Elephantids from Pleistocene Poland: State of knowledge

Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

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Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint

Elephantids from Pleistocene Poland: State of knowledge Kamilla Pawłowska
w Polnych 16, 61-606 Poznan
, Poland Adam Mickiewicz University, Institute of Geology, Mako

a r t i c l e i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Article history: Available online xxx

The presence of three elephant species (Mammuthus trogontherii, Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus, and Mammuthus primigenius) among fossil mammal assemblages from the Pleistocene has been established in Poland. The most abundant species in these finds is Mammuthus primigenius. Most fossil elephant remains have been provided by research from the 19th and 20th centuries, though there are more recent results from new localities. Recently obtained radiocarbon dates not only extend the existing data, but in two cases (32,641 ± 367 cal. BP and 32,568 ± 356 cal. BP) also reveal the presence of mammoths in a time interval during which they were previously thought to have been absent from Poland. This allows us to shift the gap in the mammoths' occurrence in Poland from 32.0 to 32.6 cal. ka BP. This paper is intended to present the current state of knowledge concerning the diversity of elephants and their geographical and temporal variability in Poland in the Pleistocene. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Elephants Mammoths Pleistocene Poland

1. Introduction Two genera of the Family Elephantidae are known from Pleistocene Eurasia: Elephas (the lineage of the living Asian elephant E. maximus), Palaeoloxodon (the straight-tusked elephant), and Mammuthus (the lineage of the mammoth) (Lister, 2004). The fossil assemblage is usually dominated by finds of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), which is one of the representatives of the MammuthusdCoelodonta Faunal Complex, designating the transregional expanded, cold-adapted large mammal assemblages of the Eurasian Pleistocene (Kahlke, 2014). A catalogue of Pleistocene mammals from Poland was provided by Kowalski (1959), who gave a list of sites at which remains of elephantines had been found, along with data given in related publications. He summarized this elephantid research from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Subsequently, the history of the research into elephantid remains in Poland from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century was presented by Kubiak (1989), who mentioned a number of important studies (Rose, 1882; Volz, 1901,

1902; Wüst, 1901, 1902; Chłapowski, 1903; Ku
zniar and Demetrykiewicz, 1909; Niezabitowski, 1912; Wi
sniowski, 1914; Kulczycki, 1955; Kubiak, 1965a, 1965b; Jakubowski et al., 1968;
ski-Minkowicz, 1969; Kozłowski Borsuk-Białynicka and Wysoczan et al., 1970; Ruprecht, 1971; Kubiak and Zakrzewska, 1974; Kubiak, 1980). Later finds have been reported by Wojtal (2007), Wi
sniewski et al. (2009), Cieszkowski et al. (2010), Lorenc and Pawłowska (2010), and others. As a result, the presence of three elephant species (Mammuthus trogontherii, Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus, and Mammuthus primigenius) among fossil mammal assemblages from the Pleistocene has been established in Poland. As recent studies have revealed new localities of fossil elephant remains, this paper summaries the Polish localities with such finds. In total, 289 Polish localities are listed (Tables 1e3), including 25 new sites. Additionally, a new set of radiocarbon dates is presented from 7 localities. Accordingly, this paper is intended to present the current state of knowledge concerning the diversity of elephants and their geographical and temporal variability in Poland in the Pleistocene.

E-mail address: [email protected]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.014 1040-6182/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: Pawłowska, K., Elephantids from Pleistocene Poland: State of knowledge, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.014

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K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

Table 1 _ List of localities, contexts, and finds of Mammuthus trogontherii in Poland, 2015 data. Data sources: Kowalski (1959) with further references; Kubiak (1965a); Czyzewska and Wiszniowska (1982); Kubiak et al. (1989); Kubiak (2001); Pawłowska et al. (2014). Explanation: * hatches on the map. Map

Localities

Powiat [county] (old name); Gmina [Municipality]

Year when found/Context/ Museum and institutions

Cranial material

Post-cranial material

1 2


w Bełchato
skie near Jabłonica Polska Budy Jabłon

Femur


cza Czystogarb near Koman
w Fra˛ czko Jarosław Katowice Piotrowice (Gliwice-Piotrowice)
cut Łan
wka, Wisłoka river Noso Oborniki Przemy
sl Radymno River San, RadymnoeJarosław Rakoszyce O
swie˛ cim Stare Stawy (Stare Stawy)

Brown coal mine; IoES 1986; upper part of fluvial sand layer; SMK LSNHM

Molars: upper M3, tusk, Mandibula with M3, tusks

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12* 13 14

bełchatowski brzozowski (Doły JasielskoSanockie) sanocki (Santok) nyski (Nysa) jarosławski ( )
cucki ( ) łan
w) rzeszowski (Rzeszo obornicki ( )

jarosławski

˛ ska)
sredzki (Sroda Sla o
swie˛ cimski (O
swie˛ cim)

LSNHM IGS Gravel pit LSNHM LSNHM OHMJ

15

Strzelin (Strzelin, vicinity of ‘Baumgarten’)


ski ( ) strzelin

1936; near brickyard, 2 m depth; ISEA

Molar: upper M3 e Molars e Molar: lower M1 Molar: lower M3 e Molar: lower M2 Molar: lower M2 Mandibula e Molar: upper M3

Table 2
o
sarski (1883, 1884) in Niezabitowski (1912); Chłapowski (1903); List of localities, contexts, and finds of Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus in Poland, 2015 data. Data sources: Sl Kowalski (1959) with further references; Kubiak (1965a); Rutkowski (1967) in Stankowski (1988); Jakubowski et al. (1968); Ruprecht, 1971 in Kubiak, 2001; Stankowski and Tobolski (1982) in Stankowski (1988); Dubrovo and Jakubowski (1988); Gorczyca (1988); Jakubowski (1988, 1996). Explanation: * hatches on the map. Map

Localities

Powiat [county] (old name); Gmina [Municipality]

Year when found/Context/ Museum and institutions

Cranial material

Post-cranial material

1 2 3 4 5 6


w Barycz near Brzozo
w, vicinity Ciechano

˛ ska Czechy near Sroda Sla
wka Hajno
Imbramowice near Swidnica

Jo zwin near Konin


w) brzozowski (Brzozo ciechanowski

˛ ska)
sredzki (Sroda Sla hajnowski

swidnicki (Swidnica)
ski, gm. Kleczew konin

LSNHM Groundworks; MZRM

Molar: lower M2 Almost completely preserved skeleton, female

1984; brown coal mine, upper part of silt layer with malacofauna; Eemian, 13 m depth; RMK

Almost completely preserved skeleton, male

7 8 9 10 11

(A) Konin Kazimierz
w (B) Konin Maranto
w, vicinity Krako Mława Oborniki Pawłowiczki near Ke˛ dzierzyn Ko
zle

Before 1903

Molar: upper M2

mławski obornicki ( )
sko-kozielski ke˛ dzierzyn (Ko
zle)

