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Effect of Unidentified Factors in Yeast on Growth and Hock Disorder of Turkey Poults
66
0 . F . HlXSON AND L. ROSNER Effect of surface active agents on chick growth. Poultry Sci. 31: 746-747. Snedecor, G. W., 1946. Statistical Methods, 4th ed., Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Snyder, J. M., B. C. Johnson and H. M. Scott, 1953. Surface active agents and the time of their effect on chick growth with special reference to vitamin B12 and aureomycin interrelationships. Poultry Sci. 32: 527-531. Stern, J. R., J. C. Guttierrez and J. McGinnis, 1952. Comparative growth response of chicks to detergents, germicides and penicillin. Amer. Chem. Soc. Abstracts, March, p. 6C. Stern, J. R., and J. McGinnis, 1953. Comparative growth response of chicks to detergents, germicides and penicillin. Poultry Sci. 32: 26-28.
Effect of Unidentified Factors in Yeast on Growth and Hock Disorder of Turkey Poults O. F . H I X S O N AND L A W R E N C E R O S N E R Laboratory of Vitamin Technology, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (deceived for publication May 1. 1953)
T
U R K E Y poults have been found to be excellent experimental animals for demonstration of unidentified factors in natural products. T h e apparent high requirement of turkeys for some of these factors makes them t h e bird of choice in m a n y instances. Scott (1951) demonstrated t h a t inclusion of high levels of cod liver oil in the rations of turkeys caused a high incidence of enlarged hocks. T h e incidence of this disorder was reduced b y feeding certain supplements, particularly brewer's yeast. Likewise Combs (1951) fed to turkey poults a basal ration of corn and soybean meal, with addition of all of the vitamins and minerals known to be required b y turkeys. F u r t h e r additions of certain natural products, including yeast, resulted in increased rate of growth. I n view of the findings t h a t yeast contains a factor or factors, as yet undefined, required b y turkey poults for maximum
growth and for reducing the incidence of enlarged hock disorder caused by a high cod liver oil level in the ration, it was deemed of interest to determine whether all types of yeasts contain these factors and to what extent. EXPERIMENT A: STUDY OF EFFECT OF YEAST ON RATE OF GROWTH Day-old Broad Breasted Bronze female poults, Cornell University strain, were placed upon a basal ration prepared according to the formula shown in Table 1. On the third day they were assembled into seven groups of 14 or 15 poults each. One group continued to receive the basal ration only, while the remaining six groups received the same ration supplemented with five percent yeast. T h e yeasts studied were three brewer's dried yeasts, two primary grown yeasts and one torula yeast, all from different sources.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Library of Medical Center of Fudan University on May 11, 2015
Proc. 7th Distillers Feed Conference: 72-84. Ely, C. M., and S. Schott, 1952b. Surface active agents as growth stimulators in chick rations. Research Division, National Distillers Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio. Hill, D. C, H. D. Branion and S. J. Slinger, 1952. Influence of environment on the growth response of chicks to penicillin. Poultry Sci. 31: 920. Hill, D. C, H. D. Branion, S. J. Slinger and G. W. Anderson, 1953. Influence of environment on the growth response of chicks to penicillin. Poultry Sci. 32:462-466. Lillie, R. J., J. R. Sizemore and H. R. Bird, 1953. Environment and stimulation of growth of chicks by antibiotics. Poultry Sci. 32: 445-175. Scott, H. M., B. C. Johnson and E. A. Goffi, 1952.
67
UNIDENTIFIED FACTORS IN YEAST TABLE 3.—Basal ration for hock disorder test
TABLE 1.—Basal ration for growth test (Experiment A)
(Experiment B) Pounds
Pounds
0.38
1 Vitamin A 4,000 U.S.P. units and vitamin D s 750 International Chick units per gram. 2 In milligrams per pound of ration: riboflavin, 3.0, niacin 20.0, calcium pantothenate 5.0, pyridoxine 1.5, folic acid 0.5, menadione 1.0, biotin 0.07, d-tocopheryl acetate 3.0, vitamin Bi2 0.015.
