Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan

Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

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Research paper

Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan Sadaf Kayani a, Mushtaq Ahmad a,n, Shazia Sultana a, Zabta Khan Shinwari b, Muhammed Zafar a, Ghulam Yaseen a, Manzoor Hussain c, Tahira Bibi a,d a

Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan c Botany Department, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan d Department of Plant Sciences, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta, Pakistan b

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history: Received 1 December 2014 Accepted 2 February 2015

Ethno-pharmacological relevance: To best of our knowledge it is first quantitative ethno-botanical study from Alpine and Sub-alpine, Western Himalaya of Pakistan. The study aims to report, compare the uses and highlight the ethno-botanical significance of medicinal plants for treatment of various diseases. Methods: A total of 290 (278 males and 12 females) informants including 14 Local Traditional Healers (LTHs) were interviewed. Information was collected using semi-structured interviews, analyzed and compared by quantitative ethno-botanical indices such as Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Relative frequency of citation (RFC), use value (UV), Fidelity Level (FL) and Jaccard index (JI). Results: A total of 125 plant species (Gymnosperms 7 species, Monocotyledons 2 and 116 Di-cotyledons) belonging to 41 families are collected, identified and ethno-botanically assessed. The most dominant family is Ranunculaceae (20 species) followed by Rosaceae (14 species). In diseases treated, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) diseases have highest proportion (27.5%) followed by respiratory diseases (20%) in the mountain communities. The most dominant life form of plants used is herbs (78%) followed by shrubs (19%) while the most commonly used plant parts are leaves (44 reports) followed by underground part, the roots (37 reports). The highest ICF (0.68) is found for ear, nose and eye disease category followed by respiratory disorders (0.46). There are 15 medicinal plants having 100% FL. Use value (UV) and Relative frequency of citation (RFC) range from 0.03 to 0.53 and 0.04 to 0.23 respectively. In comparison, maximum similarity index is found in the studies with JI 19.52 followed by 17.39. Similarity percentage of plant uses range from 1.69% to 19.52% while dissimilarity percentage varies from 0% to 20%. Conclusions: The Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan are rich in medicinal plants and still need more research exploration. On the other hand, ethno-botanical knowledge in study areas is decreasing day by day due to high emigration rates resulting from after effects of wars during the last few decades. Historically developed ethno-botanical heritage should be preserved and promoted on global level for analyzing phytochemical, pharmaceutical and other biological activities for future drug discovery. & 2015 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Keywords: Ethnobotany Ethno-botanical indices Alpine–Subalpine regions Pakistan

1. Introduction Ethno-botanical surveys have developed focus on the relationship between the use of plants and indigenous communities (Balick and Cox, 1996; Ford et al., 1994; Turner and Tjørve, 2005; Pieroni et al., 2002; Verpoorte et al., 2005). These investigations are imperative in enlightening significant indigenous plant species, primarily for finding new crude drugs (Cox, 2000; Flaster, 1996; Heinrich and Gibbons,

n

Corresponding author. E-mail address: mushtaqfl[email protected] (M. Ahmad).

2001; Leonti et al., 2002). Besides, ethno-medicinal surveys also have important role in conservation of natural sources, culture particularly biodiversity of medicinal plants (Leonti, 2011). The medicinal plants occupy distinct position right from the primitive past to present at global level. In developing countries they provide a real alternative for primary health care while in many underdeveloped communities traditional medicines are still recognized as the primary health care system (Bannerman et al., 1983; Manandhar, 1994, 1998; Svarstad and Dhillion, 2000) due to their effectiveness, lack of modern medical alternatives and cultural preferences (Plotkin and Famolare, 1992; Taylor et al., 1995; Balick et al., 1996; Tabuti et al., 2003; Taylor and Van Staden, 2001; Leonti et al.,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004 0378-8741/& 2015 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

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2003). According to an estimate 35,000–70,000 plant species are used in folk medicine worldwide (Lewington, 1990; Farnsworth and Soejarto, 1991; Shikov et al., 2014). Medicinal plants have been harvested from wild since ancient times (Singh et al., 1979; Mshigeni, 1990; Balick and Cox, 1996; Sheldon et al., 1997; Sheldon et al., 2000; Dhillion et al., 2002) and used by indigenous communities in different regions of world (Matu and Staden, 2003). Many rural people possess traditional knowledge of medicinal plants (Manandhar, 1992; Comerford, 1996; Johnston and Colquhoun, 1996; Milliken and Albert, 1996; Joshi and Joshi, 2000) and such knowledge survives because it is transferred from one generation to another (Manandhar, 1989; Jain and Saklani, 1991; Tabuti et al., 2003). Exposure to modern culture (Manandhar, 1990a; Caniago and Siebert, 1998), rapid land degradation (Manandhar, 1995; Caniago and Siebert, 1998; Joshi and Joshi, 2000), access to modern facilities (Plotkin, 1988) and urban developmental processes altering the distribution of communities are affecting transformation of such knowledge (Manandhar, 1990b, 1995, 1998; Figueiredo et al., 1993). There is strong dire need of conservation of this valuable knowledge in world especially in those countries in which there is high risk of loss of this practice either due to after effects of wars resulting in migrations or deforestation and other environmental factors. Among such countries, Pakistan is one of them where such indigenous knowledge loss is increasing day by day due to above mentioned reasons and factors. Pakistan is a hub of unique biodiversity comprising different climatic zones with a wide range of plant species. Its identified flora comprised about 6000 species of wild flowering plants of which 400–600 are considered to be medicinally important (Hamayun et al., 2003; Ali, 2008). Most of this unique biodiversity exists in Alpines and Sub-alpines areas of Pakistan having three mountain ranges of Himalayas, Karakorum and Hindukush merge. In these areas at least 70% of the medicinal plants consist of wild species and 70–80% of the population in this region depends on traditional medicines for health care (Pie and Manadhar, 1987). The diverse flora of these regions is in continuous pressure by locals, after effects of terrorist activities, migrants, tourists, over grazing, smuggling of timber wood and deforestation. Ethno-botanical field survey may be an alternate to documents and conserve this imperative knowledge before it disappears at all. To best of our knowledge this is first quantitative ethno-botanical survey from Alpines and Sub-alpines of Western Himalaya of Pakistan. The ethno-botanical assessment and documentation of ancestral knowledge of indigenous people on medicinal plants may fill the gap in associated knowledge for future drug discovery (Heinrich et al., 2006). This study aims to document and assess the local traditional uses of medicinal plants of Alpine and Sub-alpine areas, Western Himalaya of Pakistan. In specific, it aims to perform quantitative assessment of the documented data using quantitative ethno-botanical indexes such as Relative frequency of citation (RFC), use value (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), and Fidelity Level (FL) and comparing with studies from other regional, global and global territories using Jaccard index (JI). Besides, this study also aims to identify the most preferred plant species in regions.

2. Material and methods 2.1. Study area Alpine and Sub-alpines regions are one of the nine ecological zones of Pakistan based upon on moisture availability, temperature, elevation and soil conditions. These zones like others offer specific environmental, topographic and climatic conditions required to support particular plants species. These regions are found at very high elevations in the mountainous regions of Himalaya, Karakoram and Hidukush. Floristically, these valleys have been recognized as an important part of the Western Himalaya while climatically, these have