Before 1903; gravel pit Gravel pit

Molars: upper M2, lower M3

12 13*

Przemy
sl, San River River San, Radymno-Jarosław

jarosławski

OHMJ

14 15


łka/Białystok Soko (A) Warszawa Bielany, Wisła river (B) Warszawa Leszno Street (C) Warszawa Szcze˛
sliwice


lski soko

Molars: two lower M3 and one lower M1 Molars Molar Almost completely preserved skeleton, male Molars, mandibula

16


w near Szprotawa Witko

_
ski (Szprotawa) zaga n

Bones

Before 1887; gravel 1962; groundworks; MEW 1880e1882; 1935; clay, brickyard, interglacial layer

Table 3
o
sarski (1883) in Chłapowski (1903); Kowalski (1959) with further List of localities, contexts, and finds of Mammuthus primigenius in Poland, 2015 data. Data sources: Sl
wko-Dłuzakowa _
ski-Minkowicz (1969); Jakubowski (1972); Kubiak references; Chmielewski and Kubiak (1962); Kubiak (1965a); Boro (1967); Borsuk-Białynicka and Wysoczan (1980, 1989, 2001); Bluszcz and Pazdur (2003); Valde-Nowak et al. (2003) in Nadachowski et al. (2011); Kaczmarek (2004); Muzolf et al. (2009); Nadachowski et al. (2009);
ski Stefaniak and Marciszak (2009); Stefaniak et al. (2009); Wi
sniewski et al. (2009); Arppe and Karhu (2010); Cieszkowski et al. (2010); Nadachowski et al. (2011); Wilczyn _ et al. (2012); Borowska (2013); Nadachowski et al. (2014); Pawłowska et al. (2014); Zarski et al. (2014); Woroncowa-Marcinowska et al. (forthcoming); Pawłowska, unpublished data; Pawłowska (in press), and local museums; Stefaniak (personal communication). Explanation: * hatches on the map; ** new localities; *** new finds. Map Localities (old name)

Powiat [county] (old name); Gmina [Municipality]

Year when found/Context/ Museum and institutions

Cranial material

ostrowiecki ( )
w) brzozowski (Brzozo bełchatowski

LSNHM

Molar: upper M3

BBCMM; IoES

Cranium, teeth; molar, tusk

Bones; atlas, thoracic vertebra, tibia

Lower layer RMC 1990e1994; DPW

Tusk, molars Fragment of juvenile teeth

Humerus, femur, scapula

1 2 3


w near Kielc Bałto Barycz
w*** Bełchato

4 5 6

Be˛ bło, Jaskinia Be˛ błowska Dolna krakowski (Olkusz)
ski Bielinek** gryfin
w, cave IV
ski, gm. Biro zawiercian Ogrodzieniec Bisztynek bartoszycki (Reszel)

7

Post-cranial material

Please cite this article in press as: Pawłowska, K., Elephantids from Pleistocene Poland: State of knowledge, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.014

K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

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Table 3 (continued ) Map Localities (old name) 8

Bi
snik Cave **

9 10 11


w Błonie near Tarno Bogusław Borek

12 13

Borsucza Cave Borsuka Cave (Podskalany, Jaskinia Borsucza) Braniewo Brodnica Brody

14 15 16 17 18

33 34

Brzeg (A) Bydgoszcz (B) Bydgoszcz Bielawy**
d (C) Bydgoszcz wscho (Kapu
scisko Małe)
w Bzianka near Rzeszo Chełmno, Wisła river Chlewice** Chobienia
w Chorzo Cypel Ma˛ towski (Ma˛ towski Cypel) Czechowice-Dziedzice (Dziedzice) Czechy Czersk Czerwonka Czudec
w, Jaskinia Murek Czuło
w, Jaskinia nad Matka˛ Czuło Boska˛
w, Jaskinia nad Czuło Potoczkiem Darzlubie Da˛ browa

35 36

Deszczowa cave De˛ bica

37 38 39


w Dobrko Drulity Dyminek (vicinity of ‘Tannenberg bei Demmin’) Dziadowa Skala Rock-shelter
(Dziezgo _ n
) Dzierzgon _ Dzierzaniny near Wojnicz _ (Dzierzawiny near Wojnicz) _ Dzierzysław (A) Elbla˛ g Bielany (Elbla˛ g, vicinity of ‘Bieland’)
chnik (Pro
chnik) (B) Elbla˛ g Pro (C) Elbla˛ g, vicinity Frombork (vicinity of ‘Teufelsberg’) Gardziec Garwolin

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

40 41 42 43 44

45 46 47 48

49 50

51 52 53


sk (A) Gdan
sk Chełm (Chełm) (B) Gdan
sk Ostro
zek _
zki) _ (C) Gdan (Ostro
sk Suchanino (D) Gdan (Suchanino)
sk, vicinity (E) Gdan _ Gizycko, vicinity (A) Gliwice Łabe˛ dy (Łabe˛ dy) (B) Gliwice, center (C) Gliwice, ironworks Głowno Gniew
ra Go

Powiat [county] (old name); Gmina [Municipality]

Year when found/Context/ Museum and institutions

Cranial material

Post-cranial material

gm. Wolbrom

1991e2012; DPW

Fragment of juvenile teeth

Carpus or tarsus, vertebrae, pelvis


w tarnowski, gm. Tarno pleszewski kartuski (Kartuzy), gm. Sule˛ czyno
w cze˛ stochowski, gm. Msto ( )

RMT 1916

Tooth

braniewski ( ) brodnicki ( ) starachowicki (Starachowice/ _ Iłza) brzeski

1996e1998; USK ISEA

Carpus or tarsus A fragment of mandible with a Bones: humerus, rib molar

LSNHM

Mandibula with molar: M2

LWDMB

Molar

ISEA

Cranium

MMLD

Molars

Femur

Molar Cranium, mandibles, molar: upper M3

Bones Femur

(Bydgoszcz) rzeszowski ( )
ski ( ) chełmin my
sliborski
ski (Woło
w) lubin
sk) (Gdan bielski (Bielsko-Biała)

˛ ska)
sredzki (Sroda Sla
ski (Piaseczno) piaseczyn
ski (Reszel) olsztyn _
w) strzyzowski (Strzyz_ o
w) krakowski (Krako
w) krakowski (Krako

Lower layer Lower layer


w) krakowski (Krako

Lower layer

pucki (Puck) braniewski (Braniewo), gm. Braniewo
ski, gm. Kroczyce zawiercian de˛ bicki

ISEA 1975; AGH, ISEA, MEW, MMZ

de˛ bicki (De˛ bica) elbla˛ ski (Pasłe˛ k) szczecinecki (Szczecinek)
ski, gm. Kroczyce zawiercian sztumski (Sztum) tarnowski (Brzesko), gm. Zakliczyn głubczycki

Layer 3B LSNHM

Molar: upper M3

ISEA

Molar

Femur

Fragments of skull, molars: upper M3, tusk

Thoracic vertebra, rib, humerus, ulna, femurs, tibia, pelvises

(Elbla˛ g) Loams braniewski (Braniewo)
Pomorski) (Kamien
ski ( ) garwolin

MUZ PIG


sk) (Gdan
ski (Gdan
sk) gdan
sk) (Gdan

_ gizycki ( ) (Gliwice)

zgierski (Łowicz) tczewskim (Tczew) płocki (Płock), gm. Staro
zreby (continued on next page)

