- Email: [email protected]
Effects of fuel properties on light-duty diesel vehicle emissions
194
Abstracts/JSAE Review 18 (1997) 185-209
ing injection nozzle hole diameter decreases PM emission. However, a small nozzle hole increases NOx emission and decreases the effect of fuel on PM emission. Decreasing fuel density is effective in reduction of NOx emission, but the effect is smaller than that of nozzle hole diameter and injection pressure. Furthermore injection timing delay decreases the effect of fuel density on NOx emission. 9637500 Characteristics of the Variable-Orifice Nozzle for Direct Injection Diesel Engines Toshiyuki Hasegawa, Takao Iwasaki, Takashi Kobayashi (ZEXEL R & D Center), Yoichiro Matsumoto (University of Tokyo) The variable-orifice nozzle (V.O.N.) for improving atomization of diesel fuel has been developed to study its injection and spray characteristics. The nozzle orifice area is controlled continuously by using a rotary valve which is one of the components of the V.O.N. Performance of the V.O.N. was evaluated from the instrumentation results such as rate of injection and injection pressure, and instantaneous photography taken by a CCD high speed shutter camera. Injection characteristics and spray pattern responded to the nozzle orifice area which is changed by the rotary valve from larger to smaller. 9637519 Internal Flow Visualization of Diesel Injection Nozzle using a Scale Model Takao Iwasaki, Hayato Maehara, Toshiyuki Hasegawa, Takashi Kobayashi (ZEXEL R & D Center) An internal flow visualization system of the Diesel injection nozzle using scale models was constructed to compare the variable orifice nozzle which was described in the last report with the conventional hole nozzle. Scale models of the nozzle tips which are 40 times as large as the actual ones were made of acrylic resin. Water flow with a suspended tracer particle called Micro-capsule was used to observe the internal flow of the nozzle tip of the scale models. Flow visualization results show that the path line of the conventional hole nozzle tip varies according to the position of the needle. However, in the case of the variable orifice nozzle the variation in the path line was not affected by the position of the needle. 9637528 Modeling of Fuel Injection System Satsuki Nakajima, Ryoichi Harada, Shigenobu Itoh (ZEXEL R & D Center) The modeling of a fuel injection system is described in this paper. Since our purpose is to control the pressure in a common rail at idle by an H= robust controller, we need a mathematical model of the system. The input of this system is the control voltage for the unit which drives a high pressure pump. The output is the fuel pressure in a common rail. The identification experiment is conducted with experimental equipment which consists of the same structure as a gasoline direct injection system. The ARX model, the ARMAX model and Box-Jenkins model are employed for identification of the system. To assess the quality of the resulting models, we examine the step response for an actual system and these models, and consequently found a good agreement between them. 9637537 Study of a Fuel Injection Quantity Sensor in Diesel Engine Part 2: Evaluation of the Influence of Holder Tip Shape upon Turbine Speed Hayato Maehara, Masanori Amemori, Oliver Berberig, Takao Iwasaki, Takashi Kobayashi (ZEXEL R & D Center) There is growing need for better control of fuel injection quantity and timing for improving the emissions of diesel engines. The control must be optimized by measuring the injection quantity directly with Micro Turbine Sensor. In order to improve the measurement resolution of MTS, the experiment was carried out in which the turbine speed was influenced by the geometric parameters such as distance from the inside tube wall to the top of a vane and gap width between turbine and holder wall. This report describes the result of evaluation for comparing real-scale MTS models with large-scale (40: 1) models under the steady flow condition and the performance of MTS under the unsteady flow condition.
