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Effect of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 on Broiler Pigmentation When Used With Different Coccidiostats
Effect of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 on Broiler Pigmentation When Used With Different Coccidiostats 3. M O N E N S I N A N D Z O A L E N E 1 R.
H.
HARMS AND JACK L .
FRY2
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations, Gainesville, Florida 32611 AND
M . W . MOELLER AND H . F . KLING
Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals Inc., Somerville, New Jersey 08876
ABSTRACT Two series of experiments were conducted to study the effect of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 on broiler pigmentation in the presence of two different coccidiostats. Monensin was used in all diets in the first series and zoalene in the second series. Flavomycin was included in the feed at 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg./kg. and 3-Nitro-10 was added at levels of 0, 25.0, 37.5, and 50.0 mg./kg. The broilers were grown in the states of Mississippi, Colorado, Arkansas and Florida. Shank pigmentation evaluations were made with a reflectance colorimeter to obtain values for dominant wavelength (DWL), excitation purity (EP) and luminosity. These measurements characterize the shank color in terms of hue, intensity and brightness, respectively. In one series (Monensin) the addition of Flavomycin to the diet resulted in significantly improving shank EP in Exp. 2 and numerically improving it in Exp. 1. No response was obtained in the third and there was a slight decrease in the fourth which may have been due to a significant Flavomycin x 3-Nitro-10 interaction. In the other series (Zoalene) the addition of 3-Nitro-10 resulted in significantly improving shank EP in all four experiments. It did not affect DWL. These responses in shank EP appear to be independent of the response in growth or feed efficiency. The addition of Flavomycin to the diet resulted in significantly, increasing shank EP and DWL in two of four experiments and a numerical increase was obtained in the other two. Again, these responses appeared to be independent of the growth and feed efficiency responses. POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 2214-2217,
INTRODUCTION
T
HIS study was the third and fourth of a series in which graded levels of an arsenical, 3-Nitro-lO,3 and an antibiotic, Flavomycin,®4 were evaluated for their effects on broiler shank pigmentation when used with different coccidiostats. Pertinent literature was reviewed in the first paper (Fry et al., 1976a). In the study reported herein, Monen-
1. Florida Agr. Exp. Stas. Journal Series No. 8072. 2. Currently Assistant Dean for Resident Instruction, College of Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. 3. 3-Nitro-10, Salsbury Laboratories, Charles City, la. 50616. ®Registered TM—Hoescht AG. 4. Also referred to as Moenomycin and Bambermycins.
1976
sin5 was the coccidiostat used in the third series and Zoalene6 was used in the fourth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Broilers were grown in four separate locations in the states of Mississippi (Exp. 1), Colorado (Exp. 2), Arkansas (Exp. 3) and Florida (Exp. 4). Production data for Monensin series were presented in the paper by Moeller et al. (1975). Production data for the Zoalene series were presented in the paper by Kling et al. (1976). Cobb x Cobb, Indian River cross, Cobb color sex, and Cobb color sex chicks were used at the four locations, 5. Monensin Sodium, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46206. 6. Zoamix, the Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan 48641.
2214
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
(Received for publication January 19, 1976)
2215
FLAVOMYCIN, 3-NITRO-10, COCCIDIOSTATS AND PIGMENTATION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
growth and feed efficiency (Moeller et al., 1975). In Exp. 2, Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-lO both produced an improvement in EP (Table 1). The addition of 37.5 mg./kg. or 3-Nitro-lO significantly improved EP when compared to the zero level and the addition of 25.0 or 50.0 mg./kg. resulted in numerically increasing EP. There were no significant differences between the EP of shanks of birds fed 25.0, 37.5 or 50.0 mg./kg. of 3-Nitro-lO. When 4 mg./kg. of Flavomycin was added to the diet a significant response in EP was obtained. The addition of either 1 or 2 mg. Flavomycin resulted in numerically increasing EP. These differences were not significantly different from the EP of shanks of broilers fed diets containing 4 mg./kg. Flavomycin. The addition of Flavomycin significantly improved growth rate while 3-Nitro-lO significantly improved growth rate and feed efficiency (Moeller et al., 1975).