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K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

Table 3 (continued ) Map Localities (old name)

Powiat [county] (old name); Gmina [Municipality]

Year when found/Context/ Museum and institutions loess; MEW, MMZ, MUZ PIG loess MUZ PIG

54 55 56


ra Puławska Go
Anny
ra Sw. Go
ra Winnica near Kamien
Go M
sciowski**

puławski (Puławy) strzelecki (Strzelce Opolskie) sandomierski, gm. Dwikozy

57 58 59


rz) raciborski (Racibo

swiecki (Swiecie)

60 61 62


dczanki Gro Gruczno (A) Grudzia˛ dz, Wisła river (B) Grudzia˛ d
z Rza˛ dz (Rza˛ dz) (C) Grudzia˛ d
z Strzemie˛ cin (Strzemie˛ cin) Grupa Jaksice Jaksice near Koszyce

63 64

Janiki Wielkie Janowice



swieckim (Swiecie)
w) miechowski (Miecho proszowicki (Kazimierza Wielka) iławski (Mora˛ g) tarnowski

65 66

JarosławdGarbarze Jaroszewo

jarosławski _ n
ski (Torun
) ? zni

67 68

Jasionka
ra Jelenia Go


w) rzeszowski (Rzeszo

69 70


j Jerzmanice-Zdro Jerzmanowice, Jaskinia Nietoperzowa
w Jordano Kadyny Kalisz Piwonice (‘Diabelski Dołek’) near Prosna River**
Pleban
ski' Kamien Karbowo KarsyeBorusowa**

złotoryjski (Złotoryja) krakowski (Olkusz)

71 72 73 74 75 76 77

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88

89 90

(A) Katowice (B) Katowice Piotrowice (Gliwice-Piotrowice) Kawe˛ czyn Ka˛ kolewo Ka˛ ty (A) Ke˛ trzyn (B) Ke˛ trzyn, vicinity Kielce Klempicz** Kleszczewko Klucz Komarowa Cave Konarzyce**
w Konin Maranto

Kowanowo
w Go
ra
sw. (A) Krako Bronisławy
w Grzego
rzki (B) Krako

Cranial material

Post-cranial material Sacrum, pelvis

Fragment of cranium, tusks, mandible with molar, molars

Vertebra, atlas, sacrum, scapula, humeri, radius, ulnae, femurs, tibiae.

(Grudzia˛ d
z) (Grudzia˛ d
z)

loess IGS

Molars: lower M3 and upper M3

Tusk 2007; the valley of a small stream; within loamy debris solifluction sediments, ca. 1 m thick OHMJ At the estuary of Drwe˛ ca to the Vistula

At least ulna

Valley of Bober river below the town 'Weltende' ISEA

Bone, rib

In 1960s; groundworks, vicinity Tusk, mandibula of a railway bridge; DMLK LSNHM Molar: upper M3

Femur, pelvis

RMT

Humerus

suski (Sucha) elbla˛ ski (Elbla˛ g)

sandomierski (Sandomierz) brodnicki (Brodnica) da˛ browski-da˛ browski, gm.
w Gre˛ boszo

zamojski
ski leszczyn opolski (Opole)
ski ke˛ trzyn
ski ke˛ trzyn czarnkowsko-trzcianecki
ski (Gdan
sk) gdan strzelecki (Strzelce Opolskie) cze˛ stochowski, gm. Olsztyn
sremski
ski ( ) konin

obornicki


w Kopiec Ko
sciuszki (C) Krako
w Krowodrza (D) Krako
w Ludwino
w (E) Krako
w Mogiła (F) Krako
w Podgo
rze (G) Krako
w Przegorzały (H) Krako
w Rza˛ ka (Rza˛ ka)
w) (I) Krako (Krako
w Spadzista Street B (J) Krako
w Spadzista Street C (K) Krako
w Spadzista Street C2 (L) Krako
w Spadzista Street C3 (M) Krako

MMZ, ZM 1889; gravel pit

Teeth Tusk

NMK Private collection

Molar

Bones

At least innominate

Layer D,E 1974; PAM Peat; MEW, MUZ PIG

Fragments of tusks, tooth Molar Cranium, molars: lower M3; tusk

1898 Loess

Teeth, molar, tusk Molar: upper deciduous M2

Phalanx Part of the skeleton of one individual: cranium, tibia, astragalus, calcaneus, navicularie, cuboideum, fibula, cuneiforme II, metatarsale V, phalanges, ossa sesamoidea; femur

Groundworks (when building a Molar: lower M3 school) IGS, ISEA Molars: upper M2, lower M2 Sands i.e. mandibula Loess ISEA ISEA ISEA ISEA

Complete skeletons Teeth At least tooth

Bones Bones

Please cite this article in press as: Pawłowska, K., Elephantids from Pleistocene Poland: State of knowledge, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.014

K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

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Table 3 (continued ) Map Localities (old name)

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

101

102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122


w Spadzista Street E (N) Krako
w Spadzista Street F (O) Krako
w Spadzista street, (P) Krako trench III
w Zwierzyniec (Q) Krako
w, Wisła river (R) Krako Krasiczyn Krosinko**
Krzykosy near Sroda Wielkopolska** Kuty
) (A) Kwidzyn (Kwidzyn (B) Kwidzyn, vicinity*** Legnica Le
snica _ (Limza) Limza
w Lubarto (A) Lublin (B) Lublin Zemborzyce (Zemborzyce)
(A) Lubon _
(Zabikowo) (B) Lubon
, vicinity (C) Lubon Lud
zmierz Luzino
˛ ski
wek Sla Lwo

rne (Łaziska Srednie) Łaziska Go Łe˛ cze Łe˛ gowo Łukowo near Sypniewo Malbork
w Masło Maszyce, Jaskinia Maszycka Mechowo
w), Wisłoka Mielec (Rzocho river Minie˛ ta
w, Jaskinia na Mniko
wce Miłaszo
w, Jaskinia pod Kochanka˛ Mniko Mniszew _ Nadbrzeze Nicponie Nieboczowy, Odra river Niechobrz Niedzica, Dunajec river terrace

123 Niepołomice 124 Nowa Dobra 125 Nowe Brzesko (Nenkanowice), Wisła river 126 Nowe Miasteczko 127 Nowe Miasto nad Warta˛ (Nowe Miasto)
ki 128 Nowe Wło 129 Nowy Targ

130 131 132 133

Nysa Oberski Młyn, Obra river Obłazowa Cave Oborniki

134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141

Obrzycko Ogartowo
w, Jaskinia Ciemna Ojco
w, Jaskinia Zbo
jecka Ojco Okocim Ole
snica Oława Opatowiec

Powiat [county] (old name); Gmina [Municipality]

