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Evaluation of Spent Bleaching Clay as a Feed Supplement in Layer Diets1
Evaluation of Spent Bleaching Clay as a Feed Supplement in Layer Diets' ROBERT BLAIR2 and JEANNE GAGNON Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0 R. E. SALMON Research Station, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Swift Current, Saskatchewan S9H 3X2
CSP Foods, Ltd., Box 190, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7K 3K7 (Received for publication April 8, 1985) ABSTRACT Spent bleaching clay, a bentonite product from canola oil refining, was fed up to 4% to 48 laying hens from 22 to 31 weeks of age. No significant effects were observed on production, shell quality, or mortality. Egg quality was unaffected except reduced yolk color, suggesting that this effect would have to be taken into account in formulating diets for markets in which a deep yolk color is required. (Key words: nutrition, canola, layer, bleaching clay, diet) 1986 Poultry Science 65:1990-1992 INTRODUCTION
Spent bleaching clay from canola oil refining contains a substantial amount of adsorbed oil (28 to 34%) and is thus a potential source of feed energy. Blair et al. (1986) reported that it could be incorporated into broiler diets, and the purpose of the investigation outlined in this report was to determine whether it could be incorporated into layer diets. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Dietary Treatments. Unused bentonite clay (Pembina Clays Ltd., Winnipeg, Manitoba) and spent clay (CSP Foods Ltd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) were incorporated into layer diets (Table 1) at levels equivalent to 2 and 4% spent clay. Canola oil was added to the test diets at 3.0 and 4.36% so that the total amount of canola oil included in the diet remained constant. All diets were formulated to contain a constant apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and crude protein and were prepared in mash form. The
'Conducted under Agriculture Canada Feed from Waste Contract File Number 01SG-01331-3-0011. 2 Present address: Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A2.
AME of the spent clay was determined in a previous study (Blair et al., 1986). Birds and Management. Forty-eight Shaver 288 pullets aged 19.4 weeks were used. Pullets were weighed, placed individually in layer cages (measuring 30.5-cm wide x 45.7-cm long x 35.6-cm high), and fed a pullet diet for 3 weeks before being switched to the test diets. Birds were housed in a heated room illuminated 8 hr/day at the start. Illumination was increased over 6 wk to a constant 16 hr/day thereafter Week 1, 8 hr; Week 2, 12 hr; Week 3, 13 hr; Week 4, 14 hr; Week 5, 15 hr; Week 6, 16 hr). Feed and water provided in troughs on an ad libitum basis. Design. Five diets were used; 8 birds were allotted to each of the four test diets and 16 to the control diet, according to a statistical plan that removed position and tier effects in the battery. The experimental period was 9 weeks. Records were maintained of daily egg production per bird, individual egg weights, individual live weights weekly, and amount of feed eaten per bird weekly. All eggs laid on 2 days each week were collected and kept for quality determination in a cooler (2.5 C and 88% relative humidity) for 2 to 3 days. Eggs were weighed and then opened. Albumen quality was determined by measurement of albumen height, using an elec-
1990
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 27, 2015
M. D. P1CKARD
1991
RESEARCH NOTE TABLE 1. Compositions and analyses of layer diets containing unused or spent clay Diets Spent clay
(%)
Control 66.0 10.5 3.0
63.4 11.1 3.0 2.0
60.8 11.7 3.0 4.0
20.5
20.5
20.5
100 Determined analyses %, air dry basis Dry matter Crude protein Ash Ether extract Crude fiber Calcium Phosphorus
Unused clay
4%
90.3 18.2 8.8 4.8 3.4 4.06 .76
100
100
90.4 18.4 9.7 5.3 3.0 3.66 .75
90.8 18.5 10.3 5.8 3.2 3.46 .73
1.32%
2.64%
63.4 11.1 3.68
60.8 11.7 4.36
1.32 20.5
2.64 20.5
100
90.4 18.6 9.6 5.0 3.2 3.62 .77
100
89.9 18.3 10.6 5.7 3.1 3.57 .76
'Canola meal 10.0, ground limestone 8.7, dicalcium phosphate 1.3, salt (NaCl) .2, DL-methionine . 1 , vitamin/mineral mixture .2. Vitamin/mineral mixture supplied per kilogram diet: vitamin A 8,000 IU; vitamin D 3 2,000 IU; vitamin E 9 IU; vitamin K (menadione) 2 mg; riboflavin 4 mg: Pantothenic acid 10 mg: niacin 25 mg; folic acid 1 mg; biotin 200 jug; vitamin B 12 10 /ug; zinc 60 mg; copper 5 mg; manganese 60 mg; selenium .1 mg; ethoxyquin 125 mg.