dry temperate climates with distinct seasonal variations. The timberline or elevation limit of tree growth is high in these mountains, rising up to 4000 m above sea level. These high altitude pastures are found mostly in the northern districts of Gilgit, Diamer, Chitral and Skardu. Moist temperate areas of these regions are concentrated in the northern hills of Muree and Galiat, Kaghan, Allai, Siran and Swat valleys and these districts are specified in geography and climate, with pine forests, crystal clear lakes, cool mountain streams and meadows dominating the landscape below peaks that reach over 17,000 feet. Temperature ranges from 3 1C (in December) to 11 1C in June and July. The locals of these regions are predominantly Gujars, who are peaceful people. Popular languages are Hindko and Gojri while Urdu is also familiar among the locals. They mostly depend exclusively upon tourist season. Most of the commonly known local people of hilly areas are nomads. During summer, they rover their herds from the lower valley to the higher Alpine region, and stay there for entire season. Before the onset of winter, they make their journey down from hilly areas to plain. Their occupations include tour guides, rest house managers, shop keepers, restaurant workers, jeep drivers, some of them also grow crops and some of them are shepherds. 2.2. Data collection and ethnographic composition This fieldwork is undertaken in total 27 communities of Alpines and Sub-alpines of Western Himalaya, Pakistan (Fig. 1) during 2012– 2014 in all the four seasons viz: summer, rainy, winter and spring by following the methods of Heinrich et al. (2009). Plants specimens are collected either in flowering or fruiting stage in triplicate. The collected plant specimens are dried and preserved processed using Herbarium techniques recommended by Jain and Rao (1977). The specimens are identified with the help of Flora of Pakistan and future references specimens are deposited in Herbarium of Pakistan (ISL), Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad-Pakistan. A total of 290 informants with different age groups were randomly selected for interviews. Ethno-botanical data is collected through free listing open ended and semi-structured interviews (Bruni et al., 1997) with some key informants as reported by Ghorbani et al. (2011). The questionnaires were developed using methods of Edwards et al. (2005) having following information: (a) local name, (b) plants parts used, (c) method of preparation, (d) mode of utilization, (f) medicinal uses, and (g) voucher specimen number. Besides above, scientific names, family names, habit, habitat, nature and relative abundance were also documented. 2.3. Data analysis 2.3.1. Informant Consensus Factor We used the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) to test the agreement between informants and plants used for each category of ailment (Heinrich et al., 1998). It is calculated using the formula: ICF ¼ N ur  N t =ðN ur  1Þ where “Nur” refers to the number of use reports for a particular use category and “Nt” refers to the number of taxa used for a particular use category by all informants. The ICF results in range of 0–1, where low values (near 0) show that plants are chosen randomly or if there is no exchange of information about their use among informants. While high values (approaching 1) are obtained when there is a welldefined selection criterion in the community and/or if information is exchanged between informants. 2.3.2. Use value (UV) and use report (UR) The use values for plants are calculated by using the formula of Phillips et al. (1994) X UV ¼ U=n

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

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Fig. 1. Map of study area.

where “U” is the number of use-reports cited by each informant for a given species and “n” refers to the total number of informants. Use value for plants provide a quantitative measure for the relative importance of species; high use value indicates that there are many use reports for a plant, implying that the plant is important, and low (approach to 0) that there are few reports related to its use; however, use report does not distinguish whether a plant is used for single or multiple purposes. 2.3.3. Fidelity Level (FL) To determine the most preferred species used for the treatment of a particular ailment we used Fidelity Level (FL) index described by Friedman et al. (1986) by using the following formula: FL ¼ Np =N  100 where “Np” is the number of informants citing the use of the plant for a particular illness and N is the total number of informants citing the species for any illness.

2.3.4. The frequency (FC) and Relative frequency citation (RFC) The frequency (FC) is used for determining the most used plants and therefore the most preferred plants and the Relative frequency of citation (RFC) of reported species are determined by using following formula: RFC ¼ FC=N ð0 o RFC o 1Þ This index shows the local importance of each species and it is given by the frequency of citation (FC), the number of informants mentioning the use of the species divided by the total number of informants participating in the survey (N), without considering the use categories (Ugulu et al., 2009; Vitalini et al., 2013). 2.3.5. Jaccard index (JI) Jaccard index(JI) is calculated by comparison of previously published studies from aligned, regional and at global countries by analyzing the percentages of quoted species and their medicinal uses by

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

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using the following formula: JI ¼ c  100=a þ b c where “a” is the number of species of the area A, “b” is the number of species of the area B, and “c” is the number of species common to A and B (Gonza et al., 2008).

3. Results and discussion 3.1. Demographics of participants Demographic characteristics of informants (Table 1) are documented and assessed during face-to-face meetings and discussions. Total 290 informants (12 females and 278 males) were interviewed. Out of these, 14 respondents (aged between 58 and 75 years) are Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs). They have traditional information on the medicinal use of the plants, their practice of healing methodologies are respected and trustworthy in the local races and play manifold roles as spiritual escorts, counselors and healers. Although facts and figures about the use of plants are noted using repeated field visits, THPs considered their herbal knowledge to be traditional confidences and believed that the medicines would lose their potency if revealed. Besides, some of the interviewees also responded that they kept their knowledge secret because transfer of knowledge to people outside the family circle took place on substantial payment. In intellect of gender, majority of informants were male (96%) as in tribal areas of Pakistan there is restriction on talks and interactions of females with strangers and outside community members. So females are not allowed to go to marketplaces, cities or any other ceremonial places. This resulted in less contribution of females in present study. In age wise, it is evaluated that old aged people have more skills and awareness regarding ethno-medicines. Besides, this experience and knowhow also decline with upsurge in education because people having higher education are not attentive in folk use of medicinal plants. Nearly 90% of informants stated that vertical transfer of traditional knowledge on medicinal plants is not taking place efficiently due to lack of interest in younger generation to learn and practice it mainly due to acculturation. It is also noted and observed that some informants have ceased to practice traditional medicine due to accumulative convenience of

allopathic medicines. On average, significantly higher number of medicinal plants are claimed by illiterate village people (96 men) showing that in less developed communities people still rely on ethno-medicines. 3.2. Medicinal plant diversity The results of the field documentation, 125 plant species belonging to 41plant families including 7 species of Gymnosperms and 118 Angiosperms (116 dicotyledonous and 2 monocotyledons), are presented in Table 2, arranged in alphabetical order of their botanical names along with their family and relevant information. Family Importance Value (FIV) is represented in Fig. 2. The most frequently cited family is Ranunculaceae (20 species) followed by Rosaceae (14 species). The most possible reason for dominance of Ranunculaceae may be the presence of more active secondary metabolites as reported in other highly important plants (Verpoorte et al., 1999, 2002) in its species while majority of species of this family have high number of pharmacological, pharmaceutical and organoleptic properties (Gottlieb, 1982; Milliken et al., 1999; Yesilada and Küpeli, 2007). Another reason behind its high citations may be more prevalence of species in mountainous areas. Same results have been presented in the studies conducted elsewhere (Mustafa et al., 2011; Pieroni et al., 2005; Pieroni, 2008; Menković et al., 2011). 3.3. Disease categories In total, 480 disease use reports cured by medicinal plants were documented. The category of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) diseases have highest citations (27.5%) followed by respiratory diseases (20%) in mountainous communities (Table 3). In sense of plants used, the highest number was observed for GIT diseases (68%) followed by respiratory diseases (31%). It has been unwavering that the local people are interested to use herbal therapies predominantly for the management of GIT and respiratory diseases while it has also been indicated that precious plant species of these areas have versatile traditional therapeutic uses against these diseases. The reported plants having high citations against above mentioned diseases should be further evaluated and analyzed through pharmaceutical and biological properties (Schmeda-Hirschmann et al., 2002). Earlier ethno-botanical studies conducted in different regions also reported frequent usage of medicinal plants against gastrointestinal diseases (Frei et al., 1998;

Table 1 Demographic data of participants in Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. S. no

Variable

Categories

No. of persons

Percentage

1

Informant category

2

Gender

3

Age

4

Educational background

5

Experience of the traditional health practitioners

Traditional health practitioners Indigenous people Female Male Less than 20 years 20–30 years 30–40 years 40–50 years 50–60 years More than 60 years Illiterate Completed five years education Completed eight years education Completed 10 years education Completed 12 years education Some under r grade degree (16 years education) Graduate (higher education) Less than 2 years 2–5 years 5–10 years 10–20 years More than 20 years

14 276 12 278 19 17 72 76 84 62 96 86 53 27 13 11 4 1 6 3 2 2

4.82 95.17 4.13 95.86 6.55 5.86 24.86 26.20 28.96 21.37 33.10 29.65 18.27 33.10 4.48 3.79 1.37 7.14 42.85 21.42 14.28 14.28

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Q9 83 84 85 Q1086 Q1187 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 Q12 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 S. no.

