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Evaporation Technology, Principles, Applications, Economics
116 features of the tunnel model and the significant structure model. These are easily comprehensible and form a sound theoretical basis for correlations and predictions of viscosity data. On surveying the literature quoted, the reader receives the strong impression that he has struck a bonanza of knowledge from all over the world - which has its due price. H. KILGER
Viscous Flows: The Practical Use of Theory by Stuart W. Churchill; published by Butterworths, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto, Boston, London, Wellington, 1988; 624 pp.; price, 855; ISBN O-40 905 1854 Contents: Part I One-dimensional laminar flows Identification of geometries and dimensionless variables Momentum transfer, viscosity, and shear stress Newtonian flow between parallel plates Newtonian flow in round tubes and circular XlIlUli
Non-Newtonian flow through channels Thin-films and other open, gravitational flows Couette flows Part II
The general equations of motion 8 Deviation of the general mass and force momentum balances 9 Modified forms of the general mass and force momentum balances 10 Exact, closed-form solutions of the equations of motion
Part III
Unconfined. multidimensional. laminar flows flow along a 11 The Blasius solution for la&tar flat plate 12 Integral boundary-layer solution for larninar flow along a flat plate 13 Experimental results and extended solutions for laminar flow along a flat plate 14 Laminar flow over wedges and disks 15 Laminar flow over a circular cylinder 16 Laminar flow over a solid sphere 17 The motion of bubbles and droplets 18 Generalized methods and other geometries
Part IV
Flow relative to dispersed solids 19 Flow through porous media 20 The relative motion of fluids and dispersed solids
According to the author’s preface, this volume is meant to be Book II in a series on fluid flow with the same subtitle 73te practical use of theory. Book I, Inertial Rows, was published in 1980 (Etaner Press, Thornton, PA), while the companion books III and IV, L.aminar Multidimensional Flows in Channels and Turbulent Flows, are quoted as lecture notes, that is, they are not yet available in print. As may be seen from the table of contents, the book covers mainly laminar flows, not only those which
can usually be found in classical textbooks, but also some two-phase flows (e.g. in chapters 3, 17 - 20) which are of great practical importance for chemical engineers. The main objective of the author is to teach how to apply theory to solve practical problems. Many of the well-known analytic solutions which can be found in textbooks without proof are presented in this volume with detailed derivation from first principles. Furthermore, the author also shows in detail if and how the theoretical predictions agree with experimental data and/or with data obtained from numerical modelling if available. The book is written for advanced students in the field, but as it starts with the basic concepts, treating the simpler one-dimensional flows in Part I, it can also be used for self study and can certainly serve as a very valuable source for all those engaged in research and teaching in fluid mechanics with respect to its engineering applications. From a historical point of view it is very pleasant to find the real first sources quoted in many cases. Some of the more relevant papers published only very recently in the 1980s have also been used and are referred to for the first time in a textbook. If there are a number of semi-theoretical or empirical formulae for a certain problem (see e.g. in chapter 19), the author is very cautious to present all of them and to leave it to the reader to select the ‘best’ one (in some of the problems in chapter 19 the reader is asked to compare the dependence of pressure drop in packed beds on void fraction for varying Reynolds numbers as computed from three different equations from the literature with each other and with some experimental data presented in a graph). So the book is certainly not a ‘handbook with only one recommended formula for each problem. The printing quality is good with the exception of some of the figures with plots of experimental data that have been reprinted from other sources, such as Figs. 4.9, 4.10, 4.13, 5.4, 6.5, 13.9, 13.10, 15.17, 15.20, 16.17, 16.22, 16.29, 17.16, 17.20-17.27, 19.5, 19.6, 19.7, 19.19, 20.15, 20.22 and 20.25, often containing symbols which are too small to be distinguished and partly seem to be reprinted from poor copies. On the other hand, the book also contains excellent figures showing beautiful flow visualization patterns. During my first, not very careful, reading, I could not find any serious errors. So, finally, I do not hesitate to recommend the book to all those interested in getting some deeper insight in a great variety of flow problems, methods of solution and methods of correlation of experimental data in this field. H. MARTIN
Evaporation Technology, Principles, Applications, Economics by R. Billet; published by VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, 1989; 317 pp., 225 figs., 22 tables; price, DM 180.-/a3 The widely accepted book on “Evaporation Technology” published in German in 1965 has now been translated into English and on this occasion has been brought up to date to cover recent developments.
