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Effect of Physical and Chemical Treatment of Grams on Growth of and Feed Utilization by the Chick
CASSAVA LEAF MEAL REFERENCES Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1965. Official Methods of Analysis, 10th Edition, Washington, D. C. Bostrom, H., and S. Aquist, 19S2. Utilization of S35 labeled sodium sulfate in the synthesis of chondroitin, sulfuric acid, taurine, methionine and cystine. Acta. Chemica Scand. 6: 1557. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Echandi, M. O., 1952. Valor de la harina de hojos, y tallos deshidratos de la yuca en la produccion. de leche. Turrialba, 2: 166-169.
853
Jones, W. O., 1959. Manioc in Africa. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. Machlin, L. J., 1955. Studies on the growth response in the chicken from the addition of sulfate to a low-sulfur diet. Poultry Sci. 34: 1209. Rogers, D. J., and M. Milner, 1963. Amino acid profile of manioc leaf protein in relation to nutritive value. Econ. Bot. 17: 211-216. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Williams, R. T., 1959. Detoxication Mechanisms 2nd Edition. Chapman and Hall, Ltd., London.
1. THE EFFECT OF WATER AND ACID TREATMENTS OF CORN, WHEAT, BARLEY AND EXPANDED OR GERMINATED GRAINS ON CHICK PERFORMANCE 1 OZIE L. ADAMS2 AND EDWARD C. NABER Department of Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Columbus 10, Ohio (Received for publication October 16, 1968)
D
URING the past ten years numerous high-efficiency corn-type rations either in studies have been conducted at sev- pelleted or reground pellet form. The nueral experiment stations and other labora- tritive value of grains may also be imtories to improve the nutritive value of proved during the milling process as a poultry feedstuffs. It has been found that result of the starch granules being methe nutritive value of barley corn, and chanically damaged (Jones, 1940). wheat can be improved by either a simple In view of the growth responses obwater-treatment (Fry et al., 1957, 1958; tained in chicks from water-treating, enLepkovsky and Furuta, 1960) or by sup- zyme supplementation and physical treatplementation with enzymes. (Jensen et al., ments of cereal grains, the experiments 1957). Similar observations were reported reported herein were conducted to comby Arscott (1958), Wharton et al. (1958), pare the effect of several physical and Willinghame/aZ. (1959) and Jensen (I960). chemical treatments of grains on the The nutritive value of poultry feedstuffs growth of and feed utilization by the may be improved by physical treatments. chick. Allred et al. (1956) and Arscott et al. (1957) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE reported increased growth in chicks fed Day-old sex-linked broiler-type chicks 1 Ohio Agricultural Research and Development from dams maintained on a practical Center Journal Article No. 83-68. 2 breeder ration were used in these experiPresent Address: Tennessee A & I University, ments. All chicks were wingbanded, Nashville, Tennessee.
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Effect of Physical and Chemical Treatment of Grams on Growth of and Feed Utilization by the Chick
854
O. L. ADAMS AND E. C. N A B E R
TABLE 1—Composition of basal diet Ingredients
Percent
Ground yellow corn 57.00 Soybean meal (44% protein) 29.59 Meat and bone scraps (50% protein) 3.00 Menhaden fish meal (60% protein) 3.00 Dried whey product (16% protein) 2.00 Dehydrated alfalfa meal (17% protein) 2.00 Defluorinated rock phosphate 1.50 Ground limestone (95% calcium carbonate) 1.00 Iodized salt 0.50 Premix* 0.41
weighed and randomly distributed into electrically-heated, thermostatically-controlled b a t t e r y brooders equipped with raised wire floors. Essentially the same procedures were followed in all experiments. T h e chicks received constant lighting and the room in which the b a t t e r y brooders were located was heated to provide a minimum temperature of 24°C. Ventilation was provided by thermostatically-controlled exhaust fans. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Individual chick weights and group feed consumptions were recorded at bi-weekly intervals during the experimental period of four weeks. Feed efficiency was calculated a t the end of each experiment. A practical corn-soybean type basal diet with or without added procaine penicillin was used in all experiments (Table 1). In the experimental diets the grain in the basal ration was replaced with equal amounts of the treated grains or grains supplemented with enzymes. Corn, wheat and barley were used and treated b y soaking the grains in water, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 N HC1 solutions or aqueous enzyme solutions. Enzyme supplementation (0.25 percent D a w E n z y m e and 0.1 percent Agrozyme) was also employed. T h e grains
D a t a from each experiment were collected and subjected to statistical treatm e n t b y the analysis of variance. When a significant difference was detected, a comparison of the mean differences due to treatment was determined b y computing the least significant difference for each experiment (Snedecor, 1950). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of Water-Soaking Treatment. T h e mean weight of all chicks used in each experiment was calculated in order to compare the effectiveness of the water treatment in improving the grains studied. Results with diets containing corn, wheat and barley soaked in water showed t h a t a significant improvement in growth and feed utilization occurred when wheat and barley were water-treated (Table 2). T h e d a t a also show t h a t improved feed conversion was apparent in some cases where the water treatment did not significantly improve growth. T h e addition of procaine penicillin to the basal or water treated
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* Premix supplied the following per kilogram of finished feed: vitamin A, 3,520 I.U.; vitamin D3, 660 I.C.U., vitamin Bi2, 13 meg.; vitamin E, 22 I.U.; riboflavin, 4.4 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 8.8 mg.; niacin, 22 mg.; choline chloride, 550 mg.; procaine penicillin, 6.6 mg.; methionine, 500 mg. and manganese sulfate (70%) 250 mg.