Series #3 (Monensin). In Exp. 1, the addition of 3-Nitro-lO to the diet resulted in increasing EP of the shanks of broilers (Table 1). A numerical increase was observed when 25.0 mg./kg. was added to the diet and a significant response was obtained when either 37.5 or 50.0 mg. was added per kg. of diet. The addition of Flavomycin to the diet resulted in a numerical increase in EP of shanks; however, these increases were not statistically significant. The addition of either Flavomycin or 3-Nitro-lO significantly improved
In Exp. 3, the addition of Flavomycin or 3-Nitro-lO did not affect EP (Table 1). The addition of Flavomycin improved growth and feed efficiency; however, the addition of 3-Nitro-lO improved growth but did not significantly improve feed efficiency (Moeller et al., 1975). In Exp. 4, 'the addition of 3-Nitro-10lto the diet did not influence EP (Table 1). The feeding of 4 mg./kg. of Flavomycin resulted in significantly reducing EP. This may have been a result of the improvement in feed
Shank pigmentation sampling and analyses were as described by Fry et al. (1976b). Since dominant wavelength and luminosity were not significantly different only excitation purity (EP) is discussed.
TABLE 1.-
-Shank excitation purity (EP) of broilers fed graded levels of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-lO in the presence of Monensin EP I
3-Nitro-lO (mg./kg.) 00 25.0 37.5 50.0 1
EP
Experiment no. 1
2
3
62.50a 63.93ab
61.97a 63.07ab 63.73b 63.03ab
62.83 62.18 62.% 62.42
64Mb
64.70b
4 66.61 65.80 66.92 66.26
Flavomycin . (mg./kg.) 0 1 2 4
I
Experiment no. 1 62.99 64.85 63.28 64.43
2 62.00c 63.05cd 63.07cd 63.67d
3
4
62.83 62.22 62.99 62.35
67.09d 66.56cd 66.14cd 65.78c
Means without common letters in a column are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (1955).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
respectively, in the third study. However, Hubbard White Mountains were used at Colorado in the fourth study. Commercial-type broiler diets commonly used in each of the experimental locations were utilized in this study; no effort was made to standardize the xanthophyll levels in the different diets. All diets contained 0.012% Monensin in the third series and 0.0125% Zoalene in the fourth series. A 4 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was utilized with Flavomycin at levels of 0, 1,2 and 4 mg./kg. and 3-Nitro-lO at levels of 0, 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0 mg./kg. of feed.
2216
R. H. HARMS, J. L. FRY, M. W. MOELLER AND H. F. KLING
TABLE 2.—Shank excitation purity (EP) of broilers fed graded levels of Flavomycin the presence of Zoalene
and 3-Nitro-lO in
EP 1
EP 1 Experiment no.
3-Nitro-lO (mg./kg.)
1
2
3
4
00.0 25.0 37.5 50.0
56.76a 58.26a 58.97ab 60.51b
61.13a 61.22a 62.25ab 63.17b
63.94a 64.40ab 65.31b 65.42b
65.65a 66.20ab 65.43a 66.79b
Flavomycin . (mg./kg.) 0 1 2 4
Experiment no. 1
2
3
4
58.36 59.41 59.19 59.55
60.20b 61.94f 62.75f 62.88f
63.04a 64.40ab 65.31b 65.42b
65.65a 66.20ab 65.43a 66.79b
1 Means without common letters in a column are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (1955).
Series #4 (Zoalene). In Exp. 1, the addition of 50.0 mg./kg. 3-Nitro-lO resulted in significantly increasing shank EP (Table 2). The addition of Flavomycin to the diet resulted in a numerical increase in shank EP. The improvement in shank EP for Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-lO parallels the response in body weights and feed efficiency (Kling et al., 1976). In Exp. 2, the addition of 37.5 mg./kg. of 3-Nitro-lO resulted in numerically increasing shank EP (Table 2). When the level of 3-Nitro-lO was increased to 50.0 mg./kg. a significant increase in shank EP was obtained when compared to the zero 3-Nitro-lO levels. The addition of Flavomycin to the diet significantly increased shank EP. There was no significant difference between shank EP from broilers receiving either 1, 2 or 4 mg./kg. of Flavomycin. The response in shank EP for 3-Nitro-lO was not accompanied by a significant increase in growth and feed efficiency (Kling et al., 1976). However, the