9637546 Effects of Aromatics in Diesel Fuel on Exhaust Emission Gen Sugiyarna, Shinji Kobayashi (Japan Automobile Research Institute) Effects of aromatics in diesel fuel on exhaust emission were studied. The testing modes are Japanese 13 mode for DI engine, and Japanese 10-15 mode for IDI engine. In a DI engine, aromatics promote CO, THC, NOx and SOF emissions, and the dry-soot emission decreases. The use of cetane improver cancels the effect of aromatics on CO emission. In an IDI diesel engines, aromatics promote CO, THC, NOx and dry soot emissions. The use of cetane improver does not reduce emissions in the IDI engine. 9637555 Effects of fuel properties on light-duty diesel vehicle emissions Masahiko Shibuya, I.R. Galliard, Takuya Yamashita (Showa Shell Sekiyu), Katsuyo Kakuta, Yukio Konishi (Nissan Motors Corp.) The effects of density, cetane index, aromatics, poly aromatics and Tg0 on emissions were studied in two light-duty diesel vehicles. The fuel properties were varied independently using a de-coupled fuel matrix to understand the effects. The results show that density and cetane index are most influential for CO, HC and particulate. Density had a bigger influence in the J.10.15 mode, whereas cetane index was more important in the E C E + E U D C test. EGR was effective in controlling NOx, but removed any fuel sensitivity. The results from this study are shown to be in good agreement with the results from EPEFE programme. 9637564 T h e Relationship between Fuel Properties a n d Exhaust Emissions from a Fleet of IDI Diesel Vehicles Takuya Yamashita, Masahiko Shibuya, I.R. Galliard, Tadashi Saito (Showa Shell Sekiyu) To investigate the relationship between fuel properties and exhaust emissions from IDI vehicles which cover a wide range of regulation, 10 light duty vehicles were tested under J.10.15 mode using a fuel matrix which was designed to change the property independently. The vehicles covered a range of emission regulation levels. The effect of fuel density, cetane index, total aromatics, poly aromatics and 90% distillation temperature were studied. This report presents the test results for the regulated emissions for these vehicles to show the fuel response. The results are also compared with EPEFE data for European technology. 9637573 Effects of Fuel Properties on Exhaust Emissions from DI Diesel Engines Kazuyoshi Sanse, Shigeyuki Tanaka, Masataka Morinaga, Hamhisa Yoshida, Haruo Takizawa, Hiromichi Ikebe (COSMO Research Institute) The effects of fuel properties on exhaust emissions from DI diesel engines were investigated. Test fuels, which have no interrelation between their properties, were prepared using some chemical solvents and compounds. Two engines to meet different emission regulations were selected to evaluate the difference of fuel effects on exhaust emissions. For the old model engine, it was shown quantitatively that the most effective property on particulate emission was poly aromatics in the fuels and gaseous emissions were mainly affected by cetane number. However, poly aromatics and cetane number had little effect on exhaust emissions from the new model engine. 9637582 The Effects of Fuel Properties and Engine Technology on Exhaust Emissions in D.I. Diesel Engines. Hiroki Morihisa, Mitsuo Harada, Mitsuo Tamanouchi, Reiji Kumagai, Shigehisa Yamada, Harufusa Sue (Petroleum Energy Center, Advanced Technology & Research Institute) The effects of fuel properties (cetane number, aromatics and T90) and engine technology (high pressure injection, oxidation catalyst, turbocharger) on diesel exhaust emissions were studied using four Direct Injection engines. Although the various engine technologies showed differing responses of fuel properties, the engine which was improved in diesel combustion by means of high pressure injection showed little effect of fuel properties on exhaust emissions. Oxidation catalyst was effective in reducing THC, CO and PM emissions.
Abstracts/JSAE Review 18 (1997) 185-209
ing injection nozzle hole diameter decreases PM emission. However, a small nozzle hole increases NOx emission and decreases the effect of fuel on PM emission. Decreasing fuel density is effective in reduction of NOx emission, but the effect is smaller than that of nozzle hole diameter and injection pressure. Furthermore injection timing delay decreases the effect of fuel density on NOx emission. 9637500 Characteristics of the Variable-Orifice Nozzle for Direct Injection Diesel Engines Toshiyuki Hasegawa, Takao Iwasaki, Takashi Kobayashi (ZEXEL R & D Center), Yoichiro Matsumoto (University of Tokyo) The variable-orifice nozzle (V.O.N.) for improving atomization of diesel fuel has been developed to study its injection and spray characteristics. The nozzle orifice area is controlled continuously by using a rotary valve which is one of the components of the V.O.N. Performance of the V.O.N. was evaluated from the instrumentation results such as rate of injection and injection pressure, and instantaneous photography taken by a CCD high speed shutter camera. Injection characteristics and spray pattern responded to the nozzle orifice area which is changed by the rotary valve from larger to smaller. 9637519 Internal Flow Visualization of Diesel Injection Nozzle using a Scale Model Takao Iwasaki, Hayato Maehara, Toshiyuki Hasegawa, Takashi Kobayashi (ZEXEL R & D Center) An internal flow visualization system of the Diesel injection nozzle using scale models was constructed to compare the variable orifice nozzle which was described in the last report with the conventional hole nozzle. Scale models of the nozzle tips which are 40 times as large as the actual ones were made of acrylic resin. Water flow with a suspended tracer particle called Micro-capsule was used to observe the internal flow of the nozzle tip of the scale models. Flow visualization results show that the path line of the conventional hole nozzle tip varies according to the position of the needle. However, in the case of the variable orifice nozzle the variation in the path line was not affected by the position of the needle. 9637528 Modeling of Fuel Injection System Satsuki Nakajima, Ryoichi Harada, Shigenobu Itoh (ZEXEL R & D Center) The modeling of a fuel injection system is described in this paper. Since our purpose is to control the pressure in a common rail at idle by an H= robust controller, we need a mathematical model of the system. The input of this system is the control voltage for the unit which drives a high pressure pump. The output is the fuel pressure in a common rail. The identification experiment is conducted with experimental equipment which consists of the same structure as a gasoline direct injection system. The ARX model, the ARMAX model and Box-Jenkins model are employed for identification of the system. To assess the quality of the resulting models, we examine the step response for an actual system and these models, and consequently found a good agreement between them. 9637537 Study of a Fuel Injection Quantity Sensor in Diesel Engine Part 2: Evaluation of the Influence of Holder Tip Shape upon Turbine Speed Hayato Maehara, Masanori Amemori, Oliver Berberig, Takao Iwasaki, Takashi Kobayashi (ZEXEL R & D Center) There is growing need for better control of fuel injection quantity and timing for improving the emissions of diesel engines. The control must be optimized by measuring the injection quantity directly with Micro Turbine Sensor. In order to improve the measurement resolution of MTS, the experiment was carried out in which the turbine speed was influenced by the geometric parameters such as distance from the inside tube wall to the top of a vane and gap width between turbine and holder wall. This report describes the result of evaluation for comparing real-scale MTS models with large-scale (40: 1) models under the steady flow condition and the performance of MTS under the unsteady flow condition.
