al., 1992). Meat meal is a more degradable protein than hydrolyzed feather meal and blood meal. Fermentation patterns of lactating goats are shown in Table 4. Total VFA and NH3-N were slightly higher in the rumen fluid of animals fed MM concentrate. Rumen pH was significantly higher with the FBM diet ( 6.58 vs. 6.47; P < 0.05) and acetate/propionate ratio was higher in goats receiving the FBM concentrate ( + 10%). Blood measurements were not affected by protein sources (Table 4) except serum phosphorus (2.90 and 2.28 mmol/1 in the group receiving MM and FBM concentrate, respectively). N balance is shown in Table 3. Goats fed two different concentrates ingested about 50 g N/d. Fecal N was slightly higher and urinary N excretion was lower ( P = 0 . 0 6 ) in animals on the FBM diet than in goats

L Andrighetto, L. Bailoni / Small Ruminant Research 13 (1994) 127-132

receiving M M concentrate. The N content of milk was higher in the F B M group and significantly higher if milk N is expressed as % of ingested N ( 29.7 vs. 27.7%; P < 0.05). Daily yield of milk was not affected by protein source (2.45 k g / d ) , whereas milk protein percentage was significantly higher in the group fed F B M concentrate (2.85 vs. 2.72%; P < 0.05). The different protein content was associated with casein content, which was higher in animals receiving feather and blood meals ( 1.95 vs. 1.84%; P < 0.05).

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indicated that the complementary effect of the two protein sources was due to a different supply of amino acids. Feather meal had a good sulphur amino acids content, especially cystine, whereas blood meal supplied a high quantity of lysine (Church et al. 1982; Goedeken et al. 1990a, b). Both amino acids are considered limiting in diets for high producing dairy animals (NRC, 1981 ).

5. Conclusion 4. Discussion Digestive and metabolic parameters and milk composition of dairy goats were affected by different protein sources in the diets. The results with meat meal confirm the possibility of an efficient inclusion of this protein source in diets for lactating goats. The performance of dairy goats in this trial was similar to that observed by Lu et al. (1990b), in which meat and bone meal (with or without urea) was compared with soybean meal. Results from the diet with hydrolyzed feather meal and blood meal are of interest as this protein source produced slightly better results in milk quality than the meat meal diet. Waltz et al. (1989) showed that in lactating cows, the rumen protein degradability of a diet based on soybean meal was lower than that of two diets based on hydrolyzed feather meal or a mixture ( 5 0 : 5 0 ) of hydrolyzed feather meal and blood meal. However, amino acid availability in the small intestine was highest when using the combination of the two animal protein sources and lowest in the animals receiving hydrolyzed feather meal as a single protein source. The association of feather meal with blood meal can improve the nutritive value of feather meal which was low in studies of Lu et al. ( 1990a, b) with lactating dairy goats. Animals fed hydrolyzed feather meal showed a lower rumen NH3-N and total VFA, and a lower milk protein content than those receiving soybean meal. Improvement in the amount and quality of amino acids absorbed through the small intestine of animals fed a combination of feather meal and blood meal was reported by Goedeken et al. (1990a, b) with in situ digestion and growth studies in calves. Their results

Meat meal and the combination hydrolyzed feather meal and blood meal incorporated into diets at 30% of the total N to lactating dairy goats were efficiently utilized as protein sources. Animals fed feather meal in addition to blood meal showed similar digestive and metabolic parameters but a higher protein and casein content of milk. Further studies need to determine the effect of inclusion of these animal protein sources on the quantity and quality of ruminal escape protein more precisely.

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