were soaked in an equal weight of water, acid or enzyme solution for 16-20 hours at room temperature, or in a 38°C. water b a t h , and dried in shallow trays placed in a forced draft oven at 50, 66 or 90°C. In early experiments drying was accomplished b y heating the soaked grains on steam radiators. Corn, wheat and soybean meal containing 1 2 - 1 5 % moisture were expanded with steam at 140°C. with commercial equipment. In some of the studies grains were germinated at 30°C. for 72 hours and dried at several temperatures shown above in a forced draft oven. The grains were reground in a hammer mill with a 0.32 cm. screen before incorporation into the diets. In some experiments the dry preparations of enzyme supplements were substituted for equal quantities of the grains and mixed directly into the complete diets.
855
W A T E R AND A C I D T R E A T M E N T S OP G R A I N
diet resulted in an improvement in growth and feed utilization of all groups. I t was noted during the experiment t h a t fecal material from birds fed the untreated barley adhered to the wire screen floors in the batteries. This condition improved when the diets contained the water treated barley. Similar observations were made by Willingham el al. (1959).
TABLE 2.—Effect of water treatment of grains on chick growth and feed utilization
Treatment
Average weight 4-weeks a (grams)
Feed conversion (grams feed/unit gain)
None None b
None Water None Water
397.0 424.0 508.0d 526.0d
1.92 1.77° 1.79 1.79
None None
None Water None Water
435.0 465.0° 485.0d 550.0°'d
1.99 1.90 1.74 d '°
None Water None Water
354.0 383.0° 490.0 d 493.0 d
2.07 1.97 1.97 1.90
Type of grain
Penicillin added to diet
Yellow corn
+
Wheat
+
Barley
None None
+ +
a Average weight data from duplicate groups in each of 4 or 5 experiments. b Procaine Penicillin added to basal diet at the rate of 6.6 mg./kg. ° Increase in weight or feed conversion due to water treatment statistically significant at the 5 % level of probability. d Increase in weight or feed conversion due t o penicillin supplement statistically significant at the 5 % level of probability.
Type of grain
Treatment
Average weight 4-weeks a
Feed conversion
Yellow corn
None 0 . 1 N H O solution Water
445.5 445.5 467.0
2.05 1.85 1.82
Wheat
None 0 . 1 N HC1 solution Water
435.5 484.S b 465.5 b
1.99 1.87 1.90
Barley
None 0 . 1 N HC1 solution Water
385.0 414.0 b 419.0 b
2.12 2.10 2.13
a Average weight data from duplicate groups in 2 experiments. b Increase in weight due to grain treatment statistically significant at the 5 % level of probability.
to water treatment. Significant growth depression was observed in birds fed diets containing grains soaked in a 0.5 normal hydrochloric acid solution. T h e fact t h a t weak acid soaking did improve growth rate of chicks in most cases indicates t h a t bacterial action in the soaking process is probably unimportant to the growth response since little or no fermentation occurred during the acid soaking treatment. This finding does not agree with t h a t of Thomas et al. (1961). These workers suggested t h a t microorganisms were involved in the nutritional improvement of barley by water t r e a t m e n t because antibiotics interfered with the improvement b y water treatment. Three commercial enzyme preparations (Alpha amylase, Agrozyme and D a w E n TABLE 4.—Eject of water and 0.2 N hydrochloric acid treatment of grains on chick performance Treatment
Average weight 4-weeks a
conversion
None Water 0.2 N HC1 solution
526.5 529.5
1.79 1.79 1.74
Wheat
None Water 0.2 N HCI solution
485.0 550.5 b 496.0
1.91 1.74 1.74
Barley
None Water 0.2 N HCI solution
490.5 493.5 516.0
1.97 1.90 1.87
Type of grain Yellow corn
a Average weight d a t a from duplicate groups in a single experiment. b Increase in weigh t due to water treatment statistically significant at 5 % level of probability.
