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Yeast Grown on Hydrocarbon Fractions as a Protein Source in the Diet of Laying Hens
YEAST GROWN ON HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS AS A PROTEIN SOURCE IN THE DIET OF LAYING HENS PARK W. WALDROUP AND KENNY R. HAZEN
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville 72701
(Received for publication October 21, 1974)
POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 635-637, 1975
I
N recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the development of single cell proteins from yeast, bacteria or other organisms grown on hydrocarbon feedstocks. Several reports from this laboratory and elsewhere, reviewed by Waldroup and Payne (1974), have indicated that these materials have excellent nutritional value for growing chicks. However, little information has been reported in regard to the acceptability of single cell proteins derived from hydrocarbons as a protein source in layer diets. Shacklady (1967) evaluated the effects of two levels (10 and 20%) of a yeast grown on gas oil upon the production, fertility and hatchability of eggs from birds of a heavy broiler strain. Offspring from these birds were also grown to maturity and fed diets similar to those of their dams. Results indicated acceptable performance on the diets containing yeast. Shannon and McNab (1973) ran a series of digestion trials with colostomized hens using an n-paraffin yeast as the sole protein source in semi-synthetic diets. They found the mean true digestibility of the protein to be 90.7% with the various amino acids ranging between 90 to 96% digestible. The nitrogencorrected metabolizable energy of the yeast
Published with the approval of the Director of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.
for the laying hen was 2716 ± 43 kcal./kg. In order to obtain additional information regarding the feeding value of a yeast grown on high purity alkane fractions, a test was conducted in our laboratory with laying hens using diets similar in nutritive content to those used in commercial poultry production. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hens of an egg production strain (Babcock B-300) were grown to 32 weeks of age on standard farm diets. At this time, 240 hens were selected on the basis of general appearance and pelvic examination to assure that they were all laying. The hens were assigned at random to 120 laying cages with two hens per cage (25 x 46 cm.). Groups of five cages were designated as a replicate and were fed from a common feed container. Four groups were assigned to each of the six experimental diets. The test diets (Table 1) consisted of a diet which contained 5% of a Peruvian fish meal and corn-soy diets containing 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15% of a yeast grown on hydrocarbon fractions. The composition of this yeast was given in a previous communication (Waldroup et al., 1971). The diets were formulated by linear programming with the desired yeast and fish meal levels locked in and the remainder of the diet formulated by linear programming. The diets were calculated to
635
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Tennessee State University on June 8, 2015
ABSTRACT A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of feeding yeast grown on high purity alkane fractions to laying hens. The yeast was incorporated in corn-soybean meal type diets at levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15%. In addition, a diet with 5% Peruvian fish meal was fed as a positive control. The diets were calculated to be isonitrogenous (16% protein) and isocaloric (2970 M.E. kcal./kg.). All-mash diets were fed ad libitum for 140 days. Rate of egg production and other performance factors were not impaired by the inclusion of the yeast at the levels listed, indicating that this product was suitable for use in nutritionally-balanced diets for laying hens.
636
RESEARCH N O T E S
T A B L E 1. —Composition
Ingredient
Total Calculated Analysis: M.E. kcal./kg. % Protein % Calcium % Available phosphorus % Lysine % Meth + Cys
Percent of diet 4 3 5.00 2.50
5 10.00
6 15.00
0.00
2 0.00
3.00 1.69 6.22 69.69
3.00 3.28 6.31 65.08
3.00 3.15 6.48 65.21
3.00 3.04 6.64 65.32
3.00 2.80 6.96 65.55
3.00 2.58 7.28 65.73
12.25 1.15
19.38 1.90
16.96 1.65
14.54 1.40
9.70 0.90
4.88 0.40
0.00
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.09
0.13
5.00 0.40 0.10 0.50
0.00 0.40 0.10 0.50
0.00 0.40 0.10 0.50
0.00 0.40 0.10 0.50
0.00 0.40 0.10 0.50
0.00 0.40 0.10 0.50
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
2970 16.0 3.0
2970 16.0 3.0
2970 16.0 3.0
2970 16.0 3.0
2970 16.0 3.0
2970 16.0 3.0
0.45 0.86 0.53
0.45 0.79 0.53
0.45 0.80 0.53
0.45 0.81 0.53
0.45 0.83 0.53
0.45 0.85 0.53
'As given by Waldroup et al. (1971).