tronic albumen meter (Buckley et al., 1981). Albumen height (H) and egg weight (W) were used to calculate Haugh Units (HU), using the formulaHU = 1001og(H + 7.57-1.7W 37 ). Yolk color score was obtained by comparison with a Roche yolk color fan (Vuilleumier, 1969). Shells were cleaned of adhering albumen by rinsing them in water at around 15 C (both shell membranes were left intact), followed by removal to pre weighed aluminum drying dishes, drying in a vacuum oven (at 100 C for 15 hr), and then weighing. Data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (for live weights, covariance on initial live weight) followed by the Student-Newmans-Kuel's test (Steel andTorrie, 1980) to separate significantly different means. Chemical Analyses. Diets were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, calcium, and phosphorus by conventional methods (Blair et al., 1986). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Laying hen performance results are shown in Table 2. Neither percentage egg production nor daily feed intake per bird was influenced signif-
icantly by treatment. Live weights after 9 weeks on test were similarly not influenced by treatment. Mean egg weight was significantly (P< .05) higher in birds fed the diet containing 2% spent clay, but the effect of spent clay did not appear to be consistent, because inclusion of 4% resulted in an egg weight similar to that of the controls. Haugh unit score was lower for birds fed 1.32% unused clay than for birds fed the 2.64%. Yolk color was reduced significantly by inclusion of clay in the diet, and the effect was more marked with unused clay than with spent clay. Shell weight was higher with 2% spent clay in the diet than with 2.64% unused clay. One bird receiving the control diet died after 7 weeks on test. Necropsy revealed the cause of death was lymphoid leukosis. These results are in accordance with the results obtained with broilers (Blair et al., 1986) and confirm that the spent clay can be regarded as a product for potential use in poultry feed. The only demonstrable deleterious effect of spent clay was in relation to egg yolk color, which was reduced when the diet contained this product. Unused clay had a more pronounced effect. This effect was probably due to adsorp-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 27, 2015
Wheat Soybean meal Canola oil (refined) Spent clay Unused clay Constant ingredients1
2%
1992
BLAIR ET. AL TABLE 2. Egg production, egg quality, feed intake, and live weight of laying hens fed diets containing unused or spent clay from 22 to 31 weeks of age Spent clay 0%
2%
4%
0%
1.32%
2.64%
1.25 1.39 86.2 95.6 51.la 87.0 a b 3.43 a 4.83ab
1.28 1.46 90.7 105.1 54.6 b 86.7 a b 2.55 e 5.0 b
1.17 1.35 89.4 91.0 51.4 a 86.0 a b 1.86 d 4.85ab
1.25 1.39 86.2 95.6 51.la 87.0 a b 3.43 a 4.83ab
1.22 1.33 94.2 100.5 50.4 a 84.2 a 1.51 c 4.82ab
1.27 1.47 94.6 104.1 51.7 a 88.5 b 1.38 b 4.74 a
Means within measurement bearing different superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). 1
Based on the Roche color fan: 1 = lowest; 15 = highest.