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Results of Acid Soaking Treatments. Three concentrations of hydrochloric acid were used to determine the effect of acid-soaked grains on chick performance. D a t a presented in Table 3 shows t h a t chicks gave significant growth responses when fed diets containing wheat or barley soaked in water or 0.1 normal hydrochloric acid solution. Soaking corn in water or acid solution was ineffective in improving its nutritive value. Small growth responses were observed in chicks fed diets containing corn, wheat and barley soaked in a 0.2 normal hydrochloric acid solution, but the weight differences were not statistically significant (Table 4). I n this experiment water soaking of wheat resulted in significantly more growth b u t barley failed to respond
TABLE 3.—Effect of water and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid treatment of grains on chick performance
856
0 . L. ADAMS AND E. C. N A B E R
TABLE 5.—Effect of water and enzyme soaking treatments of grains on chick performance Type of grain
Average Treatment
responded to fungal enzymes while barley from other areas showed little if any response from enzyme additions.
Feed
4 W wieks
converslon
Yellow corn None Water Enzyme soaking"
405.0 427.0 424.0
1.85 1.73 1.70
Barley
383.0 426.0" 418.0 b
1.94 1.87 1.80
None None Enzyme soaking3
zyme) were used to supplement the grain diets in this study. T h e results showed t h a t none of the enzyme preparations were effective as a supplement in improving the nutritive value of the grains in the diets when they were fed to growing chicks. Although improved growth responses were observed in chicks fed diets containing barley soaked in a 0.25 percent D a w E n zyme solution (Table 5), the growth improvements were no greater t h a n those obtained from water-soaking alone. These results differ from those reported by F r y et al. (1958). T h e discrepancy is probably explained b y the data of Willingham et al. (1959) who showed t h a t west coast barley TABLE 6.—Effect
Results of Feeding Germinated Grains. T h e results of two experiments (Table 7) show
of grain expansion, acid treatment of grains alone or in combination on chick performance Experiment 1"
Type of grain
Treatment of grain
Yellow corn
Wheat
a
Experiment 2 b
Body weight (grams)
Feed conversion
Body weight (grams)
Feed conversion
None Expansion Acid Treated Both
453 449
2.10 2.04
518 487 494 528
1.87 2.06 1.76 1.77
None Expansion Acid Treated Both
435 419
1.99 1.97
461 450 493° 487°
1.93 2.14 1.76 1.85
Soybean meal used in all rations was untreated. Soybean meal used in all rations was expanded. Increase in body weight due to acid treatment or both statistically significant at the 5% level of probability. b c
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a Grains soaked in equal weight of water containing 0.25 percent DawEnzyme mixture. b Increase in weight due to water or enzyme soaking statistically significant at the 5% level of probability.
Results of Feeding Expanded Grains. D a t a in Table 6 show t h a t feeding chicks diets containing expanded corn or wheat resulted in a small b u t nonsignificant growth depression when compared with the chicks fed the untreated grains. On the other hand, when the expanded wheat was soaked in 0.1 normal hydrochloric acid solution and then included in the chick diets, a significant growth response was obtained which was similar to t h a t obtained from acid soaking the unexpanded wheat. I t may be concluded t h a t the expansion of corn or wheat was ineffective in improving the nutritive value of the grains when included in the diets for growing chicks. Furthermore, it is apparent t h a t expansion does not produce the improvement in nutritive value of wheat produced by water or acid treatment. Hence, it appears t h a t the breakdown of cellular structure induced b y expansion is not involved in the improvement of growth b y water or acid treatment.
857
WATER AND ACID TREATMENTS OF GRAIN
TABLE 7.—Effect of germination, drying temperature and enzyme supplementation of grains on chick performance Experiment 1 Drying temperature
Treatment of grain
Yellow corn
None Germinated Germinated Germinated Germinated+Enzyme" Germinated+Enzy me"
66° 50° 90° 50° 90°
C. C. C. C. C.
None Germinated Germinated Germinated Germinated+Enzyme a Germinated+Enzyme"
66° 50° 90° 50° 90°
C. C. C. C. C.
None Germinated Germinated Germinated Germinated-)-Enzyme" Germinated+Enzyme"
66° 50° 90° 50° 90°
Wheat
Barley
—_
.
— C. C. C. C. C.
