Evaluation of Spray-Dried Plasma in Broiler Diets With or Without Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate

 C 2019 Poultry Science Association Inc.

H. G. Walters,∗ A. Jasek,∗ J. M. Campbell,† C. Coufal,∗ and J. T. Lee∗,1 ∗

Poultry Science Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA; and † APC Inc. Ankeny, IA 50021, USA

SUMMARY The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of dietary inclusion of spraydried animal plasma (SDAP) during the starter phase with or without bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) on broiler performance. The experimental design included a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of SDAP (0 or 2% during the starter phase only) and BMD (0 or 50 g/ton during the whole study) resulting in a total of four dietary treatments. Prior to placement, broilers received a coccidiosis vaccine via a commercial spray cabinet and were placed on recycled litter for a 41-d assay period. The addition of BMD positively influenced growth performance with elevated BW on day 10, 28, and 41, and a reduction in FCR during the finisher phase and cumulatively throughout the entirety of the trial. Inclusion of SDAP at 2% during the starter phase increased (P < 0.001) day 10 BW by 18 g when compared to the control. This increase in BW continued through day 28 and 41 with improvements (P < 0.05) in flock uniformity on day 41 being observed. Additionally, starter diet inclusion of SDAP reduced (P < 0.001) starter FCR, while grower and finisher FCR were not impacted. The improvement in FCR observed when SDAP was present resulted in cumulative day 1 to 41 FCR being reduced (P = 0.02) as compared to control fed broilers. Neither feed consumption nor mortality were impacted by the addition of SDAP or BMD. These results demonstrate the benefit of SDAP supplementation when included in the starter phase with benefits in BW and FCR in diets with or without BMD. Key words: blood plasma, broilers, performance, antibiotic-free 2019 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 0:1–10 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfy080

DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM Due to the continuous movement towards antibiotic free (ABF) broiler production, poultry integrators are faced with numerous challenges to successfully produce ABF birds while maintaining adequate performance and minimizing production costs. With the removal of antibiotics such as bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD), as well as ionophore anticoccidials in ABF systems, producers are forced to explore 1

Corresponding author: [email protected]

alternative ingredients and methods to combat the health and enteric disease challenges present [1]. Spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) is a highly digestible and functional protein byproduct obtained from the fractionation of animal blood. This protein source is manufactured from commercial slaughtering facilities by the collection of whole blood that is further processed and dried in order to preserve protein quality and function [2]. Although SDAP contains approximately 78% crude protein with relatively high concentrations of essential amino

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Evaluation of spray-dried plasma in broiler diets with or without bacitracin methylene disalicylate

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WALTERS ET AL.: EVALUATION OF SPRAY-DRIED ANIMAL with or without the inclusion of BMD on broiler performance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental Diets The impact of SDAP [22] in diets with and without BMD on broiler performance was evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design consisting of four dietary treatments throughout a 41 d grow-out period. (Table 1). All diets were corn–soybean meal based and were formulated based on a 2 × 2 factorial consisting of SDAP and BMD inclusion. Spray-dried animal plasma was included at 2% in the starter diet (day 1–10) and discontinued following day 10. The addition of BMD in the medicated treatments was included at a sub-therapeutic level (50 g/ton) throughout the duration of trial. Treatments consisted of: (1) BMD 50 g/ton, no SDAP; (2) non-medicated, no SDAP; (3) BMD 50 g/ton, SDAP 2%; and (4) non-medicated, SDAP 2%. All diets contained equal energy and crude protein levels and included corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and meat and bone meal throughout the study. During feed manufacturing, two basal starter diets (Table 1; Control or SDAP) were mixed, divided equally, then BMD was added to the appropriate batch and re-blended to make the final starter feed treatments. For each grower and finisher phases, one common basal diet was mixed, equally divided, then BMD was added and the batch was reblended to make the final grower or Finisher feed treatment. All diets were supplemented with 250 FTU/kg of phytase [23] with a matrix value of 0.145% available phosphorus and 0.145% calcium. Starter diet was pelleted and then crumbled while grower and finisher diets were only pelleted. The conditioning time was approximately 12 s with a pelleting temperature ranging from 74◦ C –77◦ C. Samples were collected in duplicate during feed manufacturing for nutrient analysis (Table 2). Crude protein was determined using AOAC by combustion (AOAC 990.03), total phosphorus determined by wet ash ICP (AOAC 985.01 M), acid detergent fiber determined using an ANKOM digestion unit (AOAC 973.18),

