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Flight deck design and pilot selection: Anthropometric considerations
ABSTRACTS
23.1.36 (122910)
Das, B., Kozey, J., Dauphinee, T., and Barque, D. Redesigning a fish packaging workstation: An ergonomics approach. In: Proc 23rd Ann Conf of the Human Factors Assoc of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 26-28 Sep 1990. The Association, Mississauga, Ontario, 1990, pp 173-177, 10 refs. This paper highlights the methodology that was used to incorporate ergonomics principles and data into the redesign of a fish packaging workstation. The redesign will allow the operator to package stationary products located within the normal reach envelope as opposed to retrieving products from a distant moving conveyor belt. The vertical and horizontal distances of the proposed chute/workstation buffer are adjustable to accommodate the reach and height requirements of an individual operator. Floor mats of diffeting heights are also used to provide vertical height adjustment for the operator. A productivity improvement of 45% for retail and 250% for bulk packaging is envisaged. An additional 10% productivity improvement may be possible from reduced operator fatigue. 23.1.37 (122913) Buckle, P.W., David G.C., and Kimber, A.C. Flight deck design and pilot selection: Anthropometric considerations. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Med, 1990, 61.12, 1079-1084, 7 refs. Safe and successful operation of flight displays and controls is, in part, dependent on the anthropometric characteristics of the pilots with respect to the design of a particular aircraft. This paper describes the approach required to optimise this fit and provides guidelines for both those responsible for design and those who select pilot recruits. The major results reported are those for a British population, although the aircraft considered (Boeing 737-200, 747, 757 and Lockheed TriStar) are