Experiment 2
Body weight (grams)
Feed conversion
Body weight (grams)
Feed conversion
451 508b
1.90 1.77
— — — —
— — — —
—
— —
447 469
2.00 1.97
— — — —
— — — —
534 587" 553 594«
1.73 1.72 1.80 1.70
433 440
2.04 2.05
— — —
— — —
— —
— —
•
565 575 569 598"
—
455 392d 456 481"
1.74 1.68 1.76 1.57
—
2.12 2.27 2.26 2.11
* Agrozyme at 1 gm./kg. diet was added to ration following grain treatment. b Increase in body weight due to germination statistically significant at the 5% level of probability. 0 Increase in body weight due to higher drying temperature statistically significant at the 5% level of probability. d Decrease in body weight due to higher drying temperature statistically significant at the 5% level of probability.
that the nutritive value of corn was significantly improved when the grain was partially germinated, dried and then included in the diet for chicks. The response to germinated wheat approached significance but little or no response was obtained from germinated barley. The extent of improvement of the grains was influenced by the drying temperature. The nutritive value of corn and wheat was significantly improved in most cases when the grains were dried at the high temperature (90° C ) , particularly in the presence of the dietary enzyme supplement. A statistically significant growth depression was observed when germinated barley was dried at the high temperature. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of physiochemical treatments of grains on growth of and feed
utilization by the chick. Data from these experiments indicate that: 1. Water soaking grains improved their nutritive value for growing chicks. This was consistently true for wheat and barley and occasionally true for corn. 2. A significant improvement in growth occurred when chicks were fed diets containing wheat or barley soaked in a 0.1 normal hydrochloric acid solution. Improved growth response approaching significance was also observed in chicks fed diets containing corn and barley soaked in a 0.2 normal hydrochloric acid solution. In most cases the improved growth response obtained from the acid treatment of the grains was no greater than that obtained from water treatment alone. Soaking the grains in a 0.5 normal hydrochloric acid solution had detrimental effects on growth and feed utilization when the treated grains were included in
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Type of grain
858
O. L. ADAMS AND E. C. N A B E R
4. Supplementation of the grain diets with commercial enzyme preparations was not effective in improving the nutritive value of corn, wheat or barley. Although improved growth responses were observed in chicks fed diets containing corn and barley soaked in a 0.25 percent D a w E n zyme solution, the weight differences were no greater than those obtained from watersoaking alone. 5. The nutritive value of corn was significantly improved when the grain was partially germinated, dried and then included in the chick diets. The response from wheat approached significance, and little or no response was obtained from germinated barley. T h e temperature at which the grains were dried influenced the extent of improvement of their nutritive values. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
T h e expanded grains were supplied through the courtesy of the V. D . Anderson Company, Cleveland, Ohio. D a w E n z y m e , an enzyme preparation, was supplied through the courtesy of Dawe's Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois,
and the Agrozyme, a mixture of amylitic and proteolytic enzymes, was supplied through the courtesy of Merck and Company, Inc., Railway, New Jersey. REFERENCES Allred, J. B., L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1956. Studies on the growth promoting effect induced by pelleting feed. Poultry Sci. 35: 1130. Arscott, G. H., 1958. Barley in broiler rations. Proceedings, 16th Annual Animal Industry Conference, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon. pp. 38-43. Arscott, G. H., V. L. Hulit and R. K. Pautz, 1957. The use of barley in high-efficiency broiler rations. 3. Effect of pellets and reground pellets on growth and efficiency of feed utilization. Poultry Sci. 36: 1388. Fry, R. E., J. B. Allred, L. S. Jansen and J. McGinnis, 1957. Influence of water treatment on nutritional value of barley. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 95:249-251. Fry, R. E., J. B. Allred, L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1958. Influence of enzyme supplementation and water treatment on the nutritional value of different grains for poults. Poultry Sci. 37: 372-375. Jensen, L. S., R. E. Fry, J. B. Allred and J. McGinnis, 1957. Improvement in the nutritional value of barley for chicks by enzyme supplementation. Poultry Sci. 36: 919-921. Jensen, L. S., 1960. Enzymes in poultry feeds. Feedstuffs, 32(33): 4 0 ^ 4 . Jones, C. R., 1940. The production of mechanically damaged starch in milling as a governing factor in the diastatic activity of flour. Cereal Chem. 17: 133. Lepkovsky, S., and F. Furuta, 1960. The effect of water treatment of feeds upon the nutritional values of feeds. Poultry Sci. 39: 394-398. Snedecor, G. W., 1950. Statistical Methods, Fourth Edition, Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Thomas, J. M., L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1961. Interference with the nutritional improvement of water-treated barley by antibiotics. Poultry Sci. 40: 1204-1208. Wharton, F. D., L. J. Classen and J. C. Fritz, 1958. Influence of amylases on growth of chicks and poults. Federation Proc. 17: 497. Willingham, H. E., L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1959. Studies on the role of enzyme supplements and water treatment for improving the nutritional value of barley. Poultry Sci. 38: 539-544.
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the chick diets. T h e fact t h a t acid soaking did improve growth rate of chicks in most cases indicates t h a t bacterial action in the soaking process is probably unimportant, since little or no fermentation occurred during the acid soaking treatment. 3. The steam expansion of corn or wheat was ineffective in improving the nutritive value of the grains, when the treated grains were included in the diets for growing chicks. However, soaking the expanded grains in 0.1 normal hydrochloric acid solution improved their nutritive value making them equal or superior to untreated ground corn or wheat. Grain expansion did not, therefore, produce the same effect seen with water or acid treatment.
