- Email: [email protected]
Evaluation of Hatchery Incinerator Ash as a Source of Calcium for Laying Hens
Evaluation of Hatchery Incinerator Ash as a Source of Calcium for Laying Hens H. M. EDWARDS, JR., FRANCES DENMAN and W. W. G. SMART Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Received for publication March 7, 1977)
Poultry Science 56:1667-1669, 1977
T h e c o m b i n a t i o n of pollution problems, disease p r o b l e m s and increased labor costs has stimulated t h e installation of incinerators t o dispose of h a t c h e r y waste. D e p e n d i n g u p o n t y p e of h a t c h e r y and w h e t h e r or n o t o t h e r materials are b u r n e d in t h e incinerator, c o m p o sition of resulting ash might b e e x p e c t e d t o vary. In t h e present s t u d y ash from t h r e e different t y p e o p e r a t i o n s were tested as calcium sources in t h e rations of laying hens. T h e t h r e e sources were: (1) a broiler hatchery—composed of egg shells and infertile a n d u n h a t c h e d emb r y o , (2) a layer hatchery—composed of t h e same as from t h e broiler h a t c h e r y , plus male chicks, and (3) a broiler h a t c h e r y on a broiler breeder farm—composed of t h e same as for t h e broiler h a t c h e r y , plus dead m a t u r e birds from t h e farm. F o u r samples from each of these
three sources were collected a n d analyzed for moisture, ash, calcium and p h o s p h o r u s , a n d t h e results of these analyses are shown in Table 1. T h e samples containing incinerated broiler h a t c h e r y waste c o n t a i n e d t h e highest percentage ash and very little p h o s p h o r u s . T h e incinerated layer h a t c h e r y waste and incinerated broiler breeder farm and h a t c h e r y waste c o n t a i n e d less ash and m o r e p h o s p h o r u s . T h e lower ash percentage was probably caused b y i n c o m p l e t e ashing of t h e bones from chicks and older birds, and t h e increase in p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t resulted from t h e p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t of baby chicks in t h e case of t h e layer h a t c h e r y waste a n d t h e p h o s p h o r u s in m a t u r e birds in t h e case of t h e broiler farm and h a t c h e r y waste. T h e four samples from each incinerator were blended t o g e t h e r and tested as a source of
TABLE 1 .—Composition of three incinerated hatchery wastes tested
Moisture Ash Calcium Phosphorus
Incinerated broiler hatchery waste
Incinerated layer hatchery waste
Incinerated broiler breeder farm and hatchery waste
%
%
%
0.3 1 90.5 38.2 0.8
0.4 84.2 37.1 1.6
±0.05 ± 2.7 +0.38 ± 0.07
± ± ± +
0.04 1.1 1.0 0.25
0.5 81.5 39.6 3.1
+ 0.13 ± 1.1 ± 1.5 +0.08
1 All means and standard errors were derived from analyses of 4 samples of each type of incinerated hatchery waste.
1667
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 14, 2015
ABSTRACT Hatchery incinerator ash from three different sources was evaluated as a calcium source in the ration of laying hens. The various ash samples, depending upon the materials incinerated, varied from 37.1 to 39.6 percent calcium and 0.8 to 3.1 percent phosphorus. The hatchery incinerator ash was added in place of 5.75 percent limestone and 0.05 percent defluorinated phosphate in practical type laying rations. The results indicated the hatchery incinerator ash was able to completely replace limestone as a calcium source in laying hen ration since no significant differences were noted in egg production, egg weight, egg shell thickness, specific gravity of eggs or hen weight.
64.3 ± 3.9 59.1 ± 0.7 0.389 ± 0.014 1.0840 ± 0.0010
+ 4.2
59.5 ± 0.6 0.389 ±0.012 1.0845 + 0.0007
66.4
58.0 60.1 0.396 1.0867
± 3.7 + 0.7 ±0.011 ±0.0007
Incinerated broiler breeder farm and hatchery waste
All egg production means and standard errors were derived from data of 4 replications of 10 hens fed each calcium source for 6 twenty-eight day periods.
61.5 1 ±4.5 61.5 2 +0.6 0.384 ±0.015 1.0832±O.OOll
Incinerated layer hatchery waste
All egg weight, egg shell thickness and egg specific gravity mean and standard errors were derived from all eggs collected on days 27 and 28 of each 28-day experimental period.