Taxonomic name Voucher Local specimen no name

Life form

Part used

Mode of Diseases treatednnn utilization

1

Achellia millefolium L. KV 91 Asteraceae

Brinjasif Gandana

Herb

Leaves

Decoction, Powder

Gastrointestinal disorders1, Stomachache, Headache, Wounds, Fever 100

2

Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes KV 95 Ranunculaceae Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.ex Royle KV 92 Ranunculaceae Aconitum rotundifolium Kar. & Kir KV 94 Ranunculaceae Aconitum violaceum Jacq.ex Stapf KV 93 Ranunculaceae

Mohri

Herb

Rhizome

Powder

Body tonic

Patris

Herb

Roots, Leaves Powder

Zahr Booti

Herb

Whole plant

Booma, Mohri

Herb

6

Actea spicata L KV 96 Ranunculaceae

Hadai

7

Adonis aestivalis L. KV 97 Ranunculaceae

8

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook.f., GS 51 Asteraceae Androsace rotundifolia Hardwicke GS 52 Primulaceae Androsace semipervivoides Jacqq.ex Duby GS 53 Primulaceae Anemone obtusiloba D.Don KV 98 Ranunculaceae

3

4

5

9

10

11

FLn

URn U.Vn FCn RFCn Previous uses

5

0.14

35

0.12

–

3

0.13

22

0.07

Fever, Joints pain, Diarrhea, Cough, Stomachache, Snake bite

76

6

0.15

38

0.13

Juice, Powder

Joints pain, Liver disorder, Jaundice, Headache

80

4

0.16

25

0.08

Roots

Decoction, Powder

Snake bite and Scorpion sting, Infections, Cough, Cold, Fever

86.36

6

0.24

25

0.08

Herb

Roots, Berries

Powder, Extract

Snakebites, Nervous disorders, Goiter, Asthma, Joints pain, Fever

60.60

6

0.18

33

0.11

Banraghai

Herb

Flowers, Leaves

Decoction

Cardiac tonic, Urinary problems, Stop bleeding

72

4

0.16

25

0.08

Chitti Booti

Herb

Whole plant

Poultice, Infusion

Diarrhea, Pulmonary infections, Burns, Sores, Ulcers, Headaches

88.23

6

0.35

17

0.05

Phulri

Herb

Leaves

Extract

Stomach disorders, Skin diseases, Menstrual problems

97.14

3

0.08

35

0.12

Marcholla

Herb

Whole plant

Decoction

Venereal diseases

–

2

0.12

16

0.05

Hadai

Herb

Roots

Juice

Induce vomiting, Eye diseases, Skin spots

67.85

3

0.10

28

0.09

12

Anemone rupicola Camb. KV 99 Ranunculaceae

Herb

Seeds, Leaves

Juice, Powder

Earache, Liver disorder, Fever

80

3

0.12

25

0.08

13

Anemone tetrasepala Royle KV 100 Ranunculaceae

Herb

Seeds

Powder

Induce vomiting, Constipation

86.66

2

0.13

15

0.05

14

Aquilega pubiflora Wall.ex Royle KV 101 Ranunculaceae Aquilegia fragrans Benth. KV 102 Ranunculaceae

Domba

Herb

Dried roots

Powder

Eye diseases, Toothache

82.60

2

0.08

23

0.07

Ghamuk Phoonar

Herb

Whole plant

Paste, Decoction

Pneumonia, Headache, Jaundice

90

3

0.15

20

0.06

Herb

Flowers, Rhizome

Extract

Tonic, Fever, Chest diseases

82.60

3

0.13

23

0.07

Sapmakai

Herb

Fruits, Rhizome

Paste, Powder

Muscular strength, Skin problems, Body pain

80

3

0.08

35

0.12

Kainthi

Shrub Young twigs, Decoction Leaves

Throat diseases

–

3

0.13

33

0.11

15

16

17

18

Aquilegia nivalis Falc. ex Baker KV 103 Ranunculaceae Arisaema jacquemontii Blume GS 54 Araceae

1▲, 2▲, 3Δ, 4▲, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9▲, 10●, 11▲, 12▲, 13●, 14▲, 15Δ, 16▲, 17▲, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21●, 22Δ, 1Δ, 2●, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2●, 3Δ, 4▲, 5Δ, 6▲, 7▲, 8▲, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20▲, 21▲, 22Δ, 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4▲, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15●, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19▲, 20Δ, 21▲, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ,13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18▲, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7●, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ,11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ,14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ,7●, 8▲, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5●, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8▲, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22● 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12▲, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6▲, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5●, 6Δ, 7●, 8▲, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20●, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ

5

Astragalus grahamianus Royle ex Benth. KV 104 Papilionaceae

nn

S. Kayani et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

Table 2 Ethnomedicinal uses of plants in Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan.

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 6

S. no.

Taxonomic name Voucher Local specimen no name

19

Berberis pseudumbellata Parker. KV 105 Berberidaceae Berberis vulgaris L. KV 106 Berberidaceae

20

Life form

FLn

URn U.Vn FCn RFCn Previous uses

Shrub Leaves, Fruits, Roots

Powder, Extract

Indigestion, Typhoid, Muscular pains, Jaundice, Urinary problems

76.66

5

0.16

30

0.10

Shuturum

Shrub Fruits

Juice

Gastrointestinal pain, Sore throat

73.68

2

0.05

38

0.13

Juice, Powder

Fever, Diarrhea, Cough, Cold, Asthma, Wound, Dysentery, Urinary troubles, Earaches

100

9

0.3

30

0.10

Urinary problems, Tonic, Kidney stones, Wounds, Cardiac tonic, Stomachache

71.42

6

0.21

28

0.09

Urinary problems, Expel mucus from chest, Stomach disorders

70.58

3

0.08

34

0.11

Liver troubles, Abdominal inflammation, Fever, Malaria

68.96

4

0.13

29

0.1

Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) But Pehwa Herb Sternb GS 55 Saxifragaceae

22

Bergenia stracheyi (Hook. f.&Thoms) KV 107 Saxifragaceae Bistort aamplexicaulis (D. Don) Green GS 56 Polygonaceae Bupleurum longicaule Wall. ex DC. GS 57/ Apiaceae

24

Mode of Diseases treatednnn utilization

Sumbal

21

23

Part used

Herb

Rhizome, Bark

Leaves, Roots Infusion, Powder, Paste Decoction Rhizome, Leaves

Khichlay Zakhm e Hayat Masloond

Herb

Gillo

Herb

Whole plant

Pilling

Herb

Roots, Leaves Paste, Extract

Muscular pain, Skin problem, Fever, Toothache

82.35

4

0.23

17

0.05

Herb

Whole plant

Decoction

Cough

–

3

0.13

20

0.06

Infusion, Poultice, Decoction Infusion

Swollen feet, Digestive problem, Sunstroke, Joints pain

80

4

0.16

25

0.08

Headache, Stomach troubles, Diuretic, Liver complaints

79

4

0.166 24

0.08

Powder

25

Caltha alba Camb. KV 108 Ranunculaceae

26

Ceratium pulsillum Ser. GS 58 Caryophyllaceae

27

Chenopodium album L. SV 75 Chenopodiaceae

Bathwa

Herb

Leaves

28

Chenopodium botrys L. SV 76 Chenopodiaceae

Khama

Herb

Whole plant

29

Corydalis govaniana Wallich SV 77 Fumeraceae

Cheri pawa Herb

Roots, Leaves Leaves Juice

Eyes irritation, Mythological

88.23

2

0.05

34

0.11

30

Corydalis stewartii Fedde SV 78 Fumeraceae

Mamera

Herb

Leaves, Floral Extract shoots

Eye diseases

–

3

0.13

16

0.05

31

Cotoneaster acuminatus Lindley KV 109 Rosaceae

Luni

Shrub Stolen

Juice, Extract

Stop bleeding

–

3

0.13

25

0.08

32

Luni or Cotoneaster microphylla Kharawa Wall. ex Lindley KV 110 Rosaceae Cynoglossum lanceolatum Lainda Forssk. SV 79 Boraginaceae

Shrub Whole plant

Extract

Lungs disorder, Stomachic

82.60

2

0.08

23

0.07

Herb

Whole plant

Juice

Eye diseases

–

0.2 0.05

20

0.06

Herb

Seeds

Powder

Induces vomiting , Urinary problems, Kills intestinal worms

78.94

3

0.11

27

0.09

Herb

Leaves

Crude

Menstrual problems

–

1

0.02

39

0.13

Herb

Whole plant

Extract, Decoction

Remove scurvy

–

2

0.10

19

0.06

33

34

35

36

Delphinium nordhagenii Wendelbo KV 112 Ranunculaceae Delphinium vestitum Wall KV 111 Ranunculaceae Draba nemorosa L. SV 80 Brassicaceae

Mohri

nn

1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15▲, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21●, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6●, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9●, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19▲, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2●, 3Δ, 4▲, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7▲, 8▲, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19▲, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22▲ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3▲, 4▲, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12▲, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ,16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ,19▲, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7▲, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19●, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22●, 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19▲, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4▲, 5▲, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8▲, 9●, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17●, 18Δ, 19▲, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22● 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19▲, 20▲, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4●, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3▲, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11 Δ, 12▲, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7●, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7●, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7●, 8●, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ

S. Kayani et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

Table 2 (continued )

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Ephedra gerardiana Wall.ex Asmani Stapf KV 113 Ephedraceae Booti

Shrub Leaves, Roots, Stem

Extract, Decoction

Mouth diseases, Stomach pain, Sun burn, Wounds, Cold, Cough, Skin 100 problem, Blood purifier, Tonic