be isocaloric (2970 M.E. kcal./kg.) and isonitrogenous (16% protein). Kjeldahl analysis of the mixed feeds indicated close agreement with calculated values. The diets were fed ad libitum in all-mash form for five 28-day periods. Limited quantities of this experimental material prohibited a longer feeding period. At the end of each period, measurements were made of number of eggs produced, feed consumption, egg weight and albumen quality (Haugh units). These data were analyzed by 28-day intervals and for the total 140-day period. No diet x period interaction was observed so the results are presented for the entire period. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance as outlined by Steel and Torrie (1960) with significant differences between treat-
ments means determined by the multiple range test of Duncan (1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rate of egg production of hens fed diets containing up to 15% yeast derived from high purity alkane fractions was equal or superior to that of hens fed either an all-vegetable corn-soybean meal diet or a diet containing 5% Peruvian fish meal (Table 2). Hens fed the diet with 2.5% yeast had a significantly higher rate of egg production (P < 0.05) than those fed any of the other diets. Production on all diets would be considered satisfactory. No significant differences were noted among treatment groups in efficiency of feed utilization, expressed as grams of feed per egg, or for egg quality factors such as egg size
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Tennessee State University on June 8, 2015
Yeast Alfalfa meal (20% protein) Animal fat Limestone Yellow corn Dehulled soybean meal (49% protein) Dicalcium phosphate DL-methionine (98% protein) Peruvian fish meal (65% protein) Salt Trace mineral mix' Vitamin premix 1
1
of layer diets with hydrocarbon yeast protein
637
RESEARCH NOTES
TABLE 2.—Response of egg production type hens to diets containing hydrocarbon yeast protein (140-day study) Treatment Fish meal control Soybean control +2.5% yeast +5% yeast + 10% yeast + 15% yeast
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Eggs/hen 1 105.71 b 106.45b 112.89s 104.42" 102.83" 104.40"
Feed/egg (gm.) 158 137 138 156 164 138
Haugh units 79.9 80.0 81.8 84.7 82.6 82.7
Egg/size (gm.) 59.4 58.3 57.3 57.4 59.1 60.6
Mortality 2 3/40 6/40 2/40 2/40 5/40 5/40
'Means having the same superscript do not differ significantly (P < 0.05). Indicates number that diet out of total number tested.
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors express their thanks to the Gulf Research and Development Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., for providing the yeast protein and for a grant-in-aid in support of these trials. The assistance of Mrs. Zelpha Johnson in the statistical analysis is greatly appreciated.
REFERENCES Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Shacklady, C. A., 1967. Production and utilization of BP protein concentrate. Part II. The use of hydrocarbon-grown yeast in commercial type rations for pigs and poultry. Second International Conference on Global Impacts of Applied Microbiology. Addis Ababa. Shannon, D. W. F., and J. M. McNab, 1973. The digestibility of the nitrogen, amino acids, lipid, carbohydrates, ribonucleic acid and phosphorus of an n-paraffin-grown yeast when given to colostomized laying hens. J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 24: 27-34. Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y. Waldroup, P. W., C. M. Hillard and R. J. Mitchell, 1971. The nutritive value of yeast grown on hydrocarbon fractions for broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 50: 1022-1029. Waldroup, P. W., and J. R. Payne, 1974. Feeding value of methanol-derived single cell protein for broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 53: 1039-1042.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 634)
Soil and Water Division—Howard P. Johnson, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. The Administrative Council Directors are: Awards Department—William H. Johnson, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; and Publications Department—Paul Jacobson, Hazra Engineering Co., Chicago, Illinois.
The Regional Directors are: Illinois-Wisconsin— Douglas L. Bosworth, John Deere Plow & Planters Works, Moline, Illinois; Mid-Central Region—Norris P. Swanson, U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; Pacific Coast Region—Bill L. Harriott, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Southwest Region—B. R. Stewart,
(Continued on page 638)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Tennessee State University on June 8, 2015
or albumen quality (Table 2). Mortality during the study was variable and did not appear to be related to dietary treatment. The results of this study would indicate that the yeast sample used in this study is an adequate protein source for layer hen diets to the extent of the maximum level used in this study (15%). Higher levels should be examined with caution in light of the feed intake problems associated with higher usage levels in broiler diets in previous studies from this laboratory (Waldroup et al., 1971).