Year when found/Context/ Museum and institutions

Cranial material

Post-cranial material

At least tooth At least tooth ISEA

Bone

AMK

Teeth

przemyski (Przemy
sl)
ski poznan

LSNHM 2003e2013; private collection

Molar: upper M1 Fragment of cranium, tusks, molars, mandibles


sredzki

2011; private collection

we˛ gorzewski (We˛ gorzewo)
ski kwidzyn
ski kwidzyn

Bones

Atlas, ribs, scapulae, humerus, carpals, pelves, femurs, tibia Rib

Molar

strzelecki (Strzelce Opolskie) iławski (Susz) lubartowski MLC AML

Molars


ski poznan
ski (Poznan
) poznan
ski poznan nowotarski (Nowy Targ) wejherowski (Wejherowo)
wecki lwo mikołowski (Pszczyna) elbla˛ ski (Elbla˛ g)
ski (Gdan
sk) gdan
ski (Złoto
w) se˛ polen malborski trzebnicki (Trzebnica) krakowski (Olkusz)
ski (Poznan
) poznan mielecki

1874; gravel pit 1889, 1904; sands 1910

Tooth Teeth

1890 1949, 1967; IGS

Molars, tusk Molar

sztumski (Sztum)
w) krakowski (Krako

Lower layer


w) krakowski (Krako kozienicki (Kozienice) (Elbla˛ g)
) chojnicki (Kwidzyn wodzisławski (Rybnik)
w) rzeszowski (Rzeszo nowotarski (Nowy Targ) wielicki (Bochnia)
(Swiecie) proszowicki ( ) _
w) nowosolski (Kozuch o
sredzki ( )
ski (Olsztyn) olsztyn nowotarski ( )

nyski ( ) Skwierzyna-Oberski Młyn obornicki ( )

szamotulski ( )
swidwin
ski (Białogard) krakowski (Olkusz) krakowski (Olkusz) brzeski (Brzesko) ole
snicki ( ) oławski ( )

Femur, bones Part of the skeleton of one individual Bones Remains

Bones Skeleton

Lower layer Loams

2.5e3 m depth; layer of yellow clay; MEW LSNHM Molar: lower M3, tusks

1907; when building a bridge over the Warta river

Skeleton

Tooth

Brickyard

Bones from one individual: cervical vertebra, thoracic vertebra, rib, carpal bone, calcaneus

1904; riverbed Tooth layer VIII Ivory Before 1896, 1900,1914, 1925, 1926, 1930; 2007, 2011e2013; gravel pit 1905 Tooth Layer C05 LSNHM

Molar: lower M1

(continued on next page)

Please cite this article in press as: Pawłowska, K., Elephantids from Pleistocene Poland: State of knowledge, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.014

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K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

Table 3 (continued ) Map Localities (old name)

Powiat [county] (old name); Gmina [Municipality]

Year when found/Context/ Museum and institutions

Cranial material

RMT

Molar

ISEA

At least tooth

MUZ PIG

Skull, tusk, mandible with molar

Post-cranial material

kazimierski (Kazimierza Wielka) 142 143 144 145

Opole, vicinity Osie Osnowo Ostrowite


w** 146 Ostro
w 147 Otfino
w 148 Otmucho * Outer Carpathians** 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161

Parkosz** Paszczyna Pawłowiczki Pe˛ ciszewo Pe˛ klewo
˛ skie (Szarlej) Piekary Sla Piekary, Jaskinia na Goła˛ bcu Piekary, Jaskinia nad Galoska˛ Pilzno Piła Koszyce (Ku
znica Pilska)
czo
weKolosy** Pin
rze near Zawichost** Podgo Podgrodzie



swiecki (Swiecie)
ski (Chełmno) chełmin
ski (Golubgolubsko-dobrzyn
) Dobrzyn tarnowski, gm. Wierzchoslawice tarnowski
w) nyski (Grodko

de˛ bicki, gm. Pilzno de˛ bicki (De˛ bica)
sko-kozielski (Ko
ke˛ dzierzyn zle) braniewski (Braniewo) elbla˛ ski (Elbla˛ g)
˛ tochłowice) (Swie
w) krakowski (Krako
w) krakowski (Krako de˛ bicki (De˛ bica) pilski (Wałcz)
czowski-kazimierski pin sandomierski de˛ bicki (De˛ bica)


162 (A) Poznan
De˛ biec (De˛ biec) (B) Poznan
Gło
wna (Gło
wna) (C) Poznan
Malta (D) Poznan
Malta (Dolina (E) Poznan
˛ tojan
ska) Swie
Malta (Młyn (F) Poznan
˛ tojan
ski) Swie
Ostro
w Tumski (G) Poznan
w Tumski) (Ostro
Rataje (H) Poznan
Sołacz (Sołacz) (I) Poznan
Spławie (J) Poznan
Starołe˛ ka
) (K) Poznan (Poznan (Starołe˛ ka)
Szela˛ gowska (L) Poznan (Szela˛ g)
Wilda (M) Poznan
, vicinity** (N) Poznan
De˛ biec/Go
rczyn (O) Poznan
rczyn) (De˛ biec/Go 163 Pra˛ dnik Czajowski, Schronisko (Olkusz)
wne w Zaje˛ czej Skale Gło
ski 164 Promno poznan

wko
swiecki (Swiecie) 165 Przecho
ska
w) 166 Przeginia, Jaskinia Przegin krakowski (Krako 167 Przemy
sl 168 Przenosza near Skrzydlna limanowski
łki
ski (Gdan
sk) 169 Pszczo gdan 170 Puławy puławski 171 (A) Pyskowice gliwicki (Gliwice) _ (B) Pyskowice Dzierzno gliwicki (Sersno)
ski 172 Pyzdry*** wrzesin
rz 173 (A) Racibo raciborski ( )
rz Proszowiec
rz) (B) Racibo raciborski (Racibo (Proszowice)
w**
w 174 Radło tarnowski, gm. Radło _ **
ski 175 Radziki Duze rypin * River Bug * River Drwe˛ ca
w 176* River Dunajec near Otfino tarnowski (Da˛ browa Tarnowska) _ _ zywiecki (Zywiec) 177* River Koszarawa near Pewel Mała * River Nogat * River Raba

RMT

Scapulae, humeri, ulnae, pelvis, femurs, astragalus Humerus

Gravel pit

Calamine mine Lower layer Lower layer i.e. mandibula MUZ PIG MUZ PIG

Mandible Tooth

Radius Bones

1904; gravel pit, 2 m depth Before 1898; 1907/1908

Tusks Tooth

Bones, rib, scapula, metatarsal Bone

Gravel pit

Bones

1890; groundworks

Tooth

1897, 1902

Teeth

1897

1897, 1915; gravel pit, 16 m depth 1895, 1897, 1900, 1906, 1907 2009; PAM 1936; gravel pit, 2.5 m depth

Thoracic vertebra Pelvis Bones

Tooth

Scapula

Teeth

Bones Femur, tibia Remains

Tusk

Lower layer 1907

Tusk

Lower layer ISEA In gravel yard of stream; ISEA

At least tooth Molar: upper M2

MEW 1975; MEW, MUZ PIG MUZ PIG

Mandible Mandible, tooth, molars, tusks Molar, molar: upper M3

Bones (in total above 1000)

AMU, PLM

Tusk

Vertebra, radius

RMT Gravel pit; MB

Tusk Tusk

Scapula

ISEA

Molar: lower M1/M2

1956; MMZ

Molar: upper M3

Riverbank

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K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