38

Epilobium laxum Royle GS 59 Onograceaeae

Herb

Whole plant

Stop bleeding, Cause convulsion

39

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Herit, ex Aiton GS 60 Geraniaceae Euphorbia wallichii Hook.f. GS 61 Euphorbiaceae

Saidan dan Herb

Whole plant

Decoction, Juice, Infusion Extract

Harvi, Dodal

Latex

40

Herb

11

0.2

55

0.18

83.33

2

0.08

24

0.08

Dysentery, internal Illness

83.33

2

0.11

18

0.06

Latex

Skin diseases, Wounds

82.75

2

0.06

29

0.1

41

Ficus foveolata Wall. Ex Miq Bat SV 81 Moraceae Phagwar

Shrub Latex

Latex

Skin diseases

–

1

0.02

35

0.12

42

Fragaria nubicola Lindle. Ex Panjakha, Lacaita. GS 62 Rosaceae Budimeva

Herb

Whole plant

Juice

Stomach ulcers, Antiseptic, Diarrhea

75

3

0.06

48

0.16

43

Gentiana kurroo Royle KV 114 Gentianaceae

Neel Kanth Herb

Roots

Decoction

Liver diseases, Body vigor

93.33

2

0.04

45

0.15

44

Geranium nepalense Sweet KV 115 Geraniaceae

Ratanjot, Geraben

Herb

Roots

Poultice

Diarrhea, Cholera

83.33

2

0.11

18

0.06

45

Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet GS 63 Geraniaceae Geum elatum Wallich. SV 82 Rosaceae

Ratanjot

Herb

Toothache, Jaundice, Joint pains, Diarrhea, Cholera, Body vigor

95.16

6

0.09

62

0.21

Shoonkar

Herb

Dried, Paste, Leaves, Roots Juice, Powder Roots Decoction

Diarrhea, Dysentery

86.66

2

0.13

15

0.05

Gandiray

Herb

Decoction

Snake bites, Skin diseases

93.75

2

0.12

16

0.05

Paste, Poultice, Extract Powder, Extract

Gastric cramps, Diarrhea, Cough, Asthma , Skin inflammations, Depressions, Eye troubles

97.14

7

0.2

35

0.12

Joints pain, Kidney stones, Hyperacidity

80

3

0.1

30

0.10

Decoction, Powder

Depressions, Snake bite, Provide cooling effect, Sleep-enhancing

84.61

4

0.15

26

0.08

Infusion

Pain relief

–

1

0.03

28

0.09

46

47

Heracleum candicans Wall. Ex DC. GS 64 Apiaceae

48

Hyoscyamus niger L. KV 116 Ajwain-eSolanaceae Khurasani

Herb

Roots, Leaves, Flowers Seeds leaves

49

Ban Til Impatiens edgeworthii Hook.F GS 65 Balsaminaceae Impatiens glandulifera Ban Til Royle GS 66 Balsaminaceae

Herb

Whole plant

Herb

Impatiens lemanni Hook.f. & Thoms. GS 67 Balsaminaceae Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brandis SV 83 Papilionaceae Iris hookeriana Foster KV 117 Iridaceae

Herb

Roots, Leaves, Flowers Whole plant

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

Juniperus communis L. var. saxatilis Pallas. KV 119 Cupressaceae Juniperus excels M.Bieb KV 120 Cupressaceae Juniperus squamata Buch.Ham. ex D. Don KV 121 Cupressaceae

Kainthi

Shrub Whole plant

Decoction

Skin allergy, Dysentery disorders, Warts, Leprosy, Anti-cancerous

88.88

5

0.11

45

0.15

Chalundri

Herb

Powder

Diarrhea, Urinary problems, Small sores, Pimples, Fever

91.42

5

0.14

35

0.12

Bhentri

Shrub Berries

Infusion

Joints pain, Skin diseases, Tuberculosis, Diabetes, Asthma, Chronic, Bronchitis, Liver and Spleen diseases

97.95

9

0.18

49

0.16

Chalai

Shrub Fruits

Juice

Joints pain, Remove kidney stone, Stomach cramps, Diuretic, Asthma, Dropsy, Gonorrhea, Leucorrhea, Skin diseases

92.59 10

0.37

27

0.09

Chalai

Bush

Urinary problem, Stomach cramps, Asthma, Kidney diseases

75

0.2

20

0.06

Roots

Young twigs, Infusion Berries

4

1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5▲, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15▲, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19▲, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ, 23Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18●, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 21Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2▲, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6●, 7●, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12●, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21●, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19●, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6▲, 7●, 8▲, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20▲, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19●, 20Δ, 21▲, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4▲, 5▲, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9●, 10Δ, 11●, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4▲, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ, 23Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7▲, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20●, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1▲, 2▲, 3Δ, 4▲, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10▲, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14●, 15▲, 16▲, 17●, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9●, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15▲, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18▲, 19▲, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5▲, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8●, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ

S. Kayani et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

37

7

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 8

Life form

Part used

Mode of Diseases treatednnn utilization

FLn

Jangli matter

Herb

Seeds, Flowers

Powder

Constipation

-

1

0.07

14

0.04

Kisari

Herb

Oil

Oil

Induces vomiting, Constipation

80

1

0.06

15

0.05

Shoots, Leaves

Powder

Reduce sprain

83.33

1

0.05

18

0.06

Powder

Venereal diseases, Colic for horses

60

2

0.08

25

0.08

Extract

GIT worms

–

1

0.05

18

0.06

S. no.

Taxonomic name Voucher Local specimen no name

57

Lathyrus emodi (Wall. Ex Frisch) Ali SV 84 Papilionaceae Lathyrus humilis (Ser.) Fisch ex Sprengel SV 85 Papilionaceae Lathyrus pratensis L SV 86 Papilionaceae

58

59

Ziara Chilo Herb

60

Lonicera caucasica Pallas KV 122 Caprifoliaceae

Phut

61

Lonicera obovata Royle KV 123 Caprifoliaceae

Phut

62

Phut Lonicera purpurascens (Dene) Walp KV 124 Caprifoliaceae Malva neglecta wallr. SV 87 Suchhal Malvaceae

Shrub Leaves

GIT worms, Digestive, Stomach tonic

66.66

3

0.2

15

0.05

Herb

Leaves, Roots Decoction, Powder

Constipation, Skin Rashes, Coughs, Reduce inflammation in respiratory track

72

4

0.16

25

0.08

64

Matricaria recutita L. GS 69 Asteraceae

Herb

Flowers

Diarrhea, Sleep-enhancing, Fevers, Colds, Stomach ailments, Toothache, Infection

100

8

0.53

15

0.05

65

Nepeta clerkei Hook.f. GS 70 Lamiaceae

Herb

Whole plant, Extract Seeds

Fever, Cough, Cold, Dysentery

78.94

4

0.10

38

0.13

66

Nepeta govaniana (Wall. ex Benth.) Benth. GS 71 Lamiaceae Onosma hispida Wall. ex G. Gao zaban Don SV 88 Boraginaceae

Herb

Whole plant

Sore throat, Cardiac tonic, Toothache

75

3

0.15

20

0.06

Herb

Leaves, Flowers

Decoction, Crude form Juice, Decoction

Lungs disorders, Asthma, Heart disorders

83.33

3

0.1

30

0.10

68

Origanum v ulgare L. GS 72 Banjawain Lamiaceae

Herb

Whole plant

Digestive, Asthma, Respiratory systems, Colic, Diarrhea, Urinary problems, Menstruation, Muscular pain, Skin disease

72

9

0.36

25

0.08

69

Oxalis acetosella L. GS 73 Oxalidaceae

Chhushin Darm

Herb

Whole Plant

Extract, Decoction, Paste Powder, Extract

Diuretic, Refrigerant, Urinary problems, Fever

85.71

4

0.11

35

0.12

70

Oxalis corniculata L. GS 74 Oxalidaceae

Khut korla

Herb

Whole plant

Fever, Constipation, Tonic, Joints pain, Skin diseases, Piles, Bleeding from lungs, Inflammations, Swellings

91.11

9

0.2

45

0.15

71

Oxytropis lapponica (Wahl.) Chhushin Gay KV 125 Papilionaceae

Herb

Whole plant

Joint pains

55.55

1

0.05

18

0.06

72

Paeonia emodi Wall ex Royle KV 126 Paeoniaceae

Mamekh

Herb

73

Pedicularis puctata. L KV 127 Scrophuliaraceae

Spanthing

Herb

Roots, Rhizome, Tuber, Flowers Flowers

74

Persicaria capitata (Buch.Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross SV 89 Polygonaceae