2
1
Egg production, hen day basis, (%) Egg weight, (g.) Egg shell thickness, (mm.) Egg, specific gravity
Incinerated broiler hatchery waste
Calcium source
TABLE 2.—Effect of incinerator ash as a source of calcium in the ration of laying hens on egg production, egg weight, egg shell thickness and specific gravity of eggs
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 14, 2015
p
a m z s > z > z o
> a
Pi
O
RESEARCH NOTE calcium in laying rations. The basal control laying ration had the following composition, expressed as grams per 100 grams of ration: ground yellow corn, 67.5; soybean meal (49% protein), 15.0; alfalfa meal (17% protein), 3.75; poultry by-product meal, 5.0; poultry fat, 1.0; iodized salt, 0.5; defluorinated phosphate (18%P), 1.25; limestone, 5.75; vitamin mixture 1 , 0.15 and trace mineral mixture 2 , 0.10. One hundred sixty individually caged Single Comb White Leghorn hens were divided into a
randomized block with four replications of 10 birds each fed four rations formulated to contain equal amounts of calcium and phosphorus with the calcium coming from limestone or one of the incinerated hatchery products. The hens were at approximately 75% egg production when the experiment was started and data on egg production, egg weight, egg shell thickness and egg specific gravity were recorded for six twenty-eight day periods and the summarized results are presented in Table 2. No significant differences were noted in any of the measurements. Data on initial and final weight of hens were recorded, and no differences were evident (data not presented). These results indicate incinerated hatchery waste may be utilized as a source of calcium in laying rations and it is equal to limestone in supplying calcium to the laying hen for egg shell formation.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 14, 2015
1 Vitamin mixture supplies per kilogram of feed: Vitamin A (l.U.) 2,200.0; vitamin D3 (I.C.U.) 880.0; vitamin B 1 2 (mg.) .0066; riboflavin (mg.) 2.2; Ca pantothenate (mg.) 4.4; niacin (mg.) 9.9; choline CI (mg.) 99.0; ethoxyquin (gm.) .1243. 2 Trace mineral mixture supplies mg. per kilogram of feed: Ca 260, Mn 60, Co 0.4, Fe 25. Cu 2.0 Zn 3.5, 11.2.
1669
Poultry Science 56:1667-1669, 1977
T h e c o m b i n a t i o n of pollution problems, disease p r o b l e m s and increased labor costs has stimulated t h e installation of incinerators t o dispose of h a t c h e r y waste. D e p e n d i n g u p o n t y p e of h a t c h e r y and w h e t h e r or n o t o t h e r materials are b u r n e d in t h e incinerator, c o m p o sition of resulting ash might b e e x p e c t e d t o vary. In t h e present s t u d y ash from t h r e e different t y p e o p e r a t i o n s were tested as calcium sources in t h e rations of laying hens. T h e t h r e e sources were: (1) a broiler hatchery—composed of egg shells and infertile a n d u n h a t c h e d emb r y o , (2) a layer hatchery—composed of t h e same as from t h e broiler h a t c h e r y , plus male chicks, and (3) a broiler h a t c h e r y on a broiler breeder farm—composed of t h e same as for t h e broiler h a t c h e r y , plus dead m a t u r e birds from t h e farm. F o u r samples from each of these
three sources were collected a n d analyzed for moisture, ash, calcium and p h o s p h o r u s , a n d t h e results of these analyses are shown in Table 1. T h e samples containing incinerated broiler h a t c h e r y waste c o n t a i n e d t h e highest percentage ash and very little p h o s p h o r u s . T h e incinerated layer h a t c h e r y waste and incinerated broiler breeder farm and h a t c h e r y waste c o n t a i n e d less ash and m o r e p h o s p h o r u s . T h e lower ash percentage was probably caused b y i n c o m p l e t e ashing of t h e bones from chicks and older birds, and t h e increase in p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t resulted from t h e p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t of baby chicks in t h e case of t h e layer h a t c h e r y waste a n d t h e p h o s p h o r u s in m a t u r e birds in t h e case of t h e broiler farm and h a t c h e r y waste. T h e four samples from each incinerator were blended t o g e t h e r and tested as a source of