117
In nine chapters the principles, applications and economics of evaporation technology are presented. After a short introduction to the field an extended chapter is devoted to energy management in continuous evaporation, where the energy requirements of the various processes are studied. The main chapter then considers operation and design of evaporators. As shown there, evaporator design is mainly governed by the fluid properties and desired evaporator capacity. Cheap design can be chosen when stable solutions are used, whereas the equipment becomes more expensive when substances decompose readily so that short residence times are required. Additional devices, such as heat exchangers, degassers, pumps, control instruments and insulation needed in evaporator plants, are presented in an extra chapter. The following chapters then describe batch evaporation and evaporative and flash crystallization. Of
special interest are ecological aspects. It is shown how evaporation can be used for effluent treatment instead of rectification which most often is more expensive. Thermal desalination of seawater, as one of the important applications of evaporator technology, is presented with its many aspects as weU as the layout of equipment and accessories of evaporator plants. The book is indeed a concise compilation of the present state of evaporation technology. It covers fundamentals of design, practical applications and economic principles. Many numerical examples illustrate the applications. Because of its wide scope and its clear presentation the book may be recommended to students of chemical engineering and to the professional engineer in industry as well. K. STEPHAN
Viscous Flows: The Practical Use of Theory by Stuart W. Churchill; published by Butterworths, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto, Boston, London, Wellington, 1988; 624 pp.; price, 855; ISBN O-40 905 1854 Contents: Part I One-dimensional laminar flows Identification of geometries and dimensionless variables Momentum transfer, viscosity, and shear stress Newtonian flow between parallel plates Newtonian flow in round tubes and circular XlIlUli
Non-Newtonian flow through channels Thin-films and other open, gravitational flows Couette flows Part II
The general equations of motion 8 Deviation of the general mass and force momentum balances 9 Modified forms of the general mass and force momentum balances 10 Exact, closed-form solutions of the equations of motion
Part III
Unconfined. multidimensional. laminar flows flow along a 11 The Blasius solution for la&tar flat plate 12 Integral boundary-layer solution for larninar flow along a flat plate 13 Experimental results and extended solutions for laminar flow along a flat plate 14 Laminar flow over wedges and disks 15 Laminar flow over a circular cylinder 16 Laminar flow over a solid sphere 17 The motion of bubbles and droplets 18 Generalized methods and other geometries
Part IV
Flow relative to dispersed solids 19 Flow through porous media 20 The relative motion of fluids and dispersed solids
According to the author’s preface, this volume is meant to be Book II in a series on fluid flow with the same subtitle 73te practical use of theory. Book I, Inertial Rows, was published in 1980 (Etaner Press, Thornton, PA), while the companion books III and IV, L.aminar Multidimensional Flows in Channels and Turbulent Flows, are quoted as lecture notes, that is, they are not yet available in print. As may be seen from the table of contents, the book covers mainly laminar flows, not only those which
can usually be found in classical textbooks, but also some two-phase flows (e.g. in chapters 3, 17 - 20) which are of great practical importance for chemical engineers. The main objective of the author is to teach how to apply theory to solve practical problems. Many of the well-known analytic solutions which can be found in textbooks without proof are presented in this volume with detailed derivation from first principles. Furthermore, the author also shows in detail if and how the theoretical predictions agree with experimental data and/or with data obtained from numerical modelling if available. The book is written for advanced students in the field, but as it starts with the basic concepts, treating the simpler one-dimensional flows in Part I, it can also be used for self study and can certainly serve as a very valuable source for all those engaged in research and teaching in fluid mechanics with respect to its engineering applications. From a historical point of view it is very pleasant to find the real first sources quoted in many cases. Some of the more relevant papers published only very recently in the 1980s have also been used and are referred to for the first time in a textbook. If there are a number of semi-theoretical or empirical formulae for a certain problem (see e.g. in chapter 19), the author is very cautious to present all of them and to leave it to the reader to select the ‘best’ one (in some of the problems in chapter 19 the reader is asked to compare the dependence of pressure drop in packed beds on void fraction for varying Reynolds numbers as computed from three different equations from the literature with each other and with some experimental data presented in a graph). So the book is certainly not a ‘handbook with only one recommended formula for each problem. The printing quality is good with the exception of some of the figures with plots of experimental data that have been reprinted from other sources, such as Figs. 4.9, 4.10, 4.13, 5.4, 6.5, 13.9, 13.10, 15.17, 15.20, 16.17, 16.22, 16.29, 17.16, 17.20-17.27, 19.5, 19.6, 19.7, 19.19, 20.15, 20.22 and 20.25, often containing symbols which are too small to be distinguished and partly seem to be reprinted from poor copies. On the other hand, the book also contains excellent figures showing beautiful flow visualization patterns. During my first, not very careful, reading, I could not find any serious errors. So, finally, I do not hesitate to recommend the book to all those interested in getting some deeper insight in a great variety of flow problems, methods of solution and methods of correlation of experimental data in this field. H. MARTIN
Evaporation Technology, Principles, Applications, Economics by R. Billet; published by VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, 1989; 317 pp., 225 figs., 22 tables; price, DM 180.-/a3 The widely accepted book on “Evaporation Technology” published in German in 1965 has now been translated into English and on this occasion has been brought up to date to cover recent developments.
117
In nine chapters the principles, applications and economics of evaporation technology are presented. After a short introduction to the field an extended chapter is devoted to energy management in continuous evaporation, where the energy requirements of the various processes are studied. The main chapter then considers operation and design of evaporators. As shown there, evaporator design is mainly governed by the fluid properties and desired evaporator capacity. Cheap design can be chosen when stable solutions are used, whereas the equipment becomes more expensive when substances decompose readily so that short residence times are required. Additional devices, such as heat exchangers, degassers, pumps, control instruments and insulation needed in evaporator plants, are presented in an extra chapter. The following chapters then describe batch evaporation and evaporative and flash crystallization. Of
special interest are ecological aspects. It is shown how evaporation can be used for effluent treatment instead of rectification which most often is more expensive. Thermal desalination of seawater, as one of the important applications of evaporator technology, is presented with its many aspects as weU as the layout of equipment and accessories of evaporator plants. The book is indeed a concise compilation of the present state of evaporation technology. It covers fundamentals of design, practical applications and economic principles. Many numerical examples illustrate the applications. Because of its wide scope and its clear presentation the book may be recommended to students of chemical engineering and to the professional engineer in industry as well. K. STEPHAN