Tree

Inflorescence Powder

63

67

Shrub Leaves, Flowers, Seeds Shrub Leaves

URn U.Vn FCn RFCn Previous uses

Infusion

Juice, Poultice, Extract Decoction

Infusion

Urinary problems, Nervous diseases, Colic, Blood purifier, Headache, 100 Body vigor

6

0.09

62

0.21

Powder

Skeletal muscle relaxant, Gastrointestinal, Fever

75

3

0.15

20

0.06

Ant bites

–

1

0.06

15

0.05

nn

1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9▲, 10Δ, 11▲, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18●, 19Δ, 20▲, 21Δ, 22Δ, 23Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13▲, 13Δ, 14●, 15Δ, 16▲, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1▲, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7▲, 8▲, 9▲, 10▲, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14▲, 15Δ, 16▲, 17▲, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20▲, 21●, 22Δ 1●, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8●, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21▲, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6●, 7Δ, 8▲, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20●, 21Δ, 22● 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7▲, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15▲, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12▲, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ

S. Kayani et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

Table 2 (continued )

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Picea smithiana (Wall) Boiss. GS 75 Pinaceae

Kachhal

Tree

Wood

Powder, Decoction

Joints pain, Stomach pain

96

2

0.04

50

0.17

76

Pinus gerardiana Wall.ex. Lamb PV 11 Pinaceae

Naiza

Tree

Seeds, Oil

Wounds, Ulcers, Stimulant, Body and brain tonic

100

4

0.11

35

0.12

77

Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson. GS 76 Pinaceae

Kail

Herb

Cough, Scorpion and snake bite, Fever, Asthma

90

5

0.125 40

0.13

78

Plantago lanceolata L GS 78 Sman Plantaginaceae hrswa

Herb

Resin, Bark, Leaves, Seeds Flowers, Leaves

Extract, Kernel from seed Infusion, Powder

79

Plantago major L. GS 77 Plantaginaceae

Chamchi Patar

Herb

80

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle GS 79 Podophyllaceae Polygonum amplexicaule L GS 80 Polygonaceae

82

Polygonum aviculare L SV 90 Polygonaceae

83

Potentill aastroguinea Lodd KV 128 Rosaceae

84

Decoction, Infusion

Diarrhea, Breathing problem, Bronchitis, Asthma, Stomach disorder, 100 Dysentery

6

0.16

36

0.12

Seeds, Leaves

Crude form

Diarrhea, Ulcers, Bronchitis, Asthma, Hay fever, Skin inflammations 88.88

6

0.09

65

0.22

Ban kakhri Herb

Roots

Extract

98.21 11

0.19

56

0.19

Masloon

Herb

Leaves, Roots Powder

Colds, Constipation, Septic conditions, Wounds, Burning sensation, Nervous disorders, Joints pain, Skin allergic, Inflammatory conditions of the skin, Cancer of the Brain and Lung Cold, Fever

85.71

2

0.05

35

0.12

Sathing

Herb

Whole plant

Diuretic, Coughs, Pulmonary complaints, Wounds, Diarrhea, Piles

75

7

0.35

20

0.06

Herb

Decoction, Poultice, Juice Leaves, Roots Paste

Wounds, Pain killer, Toothache

80

3

0.23

13

0.04

Potentilla curviseta Hook.f. KV 129 Rosaceae

Herb

Leaves

Infusion

Stop bleeding, Snake and Centipede bite

76.92

3

0.15

20

0.06

85

Potentilla grisae Juz KV 131 Rosaceae

Herb

Whole plant

Extract

Inflammation of the mouth and throat, Diarrhea

85

2

0.125 16

0.05

86

Potentilla kashmirica Hook. f SV 91 Rosaceae

Herb

Whole plant

Decoction

Stop hemorrhage, Tonic

70.58

2

0.13

15

0.05

87

Potentilla monanthes Lindle. Ex Lehm. KV 130 Rosaceae Potentilla nepalensis Hook.f. Ratten jot KV 132 Rosaceae

Herb

Roots, Whole Powder plant

Fever, Diarrhea, Tonic

87.5

3

0.17

17

0.05

Herb

Roots

Ashes, Extract

Burns, Looseness of bowel

77.77

2

0.11

18

0.06

Powder, Juice

Coughs, Sleep enhancing, Bronchitis, Eye diseases

100

4

0.16

25

0.08

Decoction

Stomach pain, Urinary problems, Tonic, Sore throat

70

4

0.2

20

0.06

81

88

89

Primula denticulata Smith GS 81 Primulaceae

Raam Totia Herb

90

Prunella vulgaris L. GS 82 Lamiaceae

Harswa

Tree

Flowers, Leaves, Rhizomes Leaves

91

Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. KV 133 Fagaceae

Banguar, Kori

Herb

Galls, Bark

Juice

Chronic, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Muscular pains, Stop bleeding

91.66

5

0.20

24

0.08

92

Ranunculus stewartii H. Riedl KV 134 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus hirtellus Royle KV 135 Ranunculaceae

Jashaghai

Herb

Whole plant

Decoction

Asthma, Fever

70

2

0.1

20

0.06

Makhan Booti

Herb

Roots

Paste

Kill and expel intestinal worms, Cooling agent

66.66

2

0.13

15

0.05

Chumbl bootie

Herb

Leaves, Flowers

Paste

Eye diseases, Skin infection

76.47

2

0.11

17

0.05

93

94

Ranunculus laetus Wall. Ex Hook.f. & Thoms. KV 136 Ranunculaceae

1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8●, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15●, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15●, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8●, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15▲, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9▲, 10●, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13●, 14▲, 16▲, 17●, 18●, 19▲, 20▲, 21▲, 22Δ 1▲, 2Δ, 3●, 4▲, 5▲, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9▲, 10●, 11●, 12Δ, 13●, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16▲, 17●, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20▲, 21Δ, 22▲ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3▲, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7▲, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14▲, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20▲, 21●, 22Δ 1▲, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9●, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14●, 15Δ, 16●, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20▲, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9▲, 10Δ, 11 Δ, 12▲, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17●, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ,8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21●, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3▲, 4●, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7●, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19●, 20 Δ, 21●, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4▲, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9●, 10●, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19▲, 20Δ, 21●, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22● 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6●, 7●, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21▲, 22Δ

S. Kayani et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

75

9

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 10

Mode of Diseases treatednnn utilization

FLn

Shrub Rhizome, Roots

Powder

Constipation, Stop bleeding, Ulcers, Wounds

90.90

4

0.12

33

0.11

Rhodendron arboretum Sm. Rantol SV 92 Ericaceae

Shrub Leaves, Flowers

Powder

Headache, Skin diseases

100

2

0.09

22

0.07

97

Ribes alpestre Dene ex Jacq. Kag Dakh KV 138 Grossulariaceae

Shrub Fruits, Roots

Powder

Backache, Joints pain, Jaundice, Induces vomiting

100

4

0.2

20

0.06

98

Ribes glaciale Wall. KV 139 Jangli Grossulariaceae Angoor

Shrub Leaves, Fruits

Powder

Urinary problems, Constipation, Cooling agent

80

3

0.2

15

0.05

99

Rosa brunonii Lindl. KV 14O Kuruch, Rosaceae Shangari

Shrub Flowers

Decoction

Abdominal pain Constipation, Gastric problems, Intestinal ulcer

73.33

4

0.13

30

0.10

Juice

Liver disorder

–

1

0.05

20

0.06

Digestive problems, Heart diseases

100

2

0.03

64

0.22

S. no.

Taxonomic name Voucher Local specimen no name

Life form

95

Rheum australe D. Don KV 137 Polygonaceae

96

Chotial

Part used

URn U.Vn FCn RFCn Previous uses

100 Rosa nanothamnus Boulenger. KV 141 Rosaceae 101 Rosa webbiana Wall. Ex Royle. KV 142 Rosaceae

Phool

Shrub Flowers

Phool, Shingari

Shrub Flowers, Fruits, Seeds

102 Salix flabellaris Andersson KV 143 Salicaceae

Bens

Herb

Whole plant

Decoction

Blood purifier, Headache, Cold

87.5

3

0.18

16

0.05

103 Sambucus wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn. KV 144 Sambucaceae 104 Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch KV 145 Asteraceae