tion by the clay of dietary pigmenting agents in the digestive tract. This feature would have to be taken into account in formulating layer diets for markets in which a deep yolk color is required. REFERENCES Blair, R., J. Gagnon, R. E. Salmon, and M. D. Pickard,
1986. Evaluation of spent bleaching clay as a feed supplement in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. (in press). Buckley, D. S., G. St. Amour, and R. W. Fairfull, 1981. An improved electronic gauge for measuring egg albumen height. Poultry Sci. 60:777-780. Steel, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie, 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., Toronto, Ont., Can. Vuilleumier, J. P., 1969. The 'Roche Yolk Colour Fan' - an instrument for measuring yolk colour. Poultry Sci. 48:767-779.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 27, 2015
Live weight at start, kg Live weight after 9 weeks, kg Egg production, % Feed intake, g/day Mean egg weight, g Haugh units Yolk color1 Shell weight, g
Unused clay
CSP Foods, Ltd., Box 190, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7K 3K7 (Received for publication April 8, 1985) ABSTRACT Spent bleaching clay, a bentonite product from canola oil refining, was fed up to 4% to 48 laying hens from 22 to 31 weeks of age. No significant effects were observed on production, shell quality, or mortality. Egg quality was unaffected except reduced yolk color, suggesting that this effect would have to be taken into account in formulating diets for markets in which a deep yolk color is required. (Key words: nutrition, canola, layer, bleaching clay, diet) 1986 Poultry Science 65:1990-1992 INTRODUCTION
Spent bleaching clay from canola oil refining contains a substantial amount of adsorbed oil (28 to 34%) and is thus a potential source of feed energy. Blair et al. (1986) reported that it could be incorporated into broiler diets, and the purpose of the investigation outlined in this report was to determine whether it could be incorporated into layer diets. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Dietary Treatments. Unused bentonite clay (Pembina Clays Ltd., Winnipeg, Manitoba) and spent clay (CSP Foods Ltd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) were incorporated into layer diets (Table 1) at levels equivalent to 2 and 4% spent clay. Canola oil was added to the test diets at 3.0 and 4.36% so that the total amount of canola oil included in the diet remained constant. All diets were formulated to contain a constant apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and crude protein and were prepared in mash form. The
'Conducted under Agriculture Canada Feed from Waste Contract File Number 01SG-01331-3-0011. 2 Present address: Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A2.
AME of the spent clay was determined in a previous study (Blair et al., 1986). Birds and Management. Forty-eight Shaver 288 pullets aged 19.4 weeks were used. Pullets were weighed, placed individually in layer cages (measuring 30.5-cm wide x 45.7-cm long x 35.6-cm high), and fed a pullet diet for 3 weeks before being switched to the test diets. Birds were housed in a heated room illuminated 8 hr/day at the start. Illumination was increased over 6 wk to a constant 16 hr/day thereafter Week 1, 8 hr; Week 2, 12 hr; Week 3, 13 hr; Week 4, 14 hr; Week 5, 15 hr; Week 6, 16 hr). Feed and water provided in troughs on an ad libitum basis. Design. Five diets were used; 8 birds were allotted to each of the four test diets and 16 to the control diet, according to a statistical plan that removed position and tier effects in the battery. The experimental period was 9 weeks. Records were maintained of daily egg production per bird, individual egg weights, individual live weights weekly, and amount of feed eaten per bird weekly. All eggs laid on 2 days each week were collected and kept for quality determination in a cooler (2.5 C and 88% relative humidity) for 2 to 3 days. Eggs were weighed and then opened. Albumen quality was determined by measurement of albumen height, using an elec-
1990
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 27, 2015
M. D. P1CKARD
1991
RESEARCH NOTE TABLE 1. Compositions and analyses of layer diets containing unused or spent clay Diets Spent clay
(%)
Control 66.0 10.5 3.0
63.4 11.1 3.0 2.0
60.8 11.7 3.0 4.0
20.5
20.5
20.5
100 Determined analyses %, air dry basis Dry matter Crude protein Ash Ether extract Crude fiber Calcium Phosphorus
Unused clay
4%
90.3 18.2 8.8 4.8 3.4 4.06 .76
100
100
90.4 18.4 9.7 5.3 3.0 3.66 .75
90.8 18.5 10.3 5.8 3.2 3.46 .73
1.32%
2.64%
63.4 11.1 3.68
60.8 11.7 4.36
1.32 20.5
2.64 20.5
100
90.4 18.6 9.6 5.0 3.2 3.62 .77
100
89.9 18.3 10.6 5.7 3.1 3.57 .76
'Canola meal 10.0, ground limestone 8.7, dicalcium phosphate 1.3, salt (NaCl) .2, DL-methionine . 1 , vitamin/mineral mixture .2. Vitamin/mineral mixture supplied per kilogram diet: vitamin A 8,000 IU; vitamin D 3 2,000 IU; vitamin E 9 IU; vitamin K (menadione) 2 mg; riboflavin 4 mg: Pantothenic acid 10 mg: niacin 25 mg; folic acid 1 mg; biotin 200 jug; vitamin B 12 10 /ug; zinc 60 mg; copper 5 mg; manganese 60 mg; selenium .1 mg; ethoxyquin 125 mg.