The poults were raised in batteries until eight weeks of age and group weight and feed consumption were measured weekly. The four- and eight-week data are shown in Table 2. As the experiment progressed it was evident that the groups receiving yeast were growing at a higher rate than the one on basal only. This growth advantage is evident from both the four- and eightweek weights. It is of interest to note that although yeast in the ration improved growth, feed efficiency was not improved. Also no differentiation could be made TABLE 2.—Poult weight and feed consumption (Experiment A) Poult weight Group No.
Supplement
None Brewer's Yeast A Brewer's Yeast B Brewer's Yeast C Primary Yeast A Primary Yeast B Torula Yeast
Weeks
Weeks 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Feed consumption
8
grams 572 1,730 612 1,880 600 1,800 618 1,830 590 1,865 576 1,810 600 1,810
4
8
grams 1,075 3,636 1,187 4,020 1,268 3,904 1,286 3,994 1,213 3,997 1,216 3,987 1,344 4,114
Ground Yellow Corn Pulverized Oats Ground Whole Wheat Soybean Oil Meal (44%) Crude Casein Dicalcium Phosphate Ground Limestone Iodized Salt Manganese Sulfate Dry Vitamin A1 Dry Vitamin D 3 2 Glycine Betaine Hydrochloride Choline Chloride Cod Liver Oil3 Vitamin Mixture 4 in Ground Yellow Corn
39.66 10.0 5.0 20.7 18.0 3.5 1.5 0.8 0.04 0.44 0.05 1.0 0.1 0.11 2.0 0.1
1
4,000 U.S.P. units per gram. 1,500 International Chick units per gram. Cod Liver Oil (feeding grade): 850A and 85D (minimum) per gram. 4 Per pound of ration: (milligrams) riboflavin 2.0, d-calcium pantothenate 2.0, pyridoxine hydrochloride 2.0, menadione 2.0, d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate 10.0, folic acid 0.5, thiamine hydrochloride 0.5, niacin 20.0; (micrograms) biotin 25, vitamin B12 (crystalline) 10. 2 3
among the various classes of yeast on the basis of the single test. E X P E R I M E N T B : STUDY OF EFFECT OF YEAST ON ENLARGED HOCK DISORDER OF TURKEYS
Day-old Broad Breasted Bronze male poults, Cornell University strain, were placed upon a basal ration prepared according to the formula shown in Table 3. On the third day they were assembled into seven groups of 12 each. One group continued to receive the basal ration only, while six groups received the same ration supplemented with five percent yeast. The yeasts studied were the same as those described in Experiment A. The poults were raised in batteries until six weeks of age. The incidence of enlarged hocks was recorded weekly and the data are shown in
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Library of Medical Center of Fudan University on May 11, 2015
39.465 53.00 3.33 1.95 1.00 0.50 0.05 0.025 0.001 0.0001 0.25 0.10 0.10
Ground Yellow Corn Soybean Oil Meal (44%) Bone Meal Limestone Dicalcium Phosphate Iodized Salt Manganese Sulfate Ferrous Sulfate Copper Sulfate Cobalt Sulfate Dry Vitamin A and D31 Choline Chloride DL-Methionine Vitamin Mixture 2 in Ground Yellow Corn
68
TURKEY FELLOWSHIP TABLE 4.—Poult weight, feed consumption and incidence of hock disorder (Experiment B) Incidence of hock disorder
Group No.