Kanula, Ganoola

Herb

Decoction

Dropsy, Fever, internal pains, Flu

77.77

1

0.05

18

0.06

Kuth

Herb

Roots, Berries, Leaves Roots, Oil

Powder, Extract

Cough, Asthma, Bronchial, Joints pain, Throat infection

96

5

0.1

50

0.17

Decoction, Poultice, Powder Poultice

Joints pain, Wounds

66.66

2

0.11

18

0.06

Boils or swelling for quick relief

83.33

1

0.06

15

0.05

105 Senecio chrysanthemodies DC. SV 94 Asteraceae 106 Senecio jacquemontianus (Decne.) Benth. ex Hook.f SV 93 Asteraceae 107 Sibbaldia procumbens L KV 146 Rosaceae 108 Silene gonosperma (Rohrb.) Bocquet SV 95 Caryophyllaceae 109 Silene morcrooftiana Wall SV 96 Caryophyllaceae

Apimindoq Shrub Leaves, Flowers, Roots Phand Herb Roots

Herb

Leaves

Decoction

Stomach pain

–

1

0.06

15

0.05

Herb

Whole plant

Juice

Eye trouble, Skin problem

65

2

0.1

20

0.06

Herb

Whole plant

Extract

Skin problem, Eye trouble

86.66

2

0.13

15

0.05

Stomachache, Skin problem

75

2

0.11

18

0.06

Dysentery

–

1

0.06

16

0.05

Chicken pox, Measles, Stomach, Liver problems, Fever, Cold, Headache, Snake and scorpion bite

91.66

9

0.15

60

0.20

Bajomindq Shrub Leaves Juice 110 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke SV 98 Caryophyllaceae Bgulmindq Herb Roots Decoction 111 Silenein edgeworthii (Bocquet) Y. Nasir SV 97 Caryophyllaceae Shrub Leaves, Roots Paste, 112 Skimmia laureola (DC.) Sieb Neir Smoke & Zucc. Ex Walp. GS 83 Rutaceae

nn

1Δ, 2●, 3Δ, 4▲, 5●, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8●, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19▲, 20Δ, 21●, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7▲, 8●, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22● 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15▲, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19●, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15●, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15▲, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3▲, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20●, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2●,3Δ, 4▲, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20▲, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19▲, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4▲, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8●, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3▲, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10●, 11Δ, 12▲, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17●, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8●, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12▲, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3●, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20▲, 21Δ, 22Δ

S. Kayani et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

Table 2 (continued )

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Khakhul

Herb

Seeds

Paste

Hepatitis

1

0.07

14

0.04

114 Stellaria media (L.) Vill SV 99 Caryophyllaceae

Bin batori

Herb

Whole plant

Poultices, Decoction

Obesity, Blood purifier, Skin irritations, Itching, Kidney complaints, 96.22 10 Joints pains, Ulcers, Constipation, Asthma, Bronchitis

0.18

53

0.18

115 Swertia cordata (G.Don) Clarke KV 148 Gentianaceae 116 Tamarica riaelegans (Royle) Qaiser & Ali SV 100 Scrophuliaraceae 117 Taraxacum officinale Weber SV 101

Chairta karita

Shrub Whole plant

Decoction, Juice

Fever, Jaundice, Indigestion, Cough, Cold, Gall bladder, Typhoid

100

7

0.28

25

0.08

Phapaki

Herb

Flowers

Paste

Backache

–

1

0.05

18

0.06

Hundh , Dudhal

Herb

Leaves, Roots

Jaundice, Kidney complaints, Liver disorders, Leprosy

90.90

4

0.09

44

0.15

118 Thalictrum cultratum Wall KV 149 Ranunculaceae

Herb

Roots

Stomachache, Dysentery

66.66

2

0.13

15

0.05

119 Thalictrum pedunculatum Edgew KV 150 Ranunculaceae 120 Thymus linearis Benth KV 151 Lamiaceae

Herb

Leaves, Roots Infusion, Decoction

Fever, Tonic, Urinary problems, Stomach disorder

66.66

4

0.22

18

0.06

Herb

Whole plant

Infusion, Juice

Cough, Cold, Bronchial disorders, Gastro-intestinal disorder

100

4

0.07

55

0.18

Herb

Whole plant

Decoction, Extract

Cough, Skin disease, Increase sexual desire

77.77

3

0.16

18

0.06

Shtal

Herb

Whole plant

75.67

6

0.16

37

0.12

Mushk Bala

Herb

Roots

Abdominal pain, Joint disorder, Coughs, Colds, Fever, Eye wash Infusion, Leaf tincture Juice, Paste Painful menstruation, Headache, Hypertension, Sleep-enhancing, Brain disorders

94.28

5

0.14

35

0.12

Herb

Whole plant

Paste, Extract

Bronchitis, Asthma

100

2

0.14

23

0.07

Herb

Whole plant

Paste, Crude flower

Cancer, Fever, Wounds, Fractured bone, Cold, Cough

98

6

0.15

50

0.17

121 Tricholepis stewartii C.B. Clark ex Hook.f. SV 102 Asteraceae 122 Trifolium repens L. SV 103 Papilionaceae 123 Valeriana jatamansii Jones GS 84 Valerianaceae

Banajwain

124 Vicia bakeri Ali SV 104 Papilionaceae 125 Viola biflora L. GS 85 Violaceae

Banafsha

Juice, Extract

1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19▲, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3▲, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6▲, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10●, 11●, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17●, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20●, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12▲, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1●, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4▲, 5▲, 6Δ, 7▲, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10●, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14●, 15 Δ, 16Δ, 17●, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20●, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2▲, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5▲, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8▲, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ,14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19▲, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8●, 9▲, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2●, 3Δ, 4▲, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8●, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20●, 21●, 22▲ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5Δ, 6Δ, 7Δ, 8Δ, 9Δ, 10Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20Δ, 21Δ, 22Δ 1Δ, 2Δ, 3Δ, 4Δ, 5●, 6▲, 7Δ, 8▲, 9Δ, 11Δ, 12Δ, 13 Δ, 14Δ, 15Δ, 16Δ, 17Δ, 18Δ, 19Δ, 20▲, 21Δ, 22Δ

UR* ¼Use reports, UV* ¼ Use value, FC* ¼ Frequency Citation, RFC*¼ Relative frequency of citation. **(▲) ¼ Similar use, (●) ¼Dissimilar use, and (Δ) Use not reported. ***¼ Bold written uses high lights the specific and preferred uses for given plant. Q21 1¼ Mustafa et al. (2012); 2¼ Shinwari and Gilani (2003); 3¼ Akhtar et al. (2013); 4¼ Gairola et al. (2014); 5¼ Pandey (2004); 6¼ Rani et al. (2013); 7¼ Bhat (2013); 8¼ Rokaya et al. (2010); 9¼ Altundag and Ozturk (2011); 10¼Cornara et al. (2014); 11¼ Sargın et al. (2013); 12¼ Bano et al. (2014a); 13¼ Pieroni and Quave (2005); 14¼ Menković et al. (2011); 15¼ Khan and Khatoon (2007); 16¼ Jaric et al. (2007); 17 ¼Rigat et al. (2011); 18¼ Rajaei et al. (2012); 19¼ Bano et al. (2014a, 2014b); 20¼Malik et al. (2011); 21¼ Thakur et al. (2014); 22¼ Acharya (2012).

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Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

–

113 Sophora mollis Graham KV 147 Papilionaceae

11

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

Violaceae

Solanaceae

Valerianaceae

Rutaceae

Saxifragaceae

Podophyllaceae

Pinaceae

Paeoniaceae

Moraceae

Oxalidaceae

Malvaceae

Iridaceae

Lamiaceae

Geraniaceae

Gentianaceae

Ephedraceae

Euphorbiaceae

Cupressaceae

Berberidaceae

Balsaminaceae

Araceae

50 40 30 20 10 0

Asteraceae

FIV

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66Q13

Plantaginaceae

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12

Families

Dhillion, 2003). Similar conclusions are drawn from other studies on medicinal plants carried out in central Nepal (Shrestha and Dhillion, 2003; Uprety et al., 2010) and west Nepal (Kunwar et al., 2006). Less percentage of trees might be due to high altitude regions where tree growth is hindered due to high rate of wind velocity and other geographic and climate related factors.

3.5. Plant parts used

Fig. 2. Family Importance Value (FIV) of medicinal plants of study area.