853
Jones, W. O., 1959. Manioc in Africa. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. Machlin, L. J., 1955. Studies on the growth response in the chicken from the addition of sulfate to a low-sulfur diet. Poultry Sci. 34: 1209. Rogers, D. J., and M. Milner, 1963. Amino acid profile of manioc leaf protein in relation to nutritive value. Econ. Bot. 17: 211-216. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods. The Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Williams, R. T., 1959. Detoxication Mechanisms 2nd Edition. Chapman and Hall, Ltd., London.
1. THE EFFECT OF WATER AND ACID TREATMENTS OF CORN, WHEAT, BARLEY AND EXPANDED OR GERMINATED GRAINS ON CHICK PERFORMANCE 1 OZIE L. ADAMS2 AND EDWARD C. NABER Department of Poultry Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Columbus 10, Ohio (Received for publication October 16, 1968)
D
URING the past ten years numerous high-efficiency corn-type rations either in studies have been conducted at sev- pelleted or reground pellet form. The nueral experiment stations and other labora- tritive value of grains may also be imtories to improve the nutritive value of proved during the milling process as a poultry feedstuffs. It has been found that result of the starch granules being methe nutritive value of barley corn, and chanically damaged (Jones, 1940). wheat can be improved by either a simple In view of the growth responses obwater-treatment (Fry et al., 1957, 1958; tained in chicks from water-treating, enLepkovsky and Furuta, 1960) or by sup- zyme supplementation and physical treatplementation with enzymes. (Jensen et al., ments of cereal grains, the experiments 1957). Similar observations were reported reported herein were conducted to comby Arscott (1958), Wharton et al. (1958), pare the effect of several physical and Willinghame/aZ. (1959) and Jensen (I960). chemical treatments of grains on the The nutritive value of poultry feedstuffs growth of and feed utilization by the may be improved by physical treatments. chick. Allred et al. (1956) and Arscott et al. (1957) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE reported increased growth in chicks fed Day-old sex-linked broiler-type chicks 1 Ohio Agricultural Research and Development from dams maintained on a practical Center Journal Article No. 83-68. 2 breeder ration were used in these experiPresent Address: Tennessee A & I University, ments. All chicks were wingbanded, Nashville, Tennessee.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on April 26, 2015
Effect of Physical and Chemical Treatment of Grams on Growth of and Feed Utilization by the Chick
854
O. L. ADAMS AND E. C. N A B E R
TABLE 1—Composition of basal diet Ingredients
Percent
Ground yellow corn 57.00 Soybean meal (44% protein) 29.59 Meat and bone scraps (50% protein) 3.00 Menhaden fish meal (60% protein) 3.00 Dried whey product (16% protein) 2.00 Dehydrated alfalfa meal (17% protein) 2.00 Defluorinated rock phosphate 1.50 Ground limestone (95% calcium carbonate) 1.00 Iodized salt 0.50 Premix* 0.41
weighed and randomly distributed into electrically-heated, thermostatically-controlled b a t t e r y brooders equipped with raised wire floors. Essentially the same procedures were followed in all experiments. T h e chicks received constant lighting and the room in which the b a t t e r y brooders were located was heated to provide a minimum temperature of 24°C. Ventilation was provided by thermostatically-controlled exhaust fans. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Individual chick weights and group feed consumptions were recorded at bi-weekly intervals during the experimental period of four weeks. Feed efficiency was calculated a t the end of each experiment. A practical corn-soybean type basal diet with or without added procaine penicillin was used in all experiments (Table 1). In the experimental diets the grain in the basal ration was replaced with equal amounts of the treated grains or grains supplemented with enzymes. Corn, wheat and barley were used and treated b y soaking the grains in water, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 N HC1 solutions or aqueous enzyme solutions. Enzyme supplementation (0.25 percent D a w E n z y m e and 0.1 percent Agrozyme) was also employed. T h e grains
D a t a from each experiment were collected and subjected to statistical treatm e n t b y the analysis of variance. When a significant difference was detected, a comparison of the mean differences due to treatment was determined b y computing the least significant difference for each experiment (Snedecor, 1950). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of Water-Soaking Treatment. T h e mean weight of all chicks used in each experiment was calculated in order to compare the effectiveness of the water treatment in improving the grains studied. Results with diets containing corn, wheat and barley soaked in water showed t h a t a significant improvement in growth and feed utilization occurred when wheat and barley were water-treated (Table 2). T h e d a t a also show t h a t improved feed conversion was apparent in some cases where the water treatment did not significantly improve growth. T h e addition of procaine penicillin to the basal or water treated
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Kainan University on April 26, 2015
* Premix supplied the following per kilogram of finished feed: vitamin A, 3,520 I.U.; vitamin D3, 660 I.C.U., vitamin Bi2, 13 meg.; vitamin E, 22 I.U.; riboflavin, 4.4 mg.; calcium pantothenate, 8.8 mg.; niacin, 22 mg.; choline chloride, 550 mg.; procaine penicillin, 6.6 mg.; methionine, 500 mg. and manganese sulfate (70%) 250 mg.