None Brewer's Yeast A Brewer's Yeast B Brewer's Yeast C Primary Yeast A Primary Yeast B Torula Yeast
1
2
33 0 8 8 8 25 25
33 0 8 8 8 16 27
4
5
6
percent 33 16 0 8 16 0 16 0 8 8 8 8 18 18
16 8 0 0 0 8 0
16 0 0 0 0 0 0
3
Table 4. The weight and feed consumption were also measured weekly and the sixweek values are likewise shown in Table 4. Examination of the data in Table 4 shows that all of the yeasts were effective to some extent in preventing enlarged hocks. The three brewer's yeasts and one primary grown yeast appeared to have the greatest effectiveness, while the other two yeasts were somewhat less effective in reducing the incidence of hock trouble. With regard to known factors which might prevent enlarged hocks of turkey poults on the experimental diet used in this study, Scott (1952) has reported that a sufficiently high level of niacin and vitamin E prevented the disorder in his experiments. It should be noted that the amounts of these vitamins included in our basal ration should have been sufficient, or nearly sufficient, to prevent the disorder, based on Scott's findings. In order to further test this point another group of ten male poults was given the basal diet supplemented with 10 milligrams niacin and 40 milligrams d-alpha tocopheryl acetate. This group showed no improvement over the basal group. Thus it appears that in
Feed consumption (6 weeks)
grams 1,449 1,450 1,526 1,460 1,518 1,500 1,536
2,445 2,466 2,707 2,572 2,719 2,652 2,741
our experiments some factor in yeast beyond its niacin content or antioxidant activity was responsible for reducing the incidence of hock disorder. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge with thanks the support of this work by the Brewer's Yeast Council, Inc., as well as the helpful suggestions of Dr. Milton Scott, Cornell University, Dr. Gerald Combs, University of Maryland, Dr. Robert Boucher, Pennsylvania State College and Miss Elsie Singruen, Brewer's Yeast Council, Inc. REFERENCES Combs, G. F., 1951. Unidentified growth factors in poultry nutrition. Proceedings of the 1951 Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers: 14-20. Scott, M. L., 1951. Studies on enlarged hock disorder of turkeys. 3. Evidence of the detrimental effect of fish liver oil and the beneficial effect of dried brewer's yeast and other materials. Poultry Sci. 30: 846-855. Scott, M. L., 1952. Prevention of enlarged hock disease in turkeys and ducks. Proceedings of the 1952 Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers: 87-91.
TURKEY FELLOWSHIP Dr. Salsbury's Laboratories, Charles City, Iowa have provided a turkey disease fellowship of $1500 annually. It will be administered by the National
Turkey Federation. The fellowship will be awarded for graduate work relating to turkey disease problems.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Library of Medical Center of Fudan University on May 11, 2015
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Poult weight (6 weeks)
Week
Supplement
0 . F . HlXSON AND L. ROSNER Effect of surface active agents on chick growth. Poultry Sci. 31: 746-747. Snedecor, G. W., 1946. Statistical Methods, 4th ed., Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. Snyder, J. M., B. C. Johnson and H. M. Scott, 1953. Surface active agents and the time of their effect on chick growth with special reference to vitamin B12 and aureomycin interrelationships. Poultry Sci. 32: 527-531. Stern, J. R., J. C. Guttierrez and J. McGinnis, 1952. Comparative growth response of chicks to detergents, germicides and penicillin. Amer. Chem. Soc. Abstracts, March, p. 6C. Stern, J. R., and J. McGinnis, 1953. Comparative growth response of chicks to detergents, germicides and penicillin. Poultry Sci. 32: 26-28.