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acids such as lysine, tryptophan, and threonine [3], it also possesses functional proteins that further enhance performance and improve animal health [4]. These functional components include immunoglobulins, albumin, fibrinogen, lipids, growth factors, enzymes, and various other biological factors that impact the intestine beyond their nutritional value [4]. Since the first proposed use of SDAP in swine diets in the late 1980’s [5, 6], various studies have been published demonstrating its beneficial effects on swine health and performance [7–9] with inclusion levels ranging from 4%–8% to achieve optimum growth [10]. Additionally, preceding research has proposed that benefits elicited from the addition of SDAP are more pronounced in a health-challenged setting compared to more sanitary, conventional environments [10–13]. Although not fully understood, the previous literature has suggested that the mechanism of action involving SDAP includes the mediation of the immune system through lower expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in a reduced inflammatory response both locally and systemically [4, 7, 14]. When the immune system is compromised, feed intake is suppressed, and protein and energy stores are mobilized to support the initial acutephase response [15, 16]. The ability to modulate the immune system allows the animal to repartition nutrients from the energy-taxing maintenance and deployment of the immune system, and redistribute those nutritional and energy resources to anabolic processes such as growth and protein accretion [15–17]. Similar challenges are experienced between both the newly hatched chick and weaned piglet, especially in ABF systems, justifying the ability for SDAP to improve animal health and performance in both monogastric species [18]. Although previous research regarding the use of SDAP in poultry is limited, several authors have reported improvements in both health and performance when feeding SDAP between 0.5% and 2.0% [13, 19–21]. It is possible that the addition of SDAP in poultry diets may be a viable alternative to antibiotics with positive impacts on bird health and performance being apparent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of SDAP fed during the starter phase

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Table 1. Dietary Formulation of Diets With/Without Animal Plasma and BMD Fed to Male Broilers. Ingredient

Calculated nutrient concentration Protein Crude fat AV-Lysine AV-Methionine AV-TSAA AV-Threonine Calcium Available phosphorus Total phosphorus Sodium Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg)

SDAP2

Grower Control

Finisher Control

58.56 29.00 0.29 0.25 0.07 1.90 0.95 0.43 0.41 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.03 5.00 3.00 0.00 0.01

61.20 25.50 0.29 0.20 0.03 1.00 1.01 0.34 0.30 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.03 5.00 3.00 2.00 0.01

67.15 20.35 0.27 0.31 0.09 1.16 0.55 0.00 0.19 0.29 0.05 0.04 0.03 5.00 4.51 0.00 0.01

69.96 18.20 0.20 0.23 0.07 2.13 0.83 0.25 0.15 0.38 0.05 0.03 0.03 5.00 2.50 0.00 0.01

22.51 4.98 1.18 0.60 0.87 0.77 0.90 0.45 0.58 0.20 3047

22.50 4.16 1.18 0.60 0.92 0.77 0.90 0.45 0.57 0.20 3047

19.88 4.66 1.04 0.55 0.79 0.69 0.80 0.40 0.52 0.20 3102

17.91 5.47 0.89 0.46 0.69 0.60 0.75 0.38 0.49 0.20 3168

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Trace mineral premix added in the starter yields 180 mg of manganese, 108 mg of total zinc, 5.1 mg of copper, 3.51 mg of iodine, 0.3 mg of total selenium, and 0.013 g of Bacillus subtilis. 2 SDAP- Spray-Dried Animal Plasma (Appetein, APC Inc. Ankeny, IA) 3 Trace mineral premix added in the grower yields 150 mg of manganese, 90 mg of total zinc, 4.25 mg of copper, 2.92 mg of iodine, 0.25 mg of total selenium, and 0.011 g of Bacillus subtilis. 4 Vitamin premix added at this rate yields 7,700 IU vitamin A, 5,500 ICU vitamin D3 , 55 IU vitamin E, 1.5 mg vitamin K-3, 0.01 mg B12 , 6.6 mg riboflavin, 38.5 mg niacin, 9.9 mg d-pantothenic acid, 0.88 mg folic acid, 2.75 mg pyridoxine, 1.54 mg thiamine, 0.08 mg biotin per kg diet 5 R PF 2000- Huvepharma, Peachtree City, GA Optiphos