7

Table 3 (continued ) Map Localities (old name) 178* 179* 180* 181* 182* * *

183 184 185 186 187

188 189 190 191 192 193

River San, Przemy
sl-Jarosław
w River Szreniawa near Krako
River Warta near Poznan River Warta near Puszczykowo
w River Wisła near Krako River Wisłok River Wisznia Rogo
znik, stream Rogo
zniczek Rutka Rykowisko Rzeczyce near Pyskowice (Rzeczyca near Pyskowice)
w (A) Rzeszo
w Biała (Biała) (B) Rzeszo
w Zwie˛ czyca (C) Rzeszo
w, vicinity (D) Rzeszo Sandomierz
w, Jaskinia Koziarnia Sa˛ spo Siedliska near Przemy
sl Siedliszowice** Siekluki Skaratki

Powiat [county] (old name); Gmina [Municipality]

203 204 205 206 207

(B) Sosnowiec Sielec (Sielce) Spławie
ski, vicinity Starogard Gdan Ste˛ szew (A) Strzegom (B) Strzegom (Strzegom vicinity of ‘Kunern’) (C) Strzegom (Strzegom vicinity of ‘Ranske bei Striegau’) Strzelino Suchacz Susz Sypanica Szczecin

208 Szczecinek 209 Szczucin
210 Scinawa vicinity of ‘Geissendorf’
211 Swiecie Przechowo (Przechowo)
212 Swilcza
213 Swit 214 Tarnowiec
w*** 215 (A) Tarno
w, vicinity** (B) Tarno 216 Tczew 217 Tolkmicko 218 Trzcianka 219 Trzebnica 220 Trzebownisko 221 Trze
scianka 222 Tuchola 223 Turek

224 225 226 227 228 229


w Tworko Uraz
(Jasien
) Ustrzyki Dolne Jasien Walawa Waplewo Wielkie Warcino

Cranial material

1875; loose find Before 1885

nowotarski (Nowy Targ)
ski (Ke˛ trzyn) ke˛ trzyn

swiecki (Swiecie)

Before 1852

gliwicki (Gliwice)

Sand mine; MEW

Post-cranial material

Bone Tibiae

Tooth

Skeleton

MEW

Cranium

RMR

At least tooth

NMK

At least mandible

IGS RMT PMB ISEA

Molar: upper M3


w) (Rzeszo Femur, tibia sandomierski krakowski (Olkusz) przemyski (Przemy
sl) _ tarnowski, gm. Zabno bielski łowicki

_ 194 Skoki Duze włocławski
ski (Gdan
sk) 195 Skowarcz gdan 196 Słupsk vicinity of 'Viegelow bei Stolp' 197 Sobiecin jarosławski (Jarosław)
˛ skie) 198 (A) Sosnowiec Milowice (Siemianowice Sla (Milowice)

199 200 201 202

Year when found/Context/ Museum and institutions

(Be˛ dzin)
ski wrzesin starogardzki ( )
ski poznan

swidnicki (Swidnica)

swidnicki (Swidnica)

Scapula, humerus Molar: lower M3 6 vertebrae, ribs, nearly all the bones of both manus, patellae humerus

KDRMW

LSNHM, OHMJ Molar: upper M2, tooth 1930s; sand mine; near Brynica river; fluvioglacial sands on gray clay 1896; RMP

At least mandibula

Before 1879

Tooth

Vertebra



swidnicki (Swidnica) słupski (Słupsk) elbla˛ ski (Elbla˛ g) iławski ( )
ski (Susz) kwidzyn

szczecinecki ( ) da˛ browski (Da˛ browa Tarnowska)
ski (Woło
w) lubin

Loams Gravel pit Gravel pit ‘Torway’ and ‘Westend’

At least vertebra

1905; IGS

Molar: lower M1

Abandoned village



swiecki (Swiecie)
w) rzeszowski (Rzeszo tucholski (Tuchola) brzeski (Brzeg)

tczewski elbla˛ ski (Elbla˛ g)
lski soko trzebnicki ( )
w) rzeszowski (Rzeszo hajnowski tucholski turecki


rz) raciborski (Racibo
w) trzebnicki (Woło bieszczadzki (Ustrzyki Dolne) przemyski (Radymno) sztumski (Sztum) słupski (Miastko)

RMR

At least tooth

MEW

Molar Tusk, molar, mandibula

PMB

At least tooth

NMK PMB

At least tooth Molars: lower M2

1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2014;
w and Ko
Adamo zmin brown coal mine; JMMMT

Tusks, molars: M3 and upper M2, mandibula

LSNHM

Molar: upper M3

Rib, scapula, pelvis, femur

Atlas, ribs, scapulae, femurs

Gravel pit (continued on next page)

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K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

Table 3 (continued ) Map Localities (old name)

Powiat [county] (old name); Gmina [Municipality]

230 (A) Warszawa Bielany, Wisła river (B) Warszawa Praga (C) Warszawa Szcze˛
sliwice

231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242

(D) Warszawa, vicinity (E) Warszawa, Wisła river Wa˛ brze
zno Wa˛ chock We˛ gorzewo Wieliczka Wielki Głe˛ boczek** Wierzchowie, Jaskinia Mamutowa Wierzchowie, Jaskinia
ra Wierzchowska Go Wilczyce
w Witko Witowo Wojnicz, Dunajec river Wokiele

243 Wołogoszcz
lka (Wulka) 244 Wo 245 (A) Wrocław
w (B) Wrocław Oporo (C) Wrocław-Osobowice
blowa-Ujazd 246 Wro 247 Wrzosy, Jaskinia na Wrzosach
łnocne Po 248 Zalesie 249 Zamo
s
c 250 Zaniemy
sl** _ 251 Zastruze 252 Zawiercie, Jaskinia Okiennik _ (Skarzyce, Jaskinia Okiennik) 253 Zgorzelec, vicinity 254 Zie˛ bice _ 255 Zary _
w 256 Zerk o ** _
weSte˛ zyca _ 257 Zyrard o _ 258 Zyrosławice near Gniewkowo**

Year when found/Context/ Museum and institutions

Cranial material

Gravel

Molar

1880e1882; clay; MUZ PIG

Molar, mandible

wa˛ brzeski ( ) _ starachowicki (Iłza) we˛ gorzewski ( )
w) wielicki (Krako brodnicki krakowski (Olkusz)

Loess; MUZ PIG

At least tooth

Gravel pit; MB AMK

Tusk Tusk

krakowski (Olkusz)

Lower layer

sandomierski, gm. Wilczyce _
ski (Szprotawa) zaga n
ski (Elbla˛ g) szczycien tarnowski ( )
rowo bartoszycki (Go Iławieckie) strzelecko-drezdenecki
skie) (Strzelce Krajen słupecki

Thoracic vertebra, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur, tibia

Tusk fragments/ivory Loams 1962; ISEA

Pelvis, femur

1917

Bones

AIW

Tusk, molars

jasielski
w) krakowski (Krako

RMJ Lower layer

At least tusk


ski jarocin

1906; gravel pit, 6 m depth ZM, MMZ ARG 2005; AIW

Tooth Teeth


sredzki _ o
swidnicki, gm. Zar
w
ski (Zawiercie) zawiercian

Post-cranial material

Bones

Bones Bones, scapula Ulna Skeleton

zgorzelecki
˛ skie) za˛ bkowicki (Za˛ bkowice Sla _ zarski ( )
ski jarocin 1902; gravel pit _ zyrardowski MUZ PIG inowrocławski ( ) Gravel pit; MT

Bone Pelvis, tibia Vertebra

Table 4 Results of radiocarbon dating of woolly mammoth remains (Mammuthus primigenius) from Poland. The calibrated dates were obtained using CalPal. Equivalent in Figs. 3e7

Site

Element/Lab No.