addition of Flavomycin significantly increased growth and feed efficiency as it did shank EP. In Exp. 3, when either 37.5 or 50.0 mg./kg. of 3-Nitro-lO was added to the diet, shank EP was significantly improved (Table 2). The response from 3-Nitro-lO was not accompanied by an improvement in growth or feed efficiency (Kling et al., 1976). However, the improvement in EP from the addition of Flavomycin was accompanied by a significant improvement in both growth and feed efficiency. In Exp. 4, the addition of 50.0 mg./kg. of 3-Nitro-lO resulted in significantly increasing shank EP (Table 2). The addition of Flavomycin to the diet did not influence EP. Flavomycin significantly improved body weights in this experiment, while 3-Nitro-lO did not influence either body weight or feed efficiency (Kling et al., 1976). The pigmentation values did not seem to be related to the production parameters. REFERENCES Fry, J. L., R. H. Harms and M. W. Moeller, 1976a. Effect of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-lO on broiler pigmentation when used with different coccidiostats. 1. Amprol Hi-E. Poultry Sci. 55: 744-748. Fry, J. L., R. H. Harms, M. W. Moeller and H. F. Kling, 1976b. Effect of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro10 on broiler pigmentation when used with different coccidiostats. 2. Clopidol. Poultry Sci. 55: 11121116. Kling, H. F., M. W. Moeller, R. H. Harms, B. L. Damron, C. L. Quarles, B. C. Dilworth and E. J. Day, 1976. Response of broilers to Flavomycin,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
efficiency and body weight from feeding this level of Flavomycin (Moeller et al., 1975). The interaction of Flavomycin x 3-Nitro-lO on EP was significant. This was primarily a result of the high EP for the birds receiving the zero level of 3-Nitro-lO and Flavomycin and the low value for the birds receiving the zero level of 3-Nitro-lO and 4 mg. level of Flavomycin. These two values also primarily accout for the significant lowering of EP with the 4 mg. level of Flavomycin.
FLAVOMYCIN, 3-NITRO-10, COCCIDIOSTATS AND PIGMENTATION
3-Nitro and Zoalene. (Manuscript in preparation). Moeller, M. W., H. F. Kling, B. C. Dilworth, E. J. Day, C. L. Quarles, B. L. Damron and R. H.
2217
Harms, 1975. Response of broilers to Flavomycin and 3-Nitro in feeds containing Monensin. Nutr. Reports International, 12: 101-108.
A Method for Estimating the Mineral Availability in Feedstuffs E. N. NWOKOLO, D. B. BRAGG AND W. D. KITTS
(Received for publication January 30, 1976) ABSTRACT Chicks were utilized in a study to estimate mineral (Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu) availability of palm kernel meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal. The method used was previously utilized for amino acid availability studies and was modified for the purpose of evaluating the utilization of minerals from feedstuffs. This procedure is rapid, less expensive than other biological procedures and has the potential of being utilized simultaneously for determining available amino acids and minerals. Results of this study indicate that calcium is well utilized from PKM (68.8%), SBM (85.6%), CSM (64.6%) and RSM (71.1%). The average availability of phosphorus (78%) was high for the feedstuffs tested. Magnesium was well utilized in four ingredients with an average of 67.5%. Manganese, zinc, and copper showed greater variation among feedstuffs tested. The range in availability was 45.7% to 76.3% for manganese, 13.9% to 66.5% for zinc and 42.2% to 62.2% for copper. POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 2217-2221, 1976
INTRODUCTION
V
ARIOUS methods have been reported for determining the availability of dietary mineral elements. Some procedures involve the use of radiotracers including isotope dilution (Hevesy, 1948); comparative balance (Hansard et al., 1954); carcass ratio (Saylor and Finch, 1953); and urine ratio (De Grazia et al., 1965). Other methods include a growth trial with a basal diet containing a low level of the element supplemented with graded levels of an available source of that element (Miller and Joukovsky, 1953: Motzok et al., 1956; Damron and Harms, 1969; Andrews et al, 1971; O'Dell et al., 1972). These trials require a considerable expenditure of time and feed material. Rahman and Ahmad (1966) determined the availability of calcium in vegetables by estimating utilization from calcium intake and retention of diets that contained either CaCO,
or the vegetable source. This method also required a large expenditure of time and material. Therefore, a more rapid method of determining mineral availability in feedstuffs is needed. Bragg et al. (1969) reported a relatively simple and rapid method for determining amino acid availability of feedstuffs. This amino acid procedure has the potential of estimating the digestion and absorption of dietary minerals with an excellent degree of accuracy due to the elimination of many interrelated dietary and metabolic influences. The aim of this experiment was, therefore, to modify the method of Bragg et al. (1969) to provide simultaneous availability determinations for several essential mineral elements in feedstuffs. EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURE
Retention of calcium, zinc, magnesium, manganese, copper and phosphorus was de-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
Department of Poultry Science, and Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1W5
H.