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville 72701
(Received for publication October 21, 1974)
POULTRY SCIENCE 54: 635-637, 1975
I
N recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the development of single cell proteins from yeast, bacteria or other organisms grown on hydrocarbon feedstocks. Several reports from this laboratory and elsewhere, reviewed by Waldroup and Payne (1974), have indicated that these materials have excellent nutritional value for growing chicks. However, little information has been reported in regard to the acceptability of single cell proteins derived from hydrocarbons as a protein source in layer diets. Shacklady (1967) evaluated the effects of two levels (10 and 20%) of a yeast grown on gas oil upon the production, fertility and hatchability of eggs from birds of a heavy broiler strain. Offspring from these birds were also grown to maturity and fed diets similar to those of their dams. Results indicated acceptable performance on the diets containing yeast. Shannon and McNab (1973) ran a series of digestion trials with colostomized hens using an n-paraffin yeast as the sole protein source in semi-synthetic diets. They found the mean true digestibility of the protein to be 90.7% with the various amino acids ranging between 90 to 96% digestible. The nitrogencorrected metabolizable energy of the yeast
Published with the approval of the Director of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.
for the laying hen was 2716 ± 43 kcal./kg. In order to obtain additional information regarding the feeding value of a yeast grown on high purity alkane fractions, a test was conducted in our laboratory with laying hens using diets similar in nutritive content to those used in commercial poultry production. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hens of an egg production strain (Babcock B-300) were grown to 32 weeks of age on standard farm diets. At this time, 240 hens were selected on the basis of general appearance and pelvic examination to assure that they were all laying. The hens were assigned at random to 120 laying cages with two hens per cage (25 x 46 cm.). Groups of five cages were designated as a replicate and were fed from a common feed container. Four groups were assigned to each of the six experimental diets. The test diets (Table 1) consisted of a diet which contained 5% of a Peruvian fish meal and corn-soy diets containing 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15% of a yeast grown on hydrocarbon fractions. The composition of this yeast was given in a previous communication (Waldroup et al., 1971). The diets were formulated by linear programming with the desired yeast and fish meal levels locked in and the remainder of the diet formulated by linear programming. The diets were calculated to
635
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Tennessee State University on June 8, 2015
ABSTRACT A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of feeding yeast grown on high purity alkane fractions to laying hens. The yeast was incorporated in corn-soybean meal type diets at levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15%. In addition, a diet with 5% Peruvian fish meal was fed as a positive control. The diets were calculated to be isonitrogenous (16% protein) and isocaloric (2970 M.E. kcal./kg.). All-mash diets were fed ad libitum for 140 days. Rate of egg production and other performance factors were not impaired by the inclusion of the yeast at the levels listed, indicating that this product was suitable for use in nutritionally-balanced diets for laying hens.
636
RESEARCH N O T E S
T A B L E 1. —Composition
Ingredient
Total Calculated Analysis: M.E. kcal./kg. % Protein % Calcium % Available phosphorus % Lysine % Meth + Cys
Percent of diet 4 3 5.00 2.50
5 10.00
6 15.00
0.00
2 0.00
3.00 1.69 6.22 69.69
3.00 3.28 6.31 65.08
3.00 3.15 6.48 65.21
3.00 3.04 6.64 65.32
3.00 2.80 6.96 65.55
3.00 2.58 7.28 65.73
12.25 1.15
19.38 1.90
16.96 1.65
14.54 1.40
9.70 0.90
4.88 0.40
0.00
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.09
0.13
5.00 0.40 0.10 0.50
0.00 0.40 0.10 0.50
0.00 0.40 0.10 0.50
0.00 0.40 0.10 0.50
0.00 0.40 0.10 0.50
0.00 0.40 0.10 0.50
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
2970 16.0 3.0
2970 16.0 3.0
2970 16.0 3.0
2970 16.0 3.0
2970 16.0 3.0
2970 16.0 3.0
0.45 0.86 0.53
0.45 0.79 0.53
0.45 0.80 0.53
0.45 0.81 0.53
0.45 0.83 0.53
0.45 0.85 0.53
'As given by Waldroup et al. (1971).