tronic albumen meter (Buckley et al., 1981). Albumen height (H) and egg weight (W) were used to calculate Haugh Units (HU), using the formulaHU = 1001og(H + 7.57-1.7W 37 ). Yolk color score was obtained by comparison with a Roche yolk color fan (Vuilleumier, 1969). Shells were cleaned of adhering albumen by rinsing them in water at around 15 C (both shell membranes were left intact), followed by removal to pre weighed aluminum drying dishes, drying in a vacuum oven (at 100 C for 15 hr), and then weighing. Data were analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (for live weights, covariance on initial live weight) followed by the Student-Newmans-Kuel's test (Steel andTorrie, 1980) to separate significantly different means. Chemical Analyses. Diets were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, calcium, and phosphorus by conventional methods (Blair et al., 1986). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Laying hen performance results are shown in Table 2. Neither percentage egg production nor daily feed intake per bird was influenced signif-
icantly by treatment. Live weights after 9 weeks on test were similarly not influenced by treatment. Mean egg weight was significantly (P< .05) higher in birds fed the diet containing 2% spent clay, but the effect of spent clay did not appear to be consistent, because inclusion of 4% resulted in an egg weight similar to that of the controls. Haugh unit score was lower for birds fed 1.32% unused clay than for birds fed the 2.64%. Yolk color was reduced significantly by inclusion of clay in the diet, and the effect was more marked with unused clay than with spent clay. Shell weight was higher with 2% spent clay in the diet than with 2.64% unused clay. One bird receiving the control diet died after 7 weeks on test. Necropsy revealed the cause of death was lymphoid leukosis. These results are in accordance with the results obtained with broilers (Blair et al., 1986) and confirm that the spent clay can be regarded as a product for potential use in poultry feed. The only demonstrable deleterious effect of spent clay was in relation to egg yolk color, which was reduced when the diet contained this product. Unused clay had a more pronounced effect. This effect was probably due to adsorp-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 27, 2015
Wheat Soybean meal Canola oil (refined) Spent clay Unused clay Constant ingredients1
2%
1992
BLAIR ET. AL TABLE 2. Egg production, egg quality, feed intake, and live weight of laying hens fed diets containing unused or spent clay from 22 to 31 weeks of age Spent clay 0%
2%
4%
0%
1.32%
2.64%
1.25 1.39 86.2 95.6 51.la 87.0 a b 3.43 a 4.83ab
1.28 1.46 90.7 105.1 54.6 b 86.7 a b 2.55 e 5.0 b
1.17 1.35 89.4 91.0 51.4 a 86.0 a b 1.86 d 4.85ab
1.25 1.39 86.2 95.6 51.la 87.0 a b 3.43 a 4.83ab
1.22 1.33 94.2 100.5 50.4 a 84.2 a 1.51 c 4.82ab
1.27 1.47 94.6 104.1 51.7 a 88.5 b 1.38 b 4.74 a
Means within measurement bearing different superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). 1
Based on the Roche color fan: 1 = lowest; 15 = highest.
tion by the clay of dietary pigmenting agents in the digestive tract. This feature would have to be taken into account in formulating layer diets for markets in which a deep yolk color is required. REFERENCES Blair, R., J. Gagnon, R. E. Salmon, and M. D. Pickard,
1986. Evaluation of spent bleaching clay as a feed supplement in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. (in press). Buckley, D. S., G. St. Amour, and R. W. Fairfull, 1981. An improved electronic gauge for measuring egg albumen height. Poultry Sci. 60:777-780. Steel, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie, 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., Toronto, Ont., Can. Vuilleumier, J. P., 1969. The 'Roche Yolk Colour Fan' - an instrument for measuring yolk colour. Poultry Sci. 48:767-779.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Karolinska Institutet University Library on May 27, 2015
Live weight at start, kg Live weight after 9 weeks, kg Egg production, % Feed intake, g/day Mean egg weight, g Haugh units Yolk color1 Shell weight, g
Unused clay