HARMS AND JACK L .
FRY2
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations, Gainesville, Florida 32611 AND
M . W . MOELLER AND H . F . KLING
Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals Inc., Somerville, New Jersey 08876
ABSTRACT Two series of experiments were conducted to study the effect of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-10 on broiler pigmentation in the presence of two different coccidiostats. Monensin was used in all diets in the first series and zoalene in the second series. Flavomycin was included in the feed at 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg./kg. and 3-Nitro-10 was added at levels of 0, 25.0, 37.5, and 50.0 mg./kg. The broilers were grown in the states of Mississippi, Colorado, Arkansas and Florida. Shank pigmentation evaluations were made with a reflectance colorimeter to obtain values for dominant wavelength (DWL), excitation purity (EP) and luminosity. These measurements characterize the shank color in terms of hue, intensity and brightness, respectively. In one series (Monensin) the addition of Flavomycin to the diet resulted in significantly improving shank EP in Exp. 2 and numerically improving it in Exp. 1. No response was obtained in the third and there was a slight decrease in the fourth which may have been due to a significant Flavomycin x 3-Nitro-10 interaction. In the other series (Zoalene) the addition of 3-Nitro-10 resulted in significantly improving shank EP in all four experiments. It did not affect DWL. These responses in shank EP appear to be independent of the response in growth or feed efficiency. The addition of Flavomycin to the diet resulted in significantly, increasing shank EP and DWL in two of four experiments and a numerical increase was obtained in the other two. Again, these responses appeared to be independent of the growth and feed efficiency responses. POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 2214-2217,
INTRODUCTION
T
HIS study was the third and fourth of a series in which graded levels of an arsenical, 3-Nitro-lO,3 and an antibiotic, Flavomycin,®4 were evaluated for their effects on broiler shank pigmentation when used with different coccidiostats. Pertinent literature was reviewed in the first paper (Fry et al., 1976a). In the study reported herein, Monen-
1. Florida Agr. Exp. Stas. Journal Series No. 8072. 2. Currently Assistant Dean for Resident Instruction, College of Agriculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. 3. 3-Nitro-10, Salsbury Laboratories, Charles City, la. 50616. ®Registered TM—Hoescht AG. 4. Also referred to as Moenomycin and Bambermycins.
1976
sin5 was the coccidiostat used in the third series and Zoalene6 was used in the fourth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Broilers were grown in four separate locations in the states of Mississippi (Exp. 1), Colorado (Exp. 2), Arkansas (Exp. 3) and Florida (Exp. 4). Production data for Monensin series were presented in the paper by Moeller et al. (1975). Production data for the Zoalene series were presented in the paper by Kling et al. (1976). Cobb x Cobb, Indian River cross, Cobb color sex, and Cobb color sex chicks were used at the four locations, 5. Monensin Sodium, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46206. 6. Zoamix, the Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan 48641.
2214
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
(Received for publication January 19, 1976)
2215
FLAVOMYCIN, 3-NITRO-10, COCCIDIOSTATS AND PIGMENTATION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
growth and feed efficiency (Moeller et al., 1975). In Exp. 2, Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-lO both produced an improvement in EP (Table 1). The addition of 37.5 mg./kg. or 3-Nitro-lO significantly improved EP when compared to the zero level and the addition of 25.0 or 50.0 mg./kg. resulted in numerically increasing EP. There were no significant differences between the EP of shanks of birds fed 25.0, 37.5 or 50.0 mg./kg. of 3-Nitro-lO. When 4 mg./kg. of Flavomycin was added to the diet a significant response in EP was obtained. The addition of either 1 or 2 mg. Flavomycin resulted in numerically increasing EP. These differences were not significantly different from the EP of shanks of broilers fed diets containing 4 mg./kg. Flavomycin. The addition of Flavomycin significantly improved growth rate while 3-Nitro-lO significantly improved growth rate and feed efficiency (Moeller et al., 1975).