14

171 171 171 56 92 160 172 18 92 e

Pyskowice Pyskowice Pyskowice
ra Winnica n.Kamien
M
sciowski Go Krosinko
rze near Zawichost Podgo Pyzdry Bydgoszcz Bielawy Krosinko
z Przewo

Upper M3 (MUZ PIG 889; II 1137); OxA-26809 Upper M3 (MUZ PIG 1450.II.1); OxA-26810 Upper M3 (MUZ PIG 1450.II.9); OxA-26811 Lower M2 (MUZ PIG 40.II.9); OxA-26782 Pelvis (KR1 111.F29); OxA-26801 Upper M3 (MUZ PIG 215.II.6); OxA-26806 Radius (FB AMU; Py 7.F1); OxA-26709 Upper M3 (1265); OxA-26779 Lower M3 (KR1 111.F37); OxA-26788 Molar (MUZ PIG 213.II.1); OxA-26807

25,420 25,940 28,090 28,190 31,160 32,150 40,000 41,500 43,800 48,600

2. Material and methods The list of places where elephantine remains (M. trogontherii, E. (P.) antiquus and M. primigenius) have been found has been drawn up on the basis of works published in the nineteenth century and later (e.g., Kowalski, 1959 with further references; Kubiak, 1965a, 1965b, 1989, 2001; Ruprecht, 1971 in Kubiak, 2001; Kubiak et al., 1989; Jakubowski, 1996; Nadachowski et al., 2011; Pawłowska et al., 2014; for details, see the data sources in Tables 1e3) and on unpublished data of the author. Where different authors have used different versions of place names, we have kept the nomenclature from the first publication.

C years BP ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

210 230 280 280 390 450 1200 1400 1900 3500

Cal. BP 30,293 30,933 32,568 32,641 35,199 36,621 43,860 45,122 47,498 54,034

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

351 369 356 367 445 886 983 1418 2265 5312

Kowalski (1959) listed 237 sites at which remains of woolly mammoths and other species of elephantine have been found, and cited many papers for each location, mainly from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. However, he did not give any material description, and therefore not all the localities in Tables 1e3 contain material descriptions. Places at which remains have been found are here called “localities.” For all locations, site names were verified, as in some cases
wna was the name of a they have been renamed. For example, Gło
that, as a result of the expansion of the city, was village near Poznan
; the name today survives as the name of a incorporated into Poznan
wna) in that location in the northern part of the city. street (ulica Gło

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Generally, older names should not be further propagated in the literature, but they have been given in Tables 1e3 in parentheses for information. It is recommended that the new names are used in further work on the subject. The way of specifying the locations of specimens found on riverbeds and on riverbanks has been standardized: first, the name of the locality is given, and then the name of the river. Conversely, when only the general vicinity of the locality is known, the name of the river is given first, followed by the
name of the locality. In the case of two-part names (e.g., Poznan Szela˛ gowska), the second part is the name of a district or housing estate incorporated into the city after the time of the discovery. The list of localities is ordered alphabetically, and their numbering is shown in Figs. 1e7. Multiple discoveries of elephantid remains within one locality were counted only once, but the tags “A”, “B”, and so on are used to subcategorize some such localities, as in the case of large cities like Krakow that contain several finds, often contextually differentiated (e.g., archeological site, river bank). In this way, the numbering reflects the real number of locations. Loose finds from places along a single river section and from mountain range, where not even approximate locations are known, were not numbered as individual localities. Some efforts were made to provide the year of the discovery of the remains for the greatest number of locations. Places such as
, and Oborniki demonstrate the time range over Krosinko, Lubon which remains were found, and these places are still providing material for research. These dates should not be regarded as being

9

the only dates, as not every publication contained such information. The county (powiat) containing each locality is also given. These powiaty, here translated as “counties”, are the direct divisions of the
dztwa) which constitute 16 provinces or voivodeships (wojewo Poland. As of 31 December 2012, there were 380 counties in the state. Where possible, the context in which the remains occurred is given; this can be sedimentological (gravel, sand, clay, loams, loess), stratigraphic (which layer, depth findings), environmental (fluvial, riverbed, peatbog), or may simply add detail (gravel pit, brown coal mine, calamine mine, sand mine, brickyard, groundworks, vicinity of historical place). It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to determine the number of specimens. This would require access to the findings from the localitiesdeven assuming that they are still preserved in collections. Therefore, this list is qualitative and gives the type of each found element, and indicates whether it is cranial or postcranial. The radiocarbon studies were conducted at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Research Laboratory for Archaeology in Oxford. All radiocarbon dates have been calibrated using the CalPal program. This program was used as it allows comparison of the existing dates (Nadachowski et al., 2011) with the newer ones presented here.

Fig. 1. Map of Poland (B) against Europe (A) with localities of Pleistocene finds of Mammuthus trogontherii (marked as circles). For details, see Table 1, which lists these localities. Number 1 corresponds to the recently discovered remains in this locality (Pawłowska et al., 2014).

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K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

3. Abbreviations Abbreviations of Museum and Institutions in alphabetical order:
w AGH: AGH University of Science and Technology, Krako AIW: Archaeological Institute, University of Wrocław
w AMK: Archaeological Museum, Krako AML: Archeological Museum, Lublin AMU: Adam Mickiewicz University ARG: Archaeological Reserve in Giecz
w Brown Coal Mine Museum BBCMM: Bełchato DMLK: District Museum of the Land of Kalisz DPW: Department of Paleozoology, University of Wrocław IGS: Institute of Geological Sciences of the Jagiellonian Univer
w sity, Krako
d
IoES: Institute of Earth Science of the University of Ło z ISEA: Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish
w Academy of Sciences, Krako JMMMT: Joseph Mehoffer Municipal Museum of Turek
Region Museum in Włocławek KDRMW: Kujawian and Dobrzyn LSNHM: Lviv State Natural History Museum
łkowski District Museum, Bydgoszcz LWDMB: The Leon Wyczo MB: Brodnica Museum MEW: Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw MLC: Museum of the Land of Chełm


rz Lake District MMLD: Museum of the My
slibo _ MMZ: Municipal Museum in Zywiec MUZ PIG: Geological Museum, Polish Geological Institute, National Research Institute, Warsaw MZRM: Museum of the Zawkrze Region in Mława
MT: Museum in Torun NMK: National Museum in Kielce OHMJ: The Orsetti House Museum in Jarosław
Archaeological Museum PAM: Poznan PLM: Pyzdry Land Museum PMB: Podlaskie Museum, Białystok RMC: Cedynia Regional Museum RMJ: Jasło Regional Museum RMK: Konin Regional Museum RMP: Pyzdry Regional Museum
w Regional Museum RMR: Rzeszo
w Regional Museum RMT: Tarno SMK: Subcarpathian Museum, Krosno USK: University of Silesia in Katowice ZM: Zamo
s
c Museum

4. Paleontology The list of the elephantid remains includes 289 locations (or 363 places when counting as Kowalski, 1959). The list supplements the

Fig. 2. Map of Poland (B) against Europe (A), with localities of Pleistocene finds of Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus (marked as circles). The hatching marks fluvial contexts, without indicating a single location. The localities are listed in Table 2.