were soaked in an equal weight of water, acid or enzyme solution for 16-20 hours at room temperature, or in a 38°C. water b a t h , and dried in shallow trays placed in a forced draft oven at 50, 66 or 90°C. In early experiments drying was accomplished b y heating the soaked grains on steam radiators. Corn, wheat and soybean meal containing 1 2 - 1 5 % moisture were expanded with steam at 140°C. with commercial equipment. In some of the studies grains were germinated at 30°C. for 72 hours and dried at several temperatures shown above in a forced draft oven. The grains were reground in a hammer mill with a 0.32 cm. screen before incorporation into the diets. In some experiments the dry preparations of enzyme supplements were substituted for equal quantities of the grains and mixed directly into the complete diets.
855
W A T E R AND A C I D T R E A T M E N T S OP G R A I N
diet resulted in an improvement in growth and feed utilization of all groups. I t was noted during the experiment t h a t fecal material from birds fed the untreated barley adhered to the wire screen floors in the batteries. This condition improved when the diets contained the water treated barley. Similar observations were made by Willingham el al. (1959).
TABLE 2.—Effect of water treatment of grains on chick growth and feed utilization
Treatment
Average weight 4-weeks a (grams)
Feed conversion (grams feed/unit gain)
None None b
None Water None Water
397.0 424.0 508.0d 526.0d
1.92 1.77° 1.79 1.79
None None
None Water None Water
435.0 465.0° 485.0d 550.0°'d
1.99 1.90 1.74 d '°
None Water None Water
354.0 383.0° 490.0 d 493.0 d
2.07 1.97 1.97 1.90
Type of grain
Penicillin added to diet
Yellow corn
+
Wheat
+
Barley
None None
+ +
a Average weight data from duplicate groups in each of 4 or 5 experiments. b Procaine Penicillin added to basal diet at the rate of 6.6 mg./kg. ° Increase in weight or feed conversion due to water treatment statistically significant at the 5 % level of probability. d Increase in weight or feed conversion due t o penicillin supplement statistically significant at the 5 % level of probability.
Type of grain
Treatment
Average weight 4-weeks a
Feed conversion
Yellow corn
None 0 . 1 N H O solution Water
445.5 445.5 467.0
2.05 1.85 1.82
Wheat
None 0 . 1 N HC1 solution Water
435.5 484.S b 465.5 b
1.99 1.87 1.90
Barley
None 0 . 1 N HC1 solution Water
385.0 414.0 b 419.0 b
2.12 2.10 2.13
a Average weight data from duplicate groups in 2 experiments. b Increase in weight due to grain treatment statistically significant at the 5 % level of probability.
to water treatment. Significant growth depression was observed in birds fed diets containing grains soaked in a 0.5 normal hydrochloric acid solution. T h e fact t h a t weak acid soaking did improve growth rate of chicks in most cases indicates t h a t bacterial action in the soaking process is probably unimportant to the growth response since little or no fermentation occurred during the acid soaking treatment. This finding does not agree with t h a t of Thomas et al. (1961). These workers suggested t h a t microorganisms were involved in the nutritional improvement of barley by water t r e a t m e n t because antibiotics interfered with the improvement b y water treatment. Three commercial enzyme preparations (Alpha amylase, Agrozyme and D a w E n TABLE 4.—Eject of water and 0.2 N hydrochloric acid treatment of grains on chick performance Treatment
Average weight 4-weeks a
conversion
None Water 0.2 N HC1 solution
526.5 529.5
1.79 1.79 1.74
Wheat
None Water 0.2 N HCI solution
485.0 550.5 b 496.0
1.91 1.74 1.74
Barley
None Water 0.2 N HCI solution
490.5 493.5 516.0
1.97 1.90 1.87
Type of grain Yellow corn
a Average weight d a t a from duplicate groups in a single experiment. b Increase in weigh t due to water treatment statistically significant at 5 % level of probability.