Effect of Unidentified Factors in Yeast on Growth and Hock Disorder of Turkey Poults O. F . H I X S O N AND L A W R E N C E R O S N E R Laboratory of Vitamin Technology, Inc., Chicago, Illinois (deceived for publication May 1. 1953)
T
U R K E Y poults have been found to be excellent experimental animals for demonstration of unidentified factors in natural products. T h e apparent high requirement of turkeys for some of these factors makes them t h e bird of choice in m a n y instances. Scott (1951) demonstrated t h a t inclusion of high levels of cod liver oil in the rations of turkeys caused a high incidence of enlarged hocks. T h e incidence of this disorder was reduced b y feeding certain supplements, particularly brewer's yeast. Likewise Combs (1951) fed to turkey poults a basal ration of corn and soybean meal, with addition of all of the vitamins and minerals known to be required b y turkeys. F u r t h e r additions of certain natural products, including yeast, resulted in increased rate of growth. I n view of the findings t h a t yeast contains a factor or factors, as yet undefined, required b y turkey poults for maximum
growth and for reducing the incidence of enlarged hock disorder caused by a high cod liver oil level in the ration, it was deemed of interest to determine whether all types of yeasts contain these factors and to what extent. EXPERIMENT A: STUDY OF EFFECT OF YEAST ON RATE OF GROWTH Day-old Broad Breasted Bronze female poults, Cornell University strain, were placed upon a basal ration prepared according to the formula shown in Table 1. On the third day they were assembled into seven groups of 14 or 15 poults each. One group continued to receive the basal ration only, while the remaining six groups received the same ration supplemented with five percent yeast. T h e yeasts studied were three brewer's dried yeasts, two primary grown yeasts and one torula yeast, all from different sources.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Library of Medical Center of Fudan University on May 11, 2015
Proc. 7th Distillers Feed Conference: 72-84. Ely, C. M., and S. Schott, 1952b. Surface active agents as growth stimulators in chick rations. Research Division, National Distillers Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio. Hill, D. C, H. D. Branion and S. J. Slinger, 1952. Influence of environment on the growth response of chicks to penicillin. Poultry Sci. 31: 920. Hill, D. C, H. D. Branion, S. J. Slinger and G. W. Anderson, 1953. Influence of environment on the growth response of chicks to penicillin. Poultry Sci. 32:462-466. Lillie, R. J., J. R. Sizemore and H. R. Bird, 1953. Environment and stimulation of growth of chicks by antibiotics. Poultry Sci. 32: 445-175. Scott, H. M., B. C. Johnson and E. A. Goffi, 1952.
67
UNIDENTIFIED FACTORS IN YEAST TABLE 3.—Basal ration for hock disorder test
TABLE 1.—Basal ration for growth test (Experiment A)
(Experiment B) Pounds
Pounds
0.38
1 Vitamin A 4,000 U.S.P. units and vitamin D s 750 International Chick units per gram. 2 In milligrams per pound of ration: riboflavin, 3.0, niacin 20.0, calcium pantothenate 5.0, pyridoxine 1.5, folic acid 0.5, menadione 1.0, biotin 0.07, d-tocopheryl acetate 3.0, vitamin Bi2 0.015.
The poults were raised in batteries until eight weeks of age and group weight and feed consumption were measured weekly. The four- and eight-week data are shown in Table 2. As the experiment progressed it was evident that the groups receiving yeast were growing at a higher rate than the one on basal only. This growth advantage is evident from both the four- and eightweek weights. It is of interest to note that although yeast in the ration improved growth, feed efficiency was not improved. Also no differentiation could be made TABLE 2.—Poult weight and feed consumption (Experiment A) Poult weight Group No.
Supplement
None Brewer's Yeast A Brewer's Yeast B Brewer's Yeast C Primary Yeast A Primary Yeast B Torula Yeast
Weeks
Weeks 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Feed consumption
8
grams 572 1,730 612 1,880 600 1,800 618 1,830 590 1,865 576 1,810 600 1,810
4
8
grams 1,075 3,636 1,187 4,020 1,268 3,904 1,286 3,994 1,213 3,997 1,216 3,987 1,344 4,114
Ground Yellow Corn Pulverized Oats Ground Whole Wheat Soybean Oil Meal (44%) Crude Casein Dicalcium Phosphate Ground Limestone Iodized Salt Manganese Sulfate Dry Vitamin A1 Dry Vitamin D 3 2 Glycine Betaine Hydrochloride Choline Chloride Cod Liver Oil3 Vitamin Mixture 4 in Ground Yellow Corn
39.66 10.0 5.0 20.7 18.0 3.5 1.5 0.8 0.04 0.44 0.05 1.0 0.1 0.11 2.0 0.1
1