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K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

fourth catalog with mammoth bones and teeth found in Poland, recently published by Ukkonen et al. (2011). Additionally, it should be made clear that there are numerous isolated teeth and bones from localities that are not precisely known. It is also likely that there are unstudied materials not contained in any inventory, for which knowledge is limited. Therefore, these could not be included here. Elephantids remains have been found in Poland from 1874 on
Wilda and wards (Kaczmarek, 2004). Locations such as Poznan Turek have provided bones and teeth over a number of years. To date, there has been no Polish site described with the remains of Mammuthus meridionalis, although this does not necessarily mean that M. meridionalis was absent from Poland. There are several scenarios offered to explain the lack of southern mammoth remains in Poland. Firstly, such remain exist but have not yet been found. Secondly, they may have already been encountered, though incorrectly identified. However, revision of at least some of the specimens from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is no longer possible, as they are not preserved in the collections. Finally, the southern mammoth may be present among the material not yet dealt with. The record of M. meridionalis is well recognized in Europe and Asia, specifically in Spain (Van der Made and Mazo, 2001; Martinez, 2012), Italy (Agostini et al., 2001; Ferretti, 2003), Russia (Dubrovo,

11

1977; Danukalova and Yakovlev, 2001), Siberia (Foronova, 2001), Croatia (Lenardi
c, 2012), France (Aouadi, 2001), Turkey (Albayrak and Lister, 2012), and others places.

4.1. Mammuthus trogontherii (Pohlig, 1885) The remains of M. trogontherii are only known from 15 localities (Fig. 1; Table 1). However, only a few elements, such as the tusks, molars, and humerus (Kroll, 1991 in De Rouffignac et al., 1995), are useful in distinguishing between M. trogontherii and the other known species of elephantids. Other elementsdin particular nonarticulated, loose findsdmay come from M. trogontherii but have not been identified as such. The remains of M. trogontherii are distributed throughout the southern part of Poland, particularly along the tributaries of the River San (the Wisznia and Wisłok). The taxon was first described in Poland by Hensel (1852) at the
w site. Subsequent specimens have come from a number of Fra˛ czko localities, including Oborniki (Chłapowski, 1903), where other species of elephantids were also identified in gravel-pit sediments, namely M. primigenius and E. (P.) antiquus. All these finds of M. trogontherii were recorded without stratigraphic evidence (Kowalski, 1959). The only site of M. trogontherii remains that was
w presented in its cultural and geological context is Bełchato

Fig. 3. Map of Poland (B) against Europe (A) with localities of Pleistocene finds of Mammuthus primigenius (marked as dots). Hatches mark fluvial contexts and mountain range, without indicating a single location. For details, see Table 3, which lists these localities. The approximate locations of the remains within each of the four sectors (IeIV) are shown in Figs. 4e7.

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K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

(Pawłowska et al., 2014). These remains can be dated to MIS 9e11, and there is evidence of human exploitation. In the broader context, fossil materials of M. trogontherii have been identified from Eurasian paleontological sites (Maglio, 1973), and in particular from China (Wei et al., 2010; Tong, 2012), Turkey (Dietrich, 1988; Dayan, 1989), the Azov Region (Bajgusheva, 2001; Baygusheva et al., 2012), Russia (Dubrovo, 1977), Serbia (Lister et al., 2012), Greece (Athanassiou, 2012), Italy (Palombo and Ferretti, 2005), France (Mol and Lacombat, 2009), and England (Clarke and Goodship, 2010; Lister and Stuart, 2010). 4.2. Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus (Falconer and Cautley, 1847) The remains of straight-tusk mammoth are known from a total of 16 finds throughout Poland (Fig. 2; Table 2). These are all finds from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus remains include isolated teeth and bones. However, the most famous find of an almost

complete skeleton is from Jo zwin near Konin, discovered in 1984 (Jakubowski, 1988). Currently part of the skeleton is presented in the Regional Museum in Gosławice. Other spectacular finds include the almost complete skeletons found in Warsaw (Jakubowski et al.,


w (Dubrovo and Jakubowski, 1968) and in the vicinity of Ciechano 1988), and the incomplete skeleton from Mława. Finds of entire or nearly complete skeletons of straight-tusked elephant are rare, with only a few being known from Europe (United Kingdom: Aveley, Essex d Stuart, 1982 in Mol et al., 2007; Germany: Upper Rhine area d Kroll, 1991, and near Neumark-Nord d Fischer, 2004 in Mol et al., 2007; Italy: the Riano site near Rome d Maccagno, 1962 in Mol et al., 2007, Grotte Santo Stefano near Viterbo d Trevisan, 1949, Palombo and Villa, 2003; Greece: Perdikas, Ambelia d Tsoukala and Lister, 1998; Spain: Buelna, Asturias d Pinto Llona and Aguirre, 1999 in Mol et al., 2007). Well-preserved skeletal elements of E. (P.) antiquus, including a cranium, a femur, ribs, vertebrae, an astragalus, a patella, and tusk fragments belonging to the same individual were recently discovered in Greece (Panagopoulou et al., 2015). In this perspective, the several fairly complete skeletons of Poland are significant. 4.3. Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799) The most abundant species among the Elephantids from Pleistocene Poland is Mammuthus primigenius. In total, the remains of the woolly mammoth presented here are known from 265 locations, from the beginning of nineteenth century and distributed

Fig. 4. Map of northwestern Poland (sector I) with localities of Pleistocene finds of Mammuthus primigenius (marked as circles). Hatches mark fluvial contexts, without indicating a single location. For details, see Table 3, which lists these localities.

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K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

throughout Poland. Among these, 258 are documented localities (shown as dots on the mapsdFigs. 3e7; Table 3), and 7 from mountain range and fluvial contexts (the rivers Bug, Drwe˛ca, Nogat, Raba, Warta, Wisłok, and Wiszniadshown hatched on the maps, Figs. 3e7; with an asterisk in Table 3). 25 are previously unpublished localities (marked with two asterisks in Table 3). Although most of the finds come from places in the southern part of Poland, quite a substantial portion occurs in the northern part of the country (Fig. 3). Most occurrence localities for woolly mammoth remains are located along rivers (the Vistula, Odra, and Warta) or their tributaries (the Brda, Drwe˛ca, Bystrzyca, Nysa Kłodzka, Kamienna, San, Wisłoka, and Dunajec), and come from gravel pits and river terrace. Quite a number of the finds come from caves (Wojtal, 2007); less are from mines (Pawłowska et al., 2014), and only seldom do they come from open sites (Lorenc and Pawłowska, 2010). The finds are chiefly loose upper or lower teeth. All these localities are shown on the map, divided into 4 sectors (Figs. 3e7) for clarity of the distribution of places with mammoth remains.