and an ether extraction was used to determine crude fat (AOAC 920.39) [24]. Experimental Design On day of hatch, 792 Ross 708 males were vaccinated with a coccidiosis vaccine [25] via a commercial spray cabinet and were allotted to floor pens and dietary treatments based on initial body weight (BW). Each treatment consisted of nine replicates containing 22 birds per replicate pen. Chicks were provided supplemental heat and given access to feed and water ad

libitum. Chicks were placed in 0.91 × 1.83 m rearing pens with tube feeders and nipple drinkers with recycled litter from three previous flocks used as bedding material. Animal care was provided in accordance with a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). The dietary program consisted of three dietary phases with a starter diet being fed from 1 to 10 d of age, grower from 10 to 28 d, and a finisher being fed from day 28 to 41. All broilers and feed were weighed on the days of dietary changes for calculation of average BW and determination of feed consumption

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Corn Dehulled soybean meal (48%) DL-Methionine (99%) Lysine HCL L-Threonine Soy oil Limestone Monocalcium phosphate Salt Sodium bicarbonate Trace minerals1,3, Choline chloride Vitamins4 Dried distiller’s grains Meat and bone meal Spray-dried animal plasma2 Phytase5

Starter Control

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Table 2. Analyzed Nutrient Content1 of Diets With/Without Animal Plasma and BMD Fed to Male Broilers. Analyzed nutrient content

1 2

Starter SDAP2

Grower Control

Finisher Control

12.67 87.33 21.10 4.52 4.30 5.32 0.29 0.64 0.96 0.17 1.17 0.21 202 84.20 15.60 76.60

13.34 86.66 21.10 3.80 3.50 4.98 0.30 0.62 0.89 0.16 0.99 0.21 183 89.30 14.30 89.00

12.74 87.26 19.60 4.70 2.70 5.35 0.29 0.64 0.95 0.16 1.16 0.22 194 71.00 15.10 88.90

11.66 88.34 17.50 5.60 2.70 4.05 0.21 0.53 0.70 0.13 0.82 0.20 143 70.00 16.60 80.00

Analyzed nutrient content conducted by Midwest Laboratories, Omaha, NE. SDAP- Spray-Dried Animal Plasma; SDAP supplemented at 2% in the starter phase (day 1–10)

(FC) for the calculation of mortality corrected feed conversion ratio (FCR). On day 10 and 41, individual broiler BWs were collected to identify the mean for each replicate with the standard deviation being expressed as a percentage of each mean to calculate coefficient of variation (CV) for determining flock uniformity. Statistical Analysis All data were subjected to a 2 × 2 Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SPSS V 22.0 with main effect means being statistically different at P ≤ 0.05. In the instance of a significant interaction present between SDAP and BMD, data were then subjected to a one-way ANOVA and individual treatment means separated by Duncan’s multiple range test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION No significant interactions (P < 0.05) were present between BMD and SDAP throughout the study. On day 10, both BMD and SDAP impacted BW with the addition of BMD increasing day 10 BW by 6 g compared to diets without BMD (Table 3). Supplementing SDAP at 2% during the starter period increased (P < 0.05) day 10 broiler weight by 17 g compared to di-

ets without SDAP. Similar trends in BW were noted on day 28 with birds fed BMD being 30 g heavier (P < 0.05) than birds fed diets without BMD. Furthermore, the addition of 2% SDAP in the starter diet resulted in a 32 g improvement (P < 0.05) in day 28 broiler weight compared to the control diets. These improvements in BW continued through day 41 with both BMD and SDAP impacting male broiler weight at the end of the trial. The continuous administration of BMD throughout the study resulted in a 61 g increase (P < 0.05) in day 41 BW compared to diets without BMD addition. Similarly, the improvements in bodyweight on day 14 and 28 observed with the inclusion of 2% SDAP in the starter period continued to day 41 with a 58 g improvement (P < 0.05) in BW being observed compared to diets without SDAP. Although the inclusion of BMD did not impact FCR during the starter, grower, or cumulative through day 28; the addition of 2% SDAP in the starter phase resulted in a 9 point reduction (P < 0.05) in FCR when compared to diets without SDAP (Table 3). Even though SDAP supplementation did not impact grower FCR, cumulative FCR through day 28 was influenced with birds fed SDAP yielding a 2 point improvement (P < 0.05) in FCR compared to birds fed the control. The addition of BMD improved (P < 0.05) both the finisher and cumulative FCR (day 1–41) by approximately