TABLE 1 .—Composition of three incinerated hatchery wastes tested
Moisture Ash Calcium Phosphorus
Incinerated broiler hatchery waste
Incinerated layer hatchery waste
Incinerated broiler breeder farm and hatchery waste
%
%
%
0.3 1 90.5 38.2 0.8
0.4 84.2 37.1 1.6
±0.05 ± 2.7 +0.38 ± 0.07
± ± ± +
0.04 1.1 1.0 0.25
0.5 81.5 39.6 3.1
+ 0.13 ± 1.1 ± 1.5 +0.08
1 All means and standard errors were derived from analyses of 4 samples of each type of incinerated hatchery waste.
1667
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 14, 2015
ABSTRACT Hatchery incinerator ash from three different sources was evaluated as a calcium source in the ration of laying hens. The various ash samples, depending upon the materials incinerated, varied from 37.1 to 39.6 percent calcium and 0.8 to 3.1 percent phosphorus. The hatchery incinerator ash was added in place of 5.75 percent limestone and 0.05 percent defluorinated phosphate in practical type laying rations. The results indicated the hatchery incinerator ash was able to completely replace limestone as a calcium source in laying hen ration since no significant differences were noted in egg production, egg weight, egg shell thickness, specific gravity of eggs or hen weight.
64.3 ± 3.9 59.1 ± 0.7 0.389 ± 0.014 1.0840 ± 0.0010
+ 4.2
59.5 ± 0.6 0.389 ±0.012 1.0845 + 0.0007
66.4
58.0 60.1 0.396 1.0867
± 3.7 + 0.7 ±0.011 ±0.0007
Incinerated broiler breeder farm and hatchery waste
All egg production means and standard errors were derived from data of 4 replications of 10 hens fed each calcium source for 6 twenty-eight day periods.
61.5 1 ±4.5 61.5 2 +0.6 0.384 ±0.015 1.0832±O.OOll
Incinerated layer hatchery waste
All egg weight, egg shell thickness and egg specific gravity mean and standard errors were derived from all eggs collected on days 27 and 28 of each 28-day experimental period.
2
1
Egg production, hen day basis, (%) Egg weight, (g.) Egg shell thickness, (mm.) Egg, specific gravity
Incinerated broiler hatchery waste
Calcium source
TABLE 2.—Effect of incinerator ash as a source of calcium in the ration of laying hens on egg production, egg weight, egg shell thickness and specific gravity of eggs
from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 14, 2015
p
a m z s > z > z o
> a
Pi
O
RESEARCH NOTE calcium in laying rations. The basal control laying ration had the following composition, expressed as grams per 100 grams of ration: ground yellow corn, 67.5; soybean meal (49% protein), 15.0; alfalfa meal (17% protein), 3.75; poultry by-product meal, 5.0; poultry fat, 1.0; iodized salt, 0.5; defluorinated phosphate (18%P), 1.25; limestone, 5.75; vitamin mixture 1 , 0.15 and trace mineral mixture 2 , 0.10. One hundred sixty individually caged Single Comb White Leghorn hens were divided into a
randomized block with four replications of 10 birds each fed four rations formulated to contain equal amounts of calcium and phosphorus with the calcium coming from limestone or one of the incinerated hatchery products. The hens were at approximately 75% egg production when the experiment was started and data on egg production, egg weight, egg shell thickness and egg specific gravity were recorded for six twenty-eight day periods and the summarized results are presented in Table 2. No significant differences were noted in any of the measurements. Data on initial and final weight of hens were recorded, and no differences were evident (data not presented). These results indicate incinerated hatchery waste may be utilized as a source of calcium in laying rations and it is equal to limestone in supplying calcium to the laying hen for egg shell formation.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 14, 2015
1 Vitamin mixture supplies per kilogram of feed: Vitamin A (l.U.) 2,200.0; vitamin D3 (I.C.U.) 880.0; vitamin B 1 2 (mg.) .0066; riboflavin (mg.) 2.2; Ca pantothenate (mg.) 4.4; niacin (mg.) 9.9; choline CI (mg.) 99.0; ethoxyquin (gm.) .1243. 2 Trace mineral mixture supplies mg. per kilogram of feed: Ca 260, Mn 60, Co 0.4, Fe 25. Cu 2.0 Zn 3.5, 11.2.
1669