Table 3 ICF of plants and diseases treated in the study area. Category of diseases

Number of use reports

GIT diseases 127 94 Respiratory diseases 35 Muscles and Skeletal disorders Urinary disorders 28 Sexual diseases 7 Glandular 20 disorders Ear, Nose, Eyes 33 diseases Nail, Skin and Hair 42 disorders Nervous disorders 22 Cardiovascular 17 disorders Antidote 16 Body energizers 17 Infectious 22 diseases a

% age of use Number of reports taxa used

% age of ICFa taxa

26.45833 19.58333

85 51

68 40.8

0.33 0.46

7.291667

31

24.8

0.11

5.833333 1.458333 4.166667

26 6 16

20.8 4.8 12.8

0.07 0.16 0.21

6.875

11

8.8

0.68

8.75

35

28

0.17

4.583333 3.541667

16 16

12.8 12.8

0.28 0.06

3.333333 3.541667 4.583333

12 16 20

9.6 12.8 16

0.26 0.06 0.09

In current investigations, different parts of plants were documented for herbal medicine (Fig. 4). The most commonly used plant parts are leaves (44 reports) followed by underground parts, the roots (37 reports). Leaves are frequently used in herbal preparations due to their active secondary constituents. It is thought that leaves contain more easily extractable phytochemicals, crude drugs and many other mixtures which may be proven as valuable regarding phytotherapy. This fact is line with studies conducted in elsewhere in different regions of Pakistan (Ahmad et al., 2014, Bano et al., 2014a, 2014b). Besides leaves, roots are also most favored parts in many cases possibly because they contain higher concentration of bioactive compounds than other parts (Srithi et al., 2009, Robinson, 1974; Moore, 1994; Basualdo et al., 1995). The frequently used whole plants (36 reports) correspond to higher usage of herbs in these localities as whole plant is preferred only in the case of herbaceous habit. It is imperative to note that the confiscation of roots may have noteworthy harmful effects on plant existence and regeneration (Dhillion and Amundsen, 2000). So it should be abridged as much as conceivable in the cases where some threatened or rare plant species are used. Leaves are most used part as the removal of the whole plant or roots or excessive use of fruits or seeds as medicines has a destructive effect on plant population growth, possibly leading to a strong decline of

Life Form

ICF ¼Informant Consensus Factor.

Hammond et al., 1998; Bennett and Prance, 2000; Macia et al., 2005; De-la-Cruz et al., 2007). Other noticeable diseases cured by medicinal plants in the area are muscles and skeletal diseases (8%) followed by urinary disorders. Main reason for apparent use reports for muscles and skeletal diseases was found to be walking and travelling in high altitudes without any transport facility (Schlage et al., 2000). The reason behind observable citations in urinary ailments might be the low intake of water during cold season and hard agricultural work resulting in shortage of water in blood circulation. The lowest most conspicuous difference was concerned with sexual diseases which accounted for only 1.5% of uses reports with 5% cited plant species in the valleys of Alpine and Sub-alpines. This may reveal the less exposure of these diseases and higher gratification rate concerning sexual disorders. To best of our observations in current work, number of disorders treated by the precious flora could be due to lack of health care facilities and accessibility of transport because the region is only linked to other regions through small roads. 3.4. Life forms In our present study, herbs are primary source of medicine (78%) followed by shrubs (19%) and trees (3%) (Fig. 3). The reason for dominance of herbs in study area is their easy availability resulting from ubiquitous growth (roadsides, home garden, farmland and in wild habitats) as it is geographic character of Alpine and Sub-alpines. During study, this same reason was also reported by local people of these geographic regions regarding more prevalent use of herbs. Besides this, herbs can be manipulated with easiness in herbal preparation methods and extraction of bioactive compounds (Shrestha and

Shrubs 19%

Trees 3%

Life Form 0%

Herbs 78% Fig. 3. Life forms of medicinal plants in study area.

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Part used Fig. 4. Plant part used in treatment of various diseases in study area.

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

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many medicinal plant populations in nature (Ghimire et al., 2008; Giday et al., 2003). 3.6. Modes of preparation and routes of administration In present work, various preparation modes like infusion, decoction, powder, paste, poultice, smoke and raw forms are reported (Fig. 5). Out of total 177 preparations, the most frequently reported mode is decoction (38 reports) followed by powder (37 reports). The most frequent use of decoction might be due to effectiveness of herbal drugs. It is common observation on heating various biological reactions are accelerated resulting in many active compounds (Zhang et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2008; Han et al., 2007). Besides decoction, in high altitudes during winter dried powder is preferred possibly due to cold dry and snowy season (Kayani et al., 2014; Bano et al., 2014a, 2014b; Ahmad et al., 2014). To best of our knowledge, local communities use decoction as well as powder according to diseases treated and their conditions. The most frequent routes of administration herbal preparations were oral (70%) in all cases followed by topical application (30%). Topically herbal preparations are applied as washings, paste or rubbing on the affected body part as reported in previous studies (Roersch, 1994; Hammond et al., 1998; De-la-Cruz et al., 2007). There is versatile medicinal plant diversity and their wide uses in study area; the exact doses used for each medicine have not been included in the present study. As per information of respondents, one of the specific reasons was observed that plant material used for preparation of herbal drugs is difficult to measure due to less availability of measuring systems. It was also indicated by some of informants that roughly 40–50 g of fresh plant material or 20–25 g of powdered plant material may be taken daily. Doses are taken twice a day because people are present at home on the morning and evening time. Besides above, according to few informants the dosage depends on the age and physical appearance of the individual and children's are given less than adults. Same sort of conclusions have been observed in previous studies (Liu et al., 2005). 3.7. Quantitative data analyses 3.7.1. Informant's Consensus Factor (ICF) for medicinal uses The consensus of informants on medicinal plants reported for treating different ailments was quantitatively analyzed. To develop this consensus, all treated diseases are grouped into 13 categories. In current studies, ICF value ranges from 0.06 to 0.68. The highest ICF value (0.68) is found for ear, nose and eye diseases followed by respiratory disorders (0.46) (Table 3). The most prevalent records of ear, nose and eyes diseases have resulted to high ICF value. It is may be due to the high air speed containing many germs; dust particles and spores particularly of herbs (more frequent in the mountain community) which may stick in these sensitive organs causing abnormalities. 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Mode Of Utilization Fig. 5. Mode of utilization of medicinal plants.

13

Respiratory disorders having second most highest ICF may be resulted from cold, moist and high altitude areas where low temperature is more existent than high temperature (Kayani et al., 2014). According to some traditional healers respiratory disorders are also caused due to prevalence of pollen and spores which get stuck into respiratory organs. The other more noticeable ICF (0.33) was found for (GIT) ailments. This shows common occurrence of disorders in the study areas either due to poor hygiene or water contamination (Adzu et al., 2003; Schlage et al., 2000; Schmeda-Hirschmann, 2005). This high ICF values indicated reasonable reliability of informants on the use of medicinal plant species (Lin et al., 2002), while the low ICF value of body energizers, urinary disorders, infectious diseases such as chicken pox, measles and dengue fever indicated the less uniformity of the informants' knowledge. Further high ICF is always allied with a few specific plants with high use reports for treating single disease category (Madikizela et al., 2012). On the other hand, its low values are always associated with many plants with almost equal or high use reports suggesting the lesser level of agreement among the informants on use of plant species to treat a particular disease category.

3.7.2. Fidelity Level (FL) The FL of plant species for treating specific diseases in the study area varies between 60% and 100%. We found 15 plant species having maximum 100 FL% that are Achellia millefolium (stomach-ache), Aconitum chasmanthum (Body tonic), Bergenia ciliate (Urinary disorders), Ephedra gerardiana (Cold cough), Matricaria recutita (Tooth infections), Paeonia emodi ( Body vigor), Pinus gerardiana (Body and brain tonic), Plantago lanceolata (Diarrhea), Primula denticulata (Sleep enhancing), Rhodendron arboretum (Skin diseases), Ribes alpestre (Joint pain), Rosa webbiana (Heart diseases), Sophora mollis (Hepatitis), Swertia cordata (Typhoid fever), Thymus linearis (Bronchial disorders), and Vicia bakeri (Bronchitis). These species may be proven as important medicinal plants on further evaluation through phytochemical, pharmaceutical and biological activities (Islam et al., 2014). We have recognized plants as more important having 80 FL% or more. In accordance with FL results (Table 2), there are 10 plant species highly cited for gastrointestinal tract disorders, 8 for respiratory disorders, 6 for urinary disorders, 5 for liver and related disorders, 2 for brain tonic and 2 for heart related diseases. There are 6 plant species that are highly cited for eyes infections and related conditions. These species should be taken in further consideration and studies to evaluate more data regarding their efficacy and authenticity as reported and recommended in other studies (Street et al., 2008). Besides, plants with low FL% should not be abandoned as dwindling to remark them to the future generation that it could increase the risk of gradual disappearance of the knowledge (Chaudhary et al., 2006).