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Results of Acid Soaking Treatments. Three concentrations of hydrochloric acid were used to determine the effect of acid-soaked grains on chick performance. D a t a presented in Table 3 shows t h a t chicks gave significant growth responses when fed diets containing wheat or barley soaked in water or 0.1 normal hydrochloric acid solution. Soaking corn in water or acid solution was ineffective in improving its nutritive value. Small growth responses were observed in chicks fed diets containing corn, wheat and barley soaked in a 0.2 normal hydrochloric acid solution, but the weight differences were not statistically significant (Table 4). I n this experiment water soaking of wheat resulted in significantly more growth b u t barley failed to respond
TABLE 3.—Effect of water and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid treatment of grains on chick performance
856
0 . L. ADAMS AND E. C. N A B E R
TABLE 5.—Effect of water and enzyme soaking treatments of grains on chick performance Type of grain
Average Treatment
responded to fungal enzymes while barley from other areas showed little if any response from enzyme additions.
Feed
4 W wieks
converslon
Yellow corn None Water Enzyme soaking"
405.0 427.0 424.0
1.85 1.73 1.70
Barley
383.0 426.0" 418.0 b
1.94 1.87 1.80
None None Enzyme soaking3
zyme) were used to supplement the grain diets in this study. T h e results showed t h a t none of the enzyme preparations were effective as a supplement in improving the nutritive value of the grains in the diets when they were fed to growing chicks. Although improved growth responses were observed in chicks fed diets containing barley soaked in a 0.25 percent D a w E n zyme solution (Table 5), the growth improvements were no greater t h a n those obtained from water-soaking alone. These results differ from those reported by F r y et al. (1958). T h e discrepancy is probably explained b y the data of Willingham et al. (1959) who showed t h a t west coast barley TABLE 6.—Effect
Results of Feeding Germinated Grains. T h e results of two experiments (Table 7) show
of grain expansion, acid treatment of grains alone or in combination on chick performance Experiment 1"
Type of grain
Treatment of grain
Yellow corn
Wheat
a
Experiment 2 b
Body weight (grams)
Feed conversion
Body weight (grams)
Feed conversion
None Expansion Acid Treated Both
453 449
2.10 2.04
518 487 494 528
1.87 2.06 1.76 1.77
None Expansion Acid Treated Both
435 419
1.99 1.97
461 450 493° 487°
1.93 2.14 1.76 1.85
Soybean meal used in all rations was untreated. Soybean meal used in all rations was expanded. Increase in body weight due to acid treatment or both statistically significant at the 5% level of probability. b c
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a Grains soaked in equal weight of water containing 0.25 percent DawEnzyme mixture. b Increase in weight due to water or enzyme soaking statistically significant at the 5% level of probability.
Results of Feeding Expanded Grains. D a t a in Table 6 show t h a t feeding chicks diets containing expanded corn or wheat resulted in a small b u t nonsignificant growth depression when compared with the chicks fed the untreated grains. On the other hand, when the expanded wheat was soaked in 0.1 normal hydrochloric acid solution and then included in the chick diets, a significant growth response was obtained which was similar to t h a t obtained from acid soaking the unexpanded wheat. I t may be concluded t h a t the expansion of corn or wheat was ineffective in improving the nutritive value of the grains when included in the diets for growing chicks. Furthermore, it is apparent t h a t expansion does not produce the improvement in nutritive value of wheat produced by water or acid treatment. Hence, it appears t h a t the breakdown of cellular structure induced b y expansion is not involved in the improvement of growth b y water or acid treatment.
857
WATER AND ACID TREATMENTS OF GRAIN
TABLE 7.—Effect of germination, drying temperature and enzyme supplementation of grains on chick performance Experiment 1 Drying temperature
Treatment of grain
Yellow corn
None Germinated Germinated Germinated Germinated+Enzyme" Germinated+Enzy me"
66° 50° 90° 50° 90°
C. C. C. C. C.
None Germinated Germinated Germinated Germinated+Enzyme a Germinated+Enzyme"
66° 50° 90° 50° 90°
C. C. C. C. C.
None Germinated Germinated Germinated Germinated-)-Enzyme" Germinated+Enzyme"
66° 50° 90° 50° 90°
Wheat
Barley
—_
.
— C. C. C. C. C.
Experiment 2
Body weight (grams)
Feed conversion
Body weight (grams)
Feed conversion
451 508b
1.90 1.77
— — — —
— — — —
—
— —
447 469
2.00 1.97
— — — —
— — — —
534 587" 553 594«
1.73 1.72 1.80 1.70
433 440
2.04 2.05
— — —
— — —
— —
— —
•
565 575 569 598"
—
455 392d 456 481"
1.74 1.68 1.76 1.57
—
2.12 2.27 2.26 2.11
* Agrozyme at 1 gm./kg. diet was added to ration following grain treatment. b Increase in body weight due to germination statistically significant at the 5% level of probability. 0 Increase in body weight due to higher drying temperature statistically significant at the 5% level of probability. d Decrease in body weight due to higher drying temperature statistically significant at the 5% level of probability.