4,000 U.S.P. units per gram. 1,500 International Chick units per gram. Cod Liver Oil (feeding grade): 850A and 85D (minimum) per gram. 4 Per pound of ration: (milligrams) riboflavin 2.0, d-calcium pantothenate 2.0, pyridoxine hydrochloride 2.0, menadione 2.0, d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate 10.0, folic acid 0.5, thiamine hydrochloride 0.5, niacin 20.0; (micrograms) biotin 25, vitamin B12 (crystalline) 10. 2 3
among the various classes of yeast on the basis of the single test. E X P E R I M E N T B : STUDY OF EFFECT OF YEAST ON ENLARGED HOCK DISORDER OF TURKEYS
Day-old Broad Breasted Bronze male poults, Cornell University strain, were placed upon a basal ration prepared according to the formula shown in Table 3. On the third day they were assembled into seven groups of 12 each. One group continued to receive the basal ration only, while six groups received the same ration supplemented with five percent yeast. The yeasts studied were the same as those described in Experiment A. The poults were raised in batteries until six weeks of age. The incidence of enlarged hocks was recorded weekly and the data are shown in
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Library of Medical Center of Fudan University on May 11, 2015
39.465 53.00 3.33 1.95 1.00 0.50 0.05 0.025 0.001 0.0001 0.25 0.10 0.10
Ground Yellow Corn Soybean Oil Meal (44%) Bone Meal Limestone Dicalcium Phosphate Iodized Salt Manganese Sulfate Ferrous Sulfate Copper Sulfate Cobalt Sulfate Dry Vitamin A and D31 Choline Chloride DL-Methionine Vitamin Mixture 2 in Ground Yellow Corn
68
TURKEY FELLOWSHIP TABLE 4.—Poult weight, feed consumption and incidence of hock disorder (Experiment B) Incidence of hock disorder
Group No.
None Brewer's Yeast A Brewer's Yeast B Brewer's Yeast C Primary Yeast A Primary Yeast B Torula Yeast
1
2
33 0 8 8 8 25 25
33 0 8 8 8 16 27
4
5
6
percent 33 16 0 8 16 0 16 0 8 8 8 8 18 18
16 8 0 0 0 8 0
16 0 0 0 0 0 0
3
Table 4. The weight and feed consumption were also measured weekly and the sixweek values are likewise shown in Table 4. Examination of the data in Table 4 shows that all of the yeasts were effective to some extent in preventing enlarged hocks. The three brewer's yeasts and one primary grown yeast appeared to have the greatest effectiveness, while the other two yeasts were somewhat less effective in reducing the incidence of hock trouble. With regard to known factors which might prevent enlarged hocks of turkey poults on the experimental diet used in this study, Scott (1952) has reported that a sufficiently high level of niacin and vitamin E prevented the disorder in his experiments. It should be noted that the amounts of these vitamins included in our basal ration should have been sufficient, or nearly sufficient, to prevent the disorder, based on Scott's findings. In order to further test this point another group of ten male poults was given the basal diet supplemented with 10 milligrams niacin and 40 milligrams d-alpha tocopheryl acetate. This group showed no improvement over the basal group. Thus it appears that in
Feed consumption (6 weeks)
grams 1,449 1,450 1,526 1,460 1,518 1,500 1,536
2,445 2,466 2,707 2,572 2,719 2,652 2,741
our experiments some factor in yeast beyond its niacin content or antioxidant activity was responsible for reducing the incidence of hock disorder. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge with thanks the support of this work by the Brewer's Yeast Council, Inc., as well as the helpful suggestions of Dr. Milton Scott, Cornell University, Dr. Gerald Combs, University of Maryland, Dr. Robert Boucher, Pennsylvania State College and Miss Elsie Singruen, Brewer's Yeast Council, Inc. REFERENCES Combs, G. F., 1951. Unidentified growth factors in poultry nutrition. Proceedings of the 1951 Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers: 14-20. Scott, M. L., 1951. Studies on enlarged hock disorder of turkeys. 3. Evidence of the detrimental effect of fish liver oil and the beneficial effect of dried brewer's yeast and other materials. Poultry Sci. 30: 846-855. Scott, M. L., 1952. Prevention of enlarged hock disease in turkeys and ducks. Proceedings of the 1952 Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers: 87-91.
TURKEY FELLOWSHIP Dr. Salsbury's Laboratories, Charles City, Iowa have provided a turkey disease fellowship of $1500 annually. It will be administered by the National
Turkey Federation. The fellowship will be awarded for graduate work relating to turkey disease problems.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Library of Medical Center of Fudan University on May 11, 2015
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Poult weight (6 weeks)
Week
Supplement