3.7.3. Relative frequency of citation (RFC) and use value (UV) RFC shows the local eminence of every species with reference to informants who cited these plant species (Vitalini et al., 2013). In our present work, RFC ranges from 0.23 to 0.04 (Table 2). The plants having high RFC are predominantly used and commonly known by the local people. Reason for the high RFC may be wide distribution, easy availability and indigenous culture for treating various ailments by using these species. These results may be taken as most important for linking and evaluating research in related academic disciplines for future drug discovery and sustainable use of plants for therapeutic uses (Mukherjee and Wahile, 2006). The plant species having high RFC should be subjected to pharmacological, phytochemical and other biological studies to evaluate and prove their authenticity (Mukherjee et al., 2012). Besides above, it should be prioritized for conservation as their preferred use may cause threats to their population by over harvesting.

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

UV determines the relative prominence of species having more use reports indicated by local informants. In our present work it ranges from 0.03 to 0.53 (Table 2). It is found that plants having

more use reports (UR) always have high UV while plants having fewer UR reported by informants have low UV. It is also observed that plants which are used in some repetitive manner are more

Table 4 Comparison of present study with previous studies at neighboring, regional and global level. Species enlisted only in study area

% of species enlisted only in study

91

118

94.4

30.31

23

115

92

28

26.42

78

97

2

18

1.89

930

7

4

11

14.87

30

5

4

9

30

2013

152

9

10

19

2010

161

11

11

2011

444

7

2014

199

2013

Plants with dissimilar uses

Total species common in both area

% of plant species common in both areas

Study area

Study year

1

Albanian Alps in Kosovo Astore Northern Pakistan Swat, North Pakistan Ladakh India Upper Mustang, Nepal Himachal Pradesh Garhwal Himalaya, India Western Nepal Anatolia, Turkey

2012

98

5

2

7

7.14

2003

33

4

6

10

2013

106

7

21

2014

948

16

2006

74

2013

2

3 4 5

6 7

8 9

10 NorthWestern Ligurian Alps Italy 11 Alaşehir in Turkey 12 Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan 13 Southern Italy 14 Prokletije Mountains Serbia 15 Gilgit Northern area of Pakistan 16 Central Serbia 17 Barcelona, Catalonia 18 South East of Iran 19 Karakoramhimalayan range, Pakistan 20 North Kashmir Himalayas India 21 Himachal Pradesh, India 22 Gulmi District Nepal Average a

Number of recorded plant species

Plants with similar uses

S.

Species enlisted only in aligned areas

% of plant with similar uses

% of dissimilar uses

JIa

Citation

5.10

2.04

3.57 Mustafa et al., 2012

12.12

18.18

77.6

6.60

19.81

107

85.6

1.69

0.21

63

114

91.2

9.46

5.41

7.81 Shinwari and Gilani, 2003 19.52 Akhtar et al., 2013 1.77 Gairola et al., 2014 6.63 Pandey, 2006

21

116

92.8

16.67

13.33

12.5

133

106

84.8

5.92

6.57

22

13.67

139

103

82.4

6.83

6.83

6

13

2.92

431

112

89.6

1.58

1.35

2

7

9

4.52

190

116

92.8

1.01

3.51

137

2

3

5

3.65

132

120

96

1.46

2.18

2014

50

9

1

10

40

115

92

2005

123

1

3

4

3.25

119

121

96.8

0.81

2.44

2011

94

4

4

8

8.51

86

117

93.6

4.25

4.26

2007

48

8

0

8

16.67

40

117

93.6

16.67

2007

83

6

1

7

8.43

76

118

94.4

7.23

1.21

2011

51

2

8

10

19.61

41

115

92

3.92

15.67

2012

92

2

3

5

5.43

87

120

96

2.17

3.26

2014

50

15

5

20

40

30

105

84

30

2011

80

12

7

19

23.75

71

106

84.8

15

2014

54

6

10

16

29.63

38

109

87.2

2012

161

3

6

9

5.59

152

116

148.54

6.5

5.63

136.86

112.86

12.13

20

14.94

18

2

0

10

7.03 Rani et al., 2013 8.63 Bhat et al., 2013 10

Rokaya et al., 2010 2.45 Altundag and Ozturk, 2011 3.03 Cornara et al., 2013

2.02 Sargin et al., 2003 6.89 Bano et al., 2014a, 2014b 1.69 Pieroni and Quave, 2005 4.10 Menković et al., 2011 5.36 Khan and Khatoon, 2007 3.74 Jaric et al., 2007 6.84 Rigat et al., 2011 2.47 Rajaei and Mohamadi, 2012 17.39 Bano et al., 2014a, 2014b

8.75

12.02 Malik et al. (2011)

11.11

18.52

12.21 Thakur et al., 2014

92.8

1.86

3.73

3.47 Acharya, 2012

90.29

8.14

6.78

6.75

JI ¼ Jaccard index (Similarity index).

Please cite this article as: Kayani, S., et al., Ethnobotany of medicinal plants among the communities of Alpine and Sub-alpine regions of Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.004i

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likely to be biologically active (Trotter and Logan, 1986). Hence, the plants having the highest RFC and UV values might be an indication of their good healing potential for specific ailments. 3.8. Reliability of ethnomedicinal uses and comparison with previous studies The resemblances and variances in ethno-botanical studies seem to point out the importance of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants in different regions where historical (Moerman, 1998), ecological (Ladio et al., 2007), phytochemical and organoleptic (Leonti et al., 2003) factors interact in their selection. The uses of plants documented in our study are compared with 22 published ethno-botanical studies (Table 4) from different neighboring and regional countries and as well as at global world perspective. In our study, a review of literature indicates that in 125 reported plant species (Table 1) the similarity of uses ranges from 1.69% to 19.52% while dissimilar uses vary 20% (Akhtar et al., 2013) to 0% (Khan and Khatoon, 2007). In our study, highest degree of similarity index is found with studies conducted by Akhtar et al. (2013) and Bano et al. (2014a, 2014b) with JI 19.52 and 17.39 respectively. Other more observable JI is observed with studies of Malik et al. (2011) and Thakur et al. (2014) while the lowest indices of similarity is found with studies of Pieroni and Quave (2005), Sargin et al. (2003), Altundag and Ozturk (2011) and Gairola et al. (2014). It is concluded that distance between study area and neighboring region is responsible for any change in JI. Houghton and Manby (1985) have stated that these similarities could be a reflection of environmental factors or study methodologies among communities under study. The most high similarity index is observed with the nearest areas. The comparison having high similarity indices shows considerable similarity with respect to plant use and modes of applications. This occurrence may be due to the sharing of a similar flora and the cross-cultural exchange of medicinal plant knowledge in past and present. It also indicates similar ethno-genesis of people in comparative areas. The less similarities found in quoted studies are probably the result of a remarkable cultural adaption that are important indicative of current widespread change in population and habitat structure (Leonti et al., 2009) as similarity indices are very sensitive to variation in population sizes (Wolda, 1981). This could also reflect a cultural loss in the ethno-botanical knowledge in the compared areas. Besides, low similarity indices may be likely due to minimal cultural exchange between the countries as they are disconnected through mountain ranges and other cultural variations.

4. Conclusions Medicinal plants still play a crucial role in these regions but traditional medicine used in these regions lacks ethno-medicinal evidence. The Alpine and Sub-alpines regions of Western Himalaya-Pakistan are rich in medicinal plants and still needs more explorations. In results, versatile and precious data regarding ethno-medicinal uses of local flora has been documented. The category of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) diseases had the highest proportion (27.5%) followed by respiratory system diseases (20%). Majority of plants reported are herbs while commonly used plant parts are leaves followed by roots. The most frequent form of preparation is decoction followed by powder. ICF shows high degree of agreement in ear nose and eyes diseases followed by respiratory disorders. We found 16 plant species for treating different ailment categories have maximum 100 FL% while majority of these have high UV and RFC values. Furthermore Jaccard index (JI) shows authenticity and novelty of recorded data compared to previous published studies. Plants having noticeable FL%, UV and RFC values not proved through similarity indices are precious to these

15

regions. So these should be taken in further consideration for phytochemical and pharmacological studies to explore their potential for future drug discovery. The unsustainable harvesting of such medicinal plants may cause a serious decline in their population due to urbanization and rapid environmental degradation in the area.

Uncited references (Ahmad, 1999; Ali and Qaiser, 1986; Heinrich, 2008; Pei, 1992, 2001; Rodríguez et al., 2006; Schmeda-Hirschmann et al., 2005; Schmeda-Hirschmann and Yesilada, 2005).

Acknowledgment We are grateful to Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for funding of this research project. We are also thankful to the local people, traditional healers who shared their knowledge on uses of plants with us.

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