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Moisture (%) Dry matter (%) Protein (crude) (%) Fat (crude) (%) Fiber (acid detergent) (%) Ash (%) Sulfur (total) (%) Phosphorus (total) (%) Potassium (total) (%) Magnesium (total) (%) Calcium (total) (%) Sodium (total) (%) Iron (total) ppm Manganese (total) ppm Copper (total) ppm Zinc (total) ppm

Control

2

1.377b 1.407a 1.376b 1.408a

207.9b 214.5a 202.5b 220.2a 0.196 0.022 <0.001 0.885

38.13 38.39

38.26 38.26

0.217 0.260 1.000 0.084

0.149 0.027 0.028 0.458

2.656b 2.714a

2.652b 2.713a

2.675 2.636 2.751 2.671

Day 41

0.189 0.665 0.617 0.543

10.17 10.49

10.19 10.47

10.11 10.22 10.83 10.15

0.456 0.198 0.017 0.886

8.82a 7.49b

7.82 8.50

9.20 8.44 7.79 7.19

Uniformity Day 10 CV Day 41 CV

SDAP- Spray-Dried Animal Plasma; SDAP supplemented at 2% in the starter phase (day 1–10) BMD- Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate (50 g/ton)

0.596 0.047 0.035 0.772

1.389 1.363 1.426 1.391

206.7 198.4 223.4 217.3

Body weight Day 10 (g) Day 28

38.59 37.93 38.19 38.33

Day 0 (g)

0.640 0.060 <0.001 0.504

1.320a 1.229b

1.291 1.258

1.298 1.341 1.219 1.240

Starter

0.366 0.948 0.268 0.902

1.495 1.484

1.489 1.490

1.495 1.495 1.485 1.483

0.360 0.818 0.007 0.926

1.473a 1.449b

1.462 1.460

1.472 1.475 1.449 1.450

0.824 0.035 0.716 0.106

1.900 1.906

1.922 1.884

1.896 1.905 1.873 1.940

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) Grower Day 1–28 Finisher

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1 Control + BMD 2 Control 3 SDAP + BMD 4 SDAP Main effects and interactions BMD Control BMD Animal plasma Control SDAP Probabilities (P-values) Block BMD SDAP SDAP x BMD

Treatment

Table 3. Performance Parameters of Male Broilers Fed Diets With/Without Spray-Dried Animal Plasma (SDAP1 ) and BMD.2

0.755 0.007 0.020 0.276

1.682 1.662

1.683 1.660

1.675 1.689 1.646 1.678

Day 1–41

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23.8 24.5

2

0.767 0.567 0.409 0.563

189.5 192.3

191.9 189.9

189.5 189.5 190.4 194.3

SDAP- Spray-Dried Animal Plasma; SDAP supplemented at 2% in the starter phase (day 1–10) BMD- Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate (50 g/ton)

0.299 0.320 0.687 0.414

71.5 72.0

71.2 72.3

72.5 70.6 72.0 71.9

0.301 0.300 0.694 0.472

104.9 105.4

104.4 105.8

105.1 104.7 106.6 104.2

Day 1–41

0.582 0.260 0.569 0.260

1.01 1.52

1.77 0.76

0.00 2.02 1.52 1.52

Starter

0.643 0.473 0.219 0.080

1.79 0.54

1.53 0.81

0.53 3.05 1.08 0.00

0.471 0.536 0.836 0.072

2.02 1.77

2.27 1.52

0.51 3.54 2.53 1.01

Mortality (%) Grower Day 1–28

0.634 0.624 0.624 0.095

0.28 0.50

0.50 0.28

0.56 0.00 0.00 1.00

Finisher

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99.7 97.9

23.9 24.3

0.069 0.262 0.286 0.354

97.9 99.7

24.1 23.5 24.5 24.4

1 Control + BMD 2 Control 3 SDAP + BMD 4 SDAP Main effects and interactions BMD Control BMD Animal Plasma Control SDAP Probabilities (P-values) Block BMD SDAP SDAP x BMD