Series #3 (Monensin). In Exp. 1, the addition of 3-Nitro-lO to the diet resulted in increasing EP of the shanks of broilers (Table 1). A numerical increase was observed when 25.0 mg./kg. was added to the diet and a significant response was obtained when either 37.5 or 50.0 mg. was added per kg. of diet. The addition of Flavomycin to the diet resulted in a numerical increase in EP of shanks; however, these increases were not statistically significant. The addition of either Flavomycin or 3-Nitro-lO significantly improved
In Exp. 3, the addition of Flavomycin or 3-Nitro-lO did not affect EP (Table 1). The addition of Flavomycin improved growth and feed efficiency; however, the addition of 3-Nitro-lO improved growth but did not significantly improve feed efficiency (Moeller et al., 1975). In Exp. 4, 'the addition of 3-Nitro-10lto the diet did not influence EP (Table 1). The feeding of 4 mg./kg. of Flavomycin resulted in significantly reducing EP. This may have been a result of the improvement in feed
Shank pigmentation sampling and analyses were as described by Fry et al. (1976b). Since dominant wavelength and luminosity were not significantly different only excitation purity (EP) is discussed.
TABLE 1.-
-Shank excitation purity (EP) of broilers fed graded levels of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-lO in the presence of Monensin EP I
3-Nitro-lO (mg./kg.) 00 25.0 37.5 50.0 1
EP
Experiment no. 1
2
3
62.50a 63.93ab
61.97a 63.07ab 63.73b 63.03ab
62.83 62.18 62.% 62.42
64Mb
64.70b
4 66.61 65.80 66.92 66.26
Flavomycin . (mg./kg.) 0 1 2 4
I
Experiment no. 1 62.99 64.85 63.28 64.43
2 62.00c 63.05cd 63.07cd 63.67d
3
4
62.83 62.22 62.99 62.35
67.09d 66.56cd 66.14cd 65.78c
Means without common letters in a column are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (1955).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
respectively, in the third study. However, Hubbard White Mountains were used at Colorado in the fourth study. Commercial-type broiler diets commonly used in each of the experimental locations were utilized in this study; no effort was made to standardize the xanthophyll levels in the different diets. All diets contained 0.012% Monensin in the third series and 0.0125% Zoalene in the fourth series. A 4 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was utilized with Flavomycin at levels of 0, 1,2 and 4 mg./kg. and 3-Nitro-lO at levels of 0, 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0 mg./kg. of feed.
2216
R. H. HARMS, J. L. FRY, M. W. MOELLER AND H. F. KLING
TABLE 2.—Shank excitation purity (EP) of broilers fed graded levels of Flavomycin the presence of Zoalene
and 3-Nitro-lO in
EP 1
EP 1 Experiment no.
3-Nitro-lO (mg./kg.)
1
2
3
4
00.0 25.0 37.5 50.0
56.76a 58.26a 58.97ab 60.51b
61.13a 61.22a 62.25ab 63.17b
63.94a 64.40ab 65.31b 65.42b
65.65a 66.20ab 65.43a 66.79b
Flavomycin . (mg./kg.) 0 1 2 4
Experiment no. 1
2
3
4
58.36 59.41 59.19 59.55
60.20b 61.94f 62.75f 62.88f
63.04a 64.40ab 65.31b 65.42b
65.65a 66.20ab 65.43a 66.79b
1 Means without common letters in a column are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (1955).
Series #4 (Zoalene). In Exp. 1, the addition of 50.0 mg./kg. 3-Nitro-lO resulted in significantly increasing shank EP (Table 2). The addition of Flavomycin to the diet resulted in a numerical increase in shank EP. The improvement in shank EP for Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-lO parallels the response in body weights and feed efficiency (Kling et al., 1976). In Exp. 2, the addition of 37.5 mg./kg. of 3-Nitro-lO resulted in numerically increasing shank EP (Table 2). When the level of 3-Nitro-lO was increased to 50.0 mg./kg. a significant increase in shank EP was obtained when compared to the zero 3-Nitro-lO levels. The addition of Flavomycin to the diet significantly increased shank EP. There was no significant difference between shank EP from broilers receiving either 1, 2 or 4 mg./kg. of Flavomycin. The response in shank EP for 3-Nitro-lO was not accompanied by a significant increase in growth and feed efficiency (Kling et al., 1976). However, the