that the nutritive value of corn was significantly improved when the grain was partially germinated, dried and then included in the diet for chicks. The response to germinated wheat approached significance but little or no response was obtained from germinated barley. The extent of improvement of the grains was influenced by the drying temperature. The nutritive value of corn and wheat was significantly improved in most cases when the grains were dried at the high temperature (90° C ) , particularly in the presence of the dietary enzyme supplement. A statistically significant growth depression was observed when germinated barley was dried at the high temperature. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of physiochemical treatments of grains on growth of and feed
utilization by the chick. Data from these experiments indicate that: 1. Water soaking grains improved their nutritive value for growing chicks. This was consistently true for wheat and barley and occasionally true for corn. 2. A significant improvement in growth occurred when chicks were fed diets containing wheat or barley soaked in a 0.1 normal hydrochloric acid solution. Improved growth response approaching significance was also observed in chicks fed diets containing corn and barley soaked in a 0.2 normal hydrochloric acid solution. In most cases the improved growth response obtained from the acid treatment of the grains was no greater than that obtained from water treatment alone. Soaking the grains in a 0.5 normal hydrochloric acid solution had detrimental effects on growth and feed utilization when the treated grains were included in
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Type of grain
858
O. L. ADAMS AND E. C. N A B E R
4. Supplementation of the grain diets with commercial enzyme preparations was not effective in improving the nutritive value of corn, wheat or barley. Although improved growth responses were observed in chicks fed diets containing corn and barley soaked in a 0.25 percent D a w E n zyme solution, the weight differences were no greater than those obtained from watersoaking alone. 5. The nutritive value of corn was significantly improved when the grain was partially germinated, dried and then included in the chick diets. The response from wheat approached significance, and little or no response was obtained from germinated barley. T h e temperature at which the grains were dried influenced the extent of improvement of their nutritive values. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
T h e expanded grains were supplied through the courtesy of the V. D . Anderson Company, Cleveland, Ohio. D a w E n z y m e , an enzyme preparation, was supplied through the courtesy of Dawe's Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois,
and the Agrozyme, a mixture of amylitic and proteolytic enzymes, was supplied through the courtesy of Merck and Company, Inc., Railway, New Jersey. REFERENCES Allred, J. B., L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1956. Studies on the growth promoting effect induced by pelleting feed. Poultry Sci. 35: 1130. Arscott, G. H., 1958. Barley in broiler rations. Proceedings, 16th Annual Animal Industry Conference, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Oregon. pp. 38-43. Arscott, G. H., V. L. Hulit and R. K. Pautz, 1957. The use of barley in high-efficiency broiler rations. 3. Effect of pellets and reground pellets on growth and efficiency of feed utilization. Poultry Sci. 36: 1388. Fry, R. E., J. B. Allred, L. S. Jansen and J. McGinnis, 1957. Influence of water treatment on nutritional value of barley. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 95:249-251. Fry, R. E., J. B. Allred, L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1958. Influence of enzyme supplementation and water treatment on the nutritional value of different grains for poults. Poultry Sci. 37: 372-375. Jensen, L. S., R. E. Fry, J. B. Allred and J. McGinnis, 1957. Improvement in the nutritional value of barley for chicks by enzyme supplementation. Poultry Sci. 36: 919-921. Jensen, L. S., 1960. Enzymes in poultry feeds. Feedstuffs, 32(33): 4 0 ^ 4 . Jones, C. R., 1940. The production of mechanically damaged starch in milling as a governing factor in the diastatic activity of flour. Cereal Chem. 17: 133. Lepkovsky, S., and F. Furuta, 1960. The effect of water treatment of feeds upon the nutritional values of feeds. Poultry Sci. 39: 394-398. Snedecor, G. W., 1950. Statistical Methods, Fourth Edition, Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Thomas, J. M., L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1961. Interference with the nutritional improvement of water-treated barley by antibiotics. Poultry Sci. 40: 1204-1208. Wharton, F. D., L. J. Classen and J. C. Fritz, 1958. Influence of amylases on growth of chicks and poults. Federation Proc. 17: 497. Willingham, H. E., L. S. Jensen and J. McGinnis, 1959. Studies on the role of enzyme supplements and water treatment for improving the nutritional value of barley. Poultry Sci. 38: 539-544.
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the chick diets. T h e fact t h a t acid soaking did improve growth rate of chicks in most cases indicates t h a t bacterial action in the soaking process is probably unimportant, since little or no fermentation occurred during the acid soaking treatment. 3. The steam expansion of corn or wheat was ineffective in improving the nutritive value of the grains, when the treated grains were included in the diets for growing chicks. However, soaking the expanded grains in 0.1 normal hydrochloric acid solution improved their nutritive value making them equal or superior to untreated ground corn or wheat. Grain expansion did not, therefore, produce the same effect seen with water or acid treatment.