9637546 Effects of Aromatics in Diesel Fuel on Exhaust Emission Gen Sugiyarna, Shinji Kobayashi (Japan Automobile Research Institute) Effects of aromatics in diesel fuel on exhaust emission were studied. The testing modes are Japanese 13 mode for DI engine, and Japanese 10-15 mode for IDI engine. In a DI engine, aromatics promote CO, THC, NOx and SOF emissions, and the dry-soot emission decreases. The use of cetane improver cancels the effect of aromatics on CO emission. In an IDI diesel engines, aromatics promote CO, THC, NOx and dry soot emissions. The use of cetane improver does not reduce emissions in the IDI engine. 9637555 Effects of fuel properties on light-duty diesel vehicle emissions Masahiko Shibuya, I.R. Galliard, Takuya Yamashita (Showa Shell Sekiyu), Katsuyo Kakuta, Yukio Konishi (Nissan Motors Corp.) The effects of density, cetane index, aromatics, poly aromatics and Tg0 on emissions were studied in two light-duty diesel vehicles. The fuel properties were varied independently using a de-coupled fuel matrix to understand the effects. The results show that density and cetane index are most influential for CO, HC and particulate. Density had a bigger influence in the J.10.15 mode, whereas cetane index was more important in the E C E + E U D C test. EGR was effective in controlling NOx, but removed any fuel sensitivity. The results from this study are shown to be in good agreement with the results from EPEFE programme. 9637564 T h e Relationship between Fuel Properties a n d Exhaust Emissions from a Fleet of IDI Diesel Vehicles Takuya Yamashita, Masahiko Shibuya, I.R. Galliard, Tadashi Saito (Showa Shell Sekiyu) To investigate the relationship between fuel properties and exhaust emissions from IDI vehicles which cover a wide range of regulation, 10 light duty vehicles were tested under J.10.15 mode using a fuel matrix which was designed to change the property independently. The vehicles covered a range of emission regulation levels. The effect of fuel density, cetane index, total aromatics, poly aromatics and 90% distillation temperature were studied. This report presents the test results for the regulated emissions for these vehicles to show the fuel response. The results are also compared with EPEFE data for European technology. 9637573 Effects of Fuel Properties on Exhaust Emissions from DI Diesel Engines Kazuyoshi Sanse, Shigeyuki Tanaka, Masataka Morinaga, Hamhisa Yoshida, Haruo Takizawa, Hiromichi Ikebe (COSMO Research Institute) The effects of fuel properties on exhaust emissions from DI diesel engines were investigated. Test fuels, which have no interrelation between their properties, were prepared using some chemical solvents and compounds. Two engines to meet different emission regulations were selected to evaluate the difference of fuel effects on exhaust emissions. For the old model engine, it was shown quantitatively that the most effective property on particulate emission was poly aromatics in the fuels and gaseous emissions were mainly affected by cetane number. However, poly aromatics and cetane number had little effect on exhaust emissions from the new model engine. 9637582 The Effects of Fuel Properties and Engine Technology on Exhaust Emissions in D.I. Diesel Engines. Hiroki Morihisa, Mitsuo Harada, Mitsuo Tamanouchi, Reiji Kumagai, Shigehisa Yamada, Harufusa Sue (Petroleum Energy Center, Advanced Technology & Research Institute) The effects of fuel properties (cetane number, aromatics and T90) and engine technology (high pressure injection, oxidation catalyst, turbocharger) on diesel exhaust emissions were studied using four Direct Injection engines. Although the various engine technologies showed differing responses of fuel properties, the engine which was improved in diesel combustion by means of high pressure injection showed little effect of fuel properties on exhaust emissions. Oxidation catalyst was effective in reducing THC, CO and PM emissions.