4.3.1. Sector I For most of the hundreds of known localities, the stratigraphy is unknown (Kubiak, 2001). One exception is the Krosinko site, located in the WarsaweBerlin ice-marginal valley, 10 km southwest

13


, where more than 100 finds were recorded and where a of Poznan stratigraphic and lithological profile is recognized (Pawłowska, unpublished data; number 92 in Fig. 4). All of the bones and teeth were found at a depth of 6e8 m in a gravel pit with accompanying fauna: woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, horse, deer, giant deer, aurochs, and cave lion. The two previously known sites (Bydgoszcz and Kwidzyn) have provided new material (numbers 18 and 95, respectively, in Fig. 4 and Table 3). 4.3.2. Sector II The locations in the northeastern part of Poland are clustered on the large delta plain of the Vistula (Fig. 5). 4.3.3. Sector III One new site appears in the southwestern part of Poland, and the rest are arranged along the River Odra (Fig. 6). 4.3.4. Sector IV The finds of mammoth remains, being impressively large, are still commonly gathered by local people, especially from gravel pits and within floodplain deposits. One example is the specimens
w, Tarno
w, collected along the Dunajec river, from Błonie near Tarno
w, Radło
w, Siedliszowice, and Karsy-Borusowa (numbers 9, Ostro 215, 146, 174, 191 and 76, respectively, in Fig. 7 and Table 3).

Fig. 5. Map of northeastern Poland (sector II) with localities of Pleistocene finds of Mammuthus primigenius (marked as circles). For details, see Table 3, which lists these localities.

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K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

The 2011e2012 work on the mammal bones in the collections of the PIG-PIB Geological Museum in Warsaw, which included revi
ra Winnica near sion, resulted in the discovery of 3 new sites (Go
M
sciowski, Pin
czo
weKolosy, Podgo
rze near Zawichost; Kamien numbers 56, 159, and 160 in Fig. 7) (Woroncowa-Marcinowska et al., 2013, forthcoming; Pawłowska, 2014). The lithological and stratigraphic contexts have been determined for these sites. 5. Dating Polish mammoth finds have been dated since the 1960s (e.g., Chmielewski and Kubiak, 1962, 1980, 2001; Nadachowski et al., 2011; Ukkonen et al., 2011). The first dating involved not only individual, well-known finds (such as the skull from De˛ bica, dated to 25,300 BP, and the skull from Bzianka, dated to 14,080 BP; conventional 14C dates; Kubiak, 1980, 2001), but also a series of sites. The conclusion is that the mammoth finds date to between 40,000 and 14,000 years ago, which means that, in Poland, mammoths lived from the Middle Vistulian interglacial complex to the Late Vistulian (Kubiak, 2001). More recently, Nadachowski et al. (2011) presented almost 60 directly dated mammoth remains from the whole of Poland. The dates, ranging from ca. 54 to 15 cal. ka BP (51.8e12.6 ka BP), are

correlated with Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) and MIS 2 of the Late Pleistocene, with two possible gaps between the H5 and H4 (43,240 ± 800e40,630 ± 1040 cal. BP) and between the H4 and H3 (ca. 34,800 ± 860e32,070 ± 237 cal. BP) cold events, on account of forest expansion in milder climate phases (Nadachowski et al., 2011). Another 10 radiocarbon dates have recently been carried out from 7 new localities distributed across Poland (Table 4). The dates range from ca. 54 to 30 cal. ka BP (48.6e25.4 ka BP) with a predominance of these in the 30e35 cal. ka BP range. Generally, these dates are consistent with the results of Nadachowski et al. (2011) study. However, the two radiocarbon dates (32,641 ± 367 cal. BP and 32,568 ± 356 cal. BP) obtained from the different sites correspond precisely with the second of the above-mentioned gaps in the occurrence of mammoths in Poland. Thus, these new dates not only extend the existing data, but allow the gap to be shifted from 32.0 on 32.6 cal. ka BP. In summary, there is to date no evidence for the occurrence of mammoths in Poland between 43.2 and 40.6 cal. ka BP, or between 34.8 and 32.6 cal. ka BP. New radiocarbon dates from both northern and southern regions of Poland support the conclusions concerning of occurrence of the woolly mammoth in the circum-Baltic region provided by Ukkonen et al (2011)dnamely, that the mammoth was widespread

Fig. 6. Map of southwestern Poland (sector III) with localities of Pleistocene finds of Mammuthus primigenius (marked as a circle). For details, see Table 3, which lists these localities.

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K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

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Fig. 7. Map of southeastern Poland (sector IV) with localities of Pleistocene finds of Mammuthus primigenius (marked as circles). Hatches mark fluvial contexts, without indicating a single location. For details, see Table 3, which lists these localities.

in northern and northeastern Europe during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) at 50,000e30,000 calibrated years ago (50e30 ka) and, secondly, that the widest distribution of mammoths occurred around 30 ka. This is also consistent with results of Nadachowski et al. (2011) mentioned above. 6. Concluding remarks The data collected here provides information about the mammoth remains found in Poland since the latter part of the nineteenth century. This summary, half a century after Kowalski's first synthesis of data (1959), includes both quantitative and qualitative updates. However, this work is neither exhaustive nor complete. It is possible that there are elephantid finds that have not yet been reported to scientific institutions or museums, or else remain in private collections. On the one hand, the size of the mammoth remains attracts attention. They are often found by local residents, and on account of their impressive size, may be retained. This phenomenon does not apply to other species, except for deer, whose antlers may be retained as trophies. A few places still provide material for research. It is also worth noting that the sites in generaldcounting both those that continue to produce and those

that do notdare not only located in the south of the country. The northern part of Poland contains many more mammoth find locations than previously thought. Considering the extent of the ice sheet of the last glaciations, it should not be assumed that these are the remains of animals that inhabited this part of Poland, but rather occur in the secondary context. Confirmation of this could be provided by taphonomic analysis of the remains. Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (grant No. NN 307 050139 for 2010e2013, awarded to K. Pawłowska). Thanks are addressed to Waldemar Wie˛ zek for providing specimens for research (Krosinko site); to my students, for their field research of some sites; and to numerous institutionsdtoo many to mentiondfor making information about their collections available. I wish to thank especially Tatiana Woroncowa-Marcinowska, and Barbara Szpunar for providing the study materials from Geological Museum of the Polish Geological Institute, National Research Institute in Warsaw (MUZ PIG 40.II., 41.II., 213.II., 215.II., 705.II., 1450.II., 1451.II., 1454.II., 1460.II.) and
w Regional Museum, respectively. Tarno

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K. Pawłowska / Quaternary International xxx (2015) 1e17

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Please cite this article in press as: Pawłowska, K., Elephantids from Pleistocene Poland: State of knowledge, Quaternary International (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.014