be isocaloric (2970 M.E. kcal./kg.) and isonitrogenous (16% protein). Kjeldahl analysis of the mixed feeds indicated close agreement with calculated values. The diets were fed ad libitum in all-mash form for five 28-day periods. Limited quantities of this experimental material prohibited a longer feeding period. At the end of each period, measurements were made of number of eggs produced, feed consumption, egg weight and albumen quality (Haugh units). These data were analyzed by 28-day intervals and for the total 140-day period. No diet x period interaction was observed so the results are presented for the entire period. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance as outlined by Steel and Torrie (1960) with significant differences between treat-
ments means determined by the multiple range test of Duncan (1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rate of egg production of hens fed diets containing up to 15% yeast derived from high purity alkane fractions was equal or superior to that of hens fed either an all-vegetable corn-soybean meal diet or a diet containing 5% Peruvian fish meal (Table 2). Hens fed the diet with 2.5% yeast had a significantly higher rate of egg production (P < 0.05) than those fed any of the other diets. Production on all diets would be considered satisfactory. No significant differences were noted among treatment groups in efficiency of feed utilization, expressed as grams of feed per egg, or for egg quality factors such as egg size
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Tennessee State University on June 8, 2015
Yeast Alfalfa meal (20% protein) Animal fat Limestone Yellow corn Dehulled soybean meal (49% protein) Dicalcium phosphate DL-methionine (98% protein) Peruvian fish meal (65% protein) Salt Trace mineral mix' Vitamin premix 1
1
of layer diets with hydrocarbon yeast protein
637
RESEARCH NOTES
TABLE 2.—Response of egg production type hens to diets containing hydrocarbon yeast protein (140-day study) Treatment Fish meal control Soybean control +2.5% yeast +5% yeast + 10% yeast + 15% yeast
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Eggs/hen 1 105.71 b 106.45b 112.89s 104.42" 102.83" 104.40"
Feed/egg (gm.) 158 137 138 156 164 138
Haugh units 79.9 80.0 81.8 84.7 82.6 82.7
Egg/size (gm.) 59.4 58.3 57.3 57.4 59.1 60.6
Mortality 2 3/40 6/40 2/40 2/40 5/40 5/40
'Means having the same superscript do not differ significantly (P < 0.05). Indicates number that diet out of total number tested.
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors express their thanks to the Gulf Research and Development Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., for providing the yeast protein and for a grant-in-aid in support of these trials. The assistance of Mrs. Zelpha Johnson in the statistical analysis is greatly appreciated.
REFERENCES Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Shacklady, C. A., 1967. Production and utilization of BP protein concentrate. Part II. The use of hydrocarbon-grown yeast in commercial type rations for pigs and poultry. Second International Conference on Global Impacts of Applied Microbiology. Addis Ababa. Shannon, D. W. F., and J. M. McNab, 1973. The digestibility of the nitrogen, amino acids, lipid, carbohydrates, ribonucleic acid and phosphorus of an n-paraffin-grown yeast when given to colostomized laying hens. J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 24: 27-34. Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y. Waldroup, P. W., C. M. Hillard and R. J. Mitchell, 1971. The nutritive value of yeast grown on hydrocarbon fractions for broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 50: 1022-1029. Waldroup, P. W., and J. R. Payne, 1974. Feeding value of methanol-derived single cell protein for broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 53: 1039-1042.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 634)
Soil and Water Division—Howard P. Johnson, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. The Administrative Council Directors are: Awards Department—William H. Johnson, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; and Publications Department—Paul Jacobson, Hazra Engineering Co., Chicago, Illinois.
The Regional Directors are: Illinois-Wisconsin— Douglas L. Bosworth, John Deere Plow & Planters Works, Moline, Illinois; Mid-Central Region—Norris P. Swanson, U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas; Pacific Coast Region—Bill L. Harriott, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Southwest Region—B. R. Stewart,
(Continued on page 638)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at East Tennessee State University on June 8, 2015
or albumen quality (Table 2). Mortality during the study was variable and did not appear to be related to dietary treatment. The results of this study would indicate that the yeast sample used in this study is an adequate protein source for layer hen diets to the extent of the maximum level used in this study (15%). Higher levels should be examined with caution in light of the feed intake problems associated with higher usage levels in broiler diets in previous studies from this laboratory (Waldroup et al., 1971).