addition of Flavomycin significantly increased growth and feed efficiency as it did shank EP. In Exp. 3, when either 37.5 or 50.0 mg./kg. of 3-Nitro-lO was added to the diet, shank EP was significantly improved (Table 2). The response from 3-Nitro-lO was not accompanied by an improvement in growth or feed efficiency (Kling et al., 1976). However, the improvement in EP from the addition of Flavomycin was accompanied by a significant improvement in both growth and feed efficiency. In Exp. 4, the addition of 50.0 mg./kg. of 3-Nitro-lO resulted in significantly increasing shank EP (Table 2). The addition of Flavomycin to the diet did not influence EP. Flavomycin significantly improved body weights in this experiment, while 3-Nitro-lO did not influence either body weight or feed efficiency (Kling et al., 1976). The pigmentation values did not seem to be related to the production parameters. REFERENCES Fry, J. L., R. H. Harms and M. W. Moeller, 1976a. Effect of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro-lO on broiler pigmentation when used with different coccidiostats. 1. Amprol Hi-E. Poultry Sci. 55: 744-748. Fry, J. L., R. H. Harms, M. W. Moeller and H. F. Kling, 1976b. Effect of Flavomycin and 3-Nitro10 on broiler pigmentation when used with different coccidiostats. 2. Clopidol. Poultry Sci. 55: 11121116. Kling, H. F., M. W. Moeller, R. H. Harms, B. L. Damron, C. L. Quarles, B. C. Dilworth and E. J. Day, 1976. Response of broilers to Flavomycin,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
efficiency and body weight from feeding this level of Flavomycin (Moeller et al., 1975). The interaction of Flavomycin x 3-Nitro-lO on EP was significant. This was primarily a result of the high EP for the birds receiving the zero level of 3-Nitro-lO and Flavomycin and the low value for the birds receiving the zero level of 3-Nitro-lO and 4 mg. level of Flavomycin. These two values also primarily accout for the significant lowering of EP with the 4 mg. level of Flavomycin.
FLAVOMYCIN, 3-NITRO-10, COCCIDIOSTATS AND PIGMENTATION
3-Nitro and Zoalene. (Manuscript in preparation). Moeller, M. W., H. F. Kling, B. C. Dilworth, E. J. Day, C. L. Quarles, B. L. Damron and R. H.
2217
Harms, 1975. Response of broilers to Flavomycin and 3-Nitro in feeds containing Monensin. Nutr. Reports International, 12: 101-108.
A Method for Estimating the Mineral Availability in Feedstuffs E. N. NWOKOLO, D. B. BRAGG AND W. D. KITTS
(Received for publication January 30, 1976) ABSTRACT Chicks were utilized in a study to estimate mineral (Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu) availability of palm kernel meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal. The method used was previously utilized for amino acid availability studies and was modified for the purpose of evaluating the utilization of minerals from feedstuffs. This procedure is rapid, less expensive than other biological procedures and has the potential of being utilized simultaneously for determining available amino acids and minerals. Results of this study indicate that calcium is well utilized from PKM (68.8%), SBM (85.6%), CSM (64.6%) and RSM (71.1%). The average availability of phosphorus (78%) was high for the feedstuffs tested. Magnesium was well utilized in four ingredients with an average of 67.5%. Manganese, zinc, and copper showed greater variation among feedstuffs tested. The range in availability was 45.7% to 76.3% for manganese, 13.9% to 66.5% for zinc and 42.2% to 62.2% for copper. POULTRY SCIENCE 55: 2217-2221, 1976
INTRODUCTION
V
ARIOUS methods have been reported for determining the availability of dietary mineral elements. Some procedures involve the use of radiotracers including isotope dilution (Hevesy, 1948); comparative balance (Hansard et al., 1954); carcass ratio (Saylor and Finch, 1953); and urine ratio (De Grazia et al., 1965). Other methods include a growth trial with a basal diet containing a low level of the element supplemented with graded levels of an available source of that element (Miller and Joukovsky, 1953: Motzok et al., 1956; Damron and Harms, 1969; Andrews et al, 1971; O'Dell et al., 1972). These trials require a considerable expenditure of time and feed material. Rahman and Ahmad (1966) determined the availability of calcium in vegetables by estimating utilization from calcium intake and retention of diets that contained either CaCO,
or the vegetable source. This method also required a large expenditure of time and material. Therefore, a more rapid method of determining mineral availability in feedstuffs is needed. Bragg et al. (1969) reported a relatively simple and rapid method for determining amino acid availability of feedstuffs. This amino acid procedure has the potential of estimating the digestion and absorption of dietary minerals with an excellent degree of accuracy due to the elimination of many interrelated dietary and metabolic influences. The aim of this experiment was, therefore, to modify the method of Bragg et al. (1969) to provide simultaneous availability determinations for several essential mineral elements in feedstuffs. EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURE
Retention of calcium, zinc, magnesium, manganese, copper and phosphorus was de-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at FU BerlinFB Humanmedizin on May 10, 2015
Department of Poultry Science, and Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1W5