0.189 0.374 0.095 0.469

99.8 99.5 99.6 96.3

Starter

Treatment

Feed consumption (g/bird/day) Grower Day 1–28 Finisher

Table 4. Performance Parameters of Male Broilers Fed Diets With/Without Spray-Dried Animal Plasma (SDAP1 ) and BMD.2

0.519 0.428 0.966 0.263

2.39 2.44

2.94 1.89

1.11 3.67 2.67 2.22

Day 1–41

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6) while also decreasing intestinal inflammation [7, 14] resulting in improved performance and immune status. In the current study, birds were placed on recycled litter and were subjected to a mild environmental challenge. Campbell et al. [32] reported greater improvements in broiler performance with SDAP in a challenged environment compared to more sanitary conditions. Furthermore, Coffey and Cromwell [11] observed a higher feed intake and growth response when supplementing SDAP to weanling pigs in an industrial, on-farm nursery compared to those housed in a newer, more hygienic nursery setting. The ability for SDAP to produce a more pronounced effect on animal performance under challenged conditions supports the claim that SDAP can improve intestinal physiology and function as well as regulate immune response. Addition of SDAP at an inclusion rate of 2% in the starter diet yielded improvements of 17 g on day 10 BW and a 9 point improvement in starter FCR. Similar results were noted by Henn et al. [33] in which feeding spray-dried porcine plasma to broilers at 1.5% from day 1 to 7 and 0.5% during day 8–21 yielded a 3 point improvement in starter FCR (day1–21). It is possible that the improvements observed in the starter period of the current trial were a result of SDAP regulating the bird’s immune system allowing for the repartitioning of nutrients from immune activation and up-regulation to growth and muscle accretion. Klasing and Johnstone [34] reported that stimulation of the immune system resulted in reduced skeletal muscle accretion due to higher rates of protein degradation and increased energy utilization to support the immune response and disease resistance. These improvements in performance continued through day 28 and 41 with birds exhibiting a 32 and 58 g heavier BW respectively, accompanied by a reduction in day 1–28 and day 1–41 cumulative FCR when fed 2% SDAP in the starter period compared to birds fed the non-SDAP-supplemented diet. Similar results were described by Campbell et al. [19] and Beski et al. [35] in which birds fed SDAP during the starter period elicited a continuous BW and FCR response to market age. It is established that early access to adequate nutrients post-hatch significantly influences the chicks’ immediate and

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4 and 2 points, respectively, compared to diets without BMD inclusion. While SDAP inclusion did not impact finisher FCR, cumulative FCR (day 1–41) was influenced with a 2 point reduction (P < 0.05) being observed compared to diets without SDAP. The addition of BMD did not impact pen uniformity throughout the study, however, SDAP supplementation improved (P < 0.05) day 41 uniformity compared to diets without SDAP (Table 3). Feed consumption and mortality were not influenced by the inclusion of BMD or SDAP (Table 4). With a vast majority of the poultry industry trending towards more ABF production practices, the addition of animal plasma as a possible antibiotic alternative has been suggested due to its rich source of amino acids, as well as its performance and immune enhancing properties. In the current study, both SDAP and BMDimproved broiler performance. It has been well documented that BMD is an effective antibiotic with growth promoting properties [26–28]. The reason for using BMD in the experiment was to validate if there was a performance response indicating whether or not an immune challenge existed. In the current experiment, the inclusion of BMD in the diet significantly increased broiler BW throughout the trial in combination with a 4 point reduction in finisher FCR and a 2 point improvement in day 1–41 FCR compared to nonBMD-supplemented diets (Table 3). Additionally, the hypothesis of the study was to evaluate the impact of SDAP in diets with and without BMD in which no interactions were present between the two. The combination of BMD and SDAP produced an additive effect, confirming different modes of action between the two ingredients which was expected. The mechanistic action of BMD involves the interference of bacterial cell wall formation through the dephosphorylation of the carrier for N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide intermediates [29] resulting in the alteration and facilitation of the microbiota within the gastrointestinal tract [30, 31]. Conversely, it has been proposed that SDAP influences host functions and processes through the mediation of immune function and response. Evidence suggests that SDAP modulates the overstimulation of the animal’s inflammatory response by reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL- 1β, and IL-

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WALTERS ET AL.: EVALUATION OF SPRAY-DRIED ANIMAL period increased growth parameters throughout the trial while improving day 41 flock uniformity demonstrating that SDAP can potentially be used as an alternative to antibiotics in broiler diets.

CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. The inclusion of SDAP increased broiler BW, improved FCR and flock uniformity without impacting FC or mortality. 2. The supplementation of BMD increased performance parameters throughout the study with no interactions between SDAP and BMD being present. 3. Under the conditions of this experiment, SDAP may be used as a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler diets without negatively impacting broiler performance.

REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Cervantes, H. M. 2015. Antibiotic-free poultry production: is it sustainable? J. Appl. Poult. Res. 24:91–97. 2. Coffey, M. T., and G. L Cromwell 2001. Use of spraydried animal plasma in diets for weanling pigs. Pig News and Inf. 22:39N–48N. 3. Stein, H. 1996. The effects of adding spray dried plasma protein and spray dried blood cells to starter diets for pigs. In: Proceedings of Anais do Simposio LatinoAmericano de nutricao de suinos e aves; Campinas, Brazil. pp.70–86. 4. Campbell, J. M., J. D. Crenshaw, L. E. Russell, and S. K. Hayes. 2008. Influence of dietary plasma proteins on supporting animal immunity systems. Pages 79–88 in 19th Annual meeting, Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, Florida. 5. Gatnau, R. 1990. Spray dried porcine plasma as a source of protein and immunoglobulins for weanling pigs. M.S. Thesis. Iowa State Univ. 6. Zimmerman, D. 1987. Porcine Plasma Proteins in Diets of Weanling Pigs. Iowa State University, Ames, IA. 7. Bosi, P., L. Casini, A. Finamore, C. Cremokolini, G. Merialdi, P. Trevisi, F. Nobili, and E. Mengheri. 2004. Spraydried plasma improves growth performance and reduces inflammatory status of weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K881. J. Anim. Sci. 82:1764–1772. 8. Pierce, J. L., G. L. Cromwell, M. D. Lindemann, L. E. Russell, and E. M. Weaver. 2005. Effects of spraydried animal plasma and immunoglobulins on performance of early weaned pigs 1, 2. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2876–2885. 9. Torrallardona, D., and J. Polo. 2016. Effect of spraydried porcine plasma protein and egg antibodies in diets for weaned pigs under environmental challenge conditions. J. Swine Health Prod. 24:21–28.

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long-term development with early growth being directly correlated to final BW and feed efficiency [36]. This growth response observed in subsequent phases of the current trial could be potentially attributed to the additive combination of immunological properties and intestinal health [35], as well as the high-quality protein and exceptional amino acid profile associated with SDAP [10, 37]. Although some authors suggest that SDAP increases feed intake in swine through improvements in palatability [38], others credit improvements in health status as the driving factor [39, 40]. While the inclusion of SDAP in swine diets has shown to increase average daily feed intake (ADFI) in young pigs [2, 8, 10, 41], inconsistent data has been published regarding the impact of SDAP on FC in poultry [13, 20, 33, 35]. In contrast to results reported by Bregendahl et al. [13] in which the addition of bovine SDAP quadratically increased FC, no significant differences in feed intake were observed in the current trial (Table 4). Mortality was not influenced by SDAP supplementation in the present study which is consistent with the findings of Henn et al. [33] and Jamroz et al. [42] in that feeding varying levels of SDAP did not impact livability. Nonetheless, the administration of SDAP reduced mortality in turkeys challenged with Pasteurella multocida [43] as well as improved livability in broilers experiencing a necrotic enteritis outbreak [19]. Although dietary treatments did not influence mortality, flock uniformity (measured as COV) was improved on day 41 of the current trial with the addition of 2% SDAP in the starter period (Table 3). Several implications can originate from poor flock uniformity including variation in nutrient requirements amongst individual birds, delayed growth and performance, as well as carcass downgrades at the processing plant [44, 45]. Bregendahl et al. [13] reported findings that agree with the recent experiment in which feeding increasing levels (0.5%–2.0%) of bovine SDAP resulted in a quadratic improvement on day 42 flock uniformity. In the present study, improvements in broiler performance were observed with the addition of SDAP and BMD with no significant interactions being present between additives. Furthermore, the incorporation of SDAP at 2% in the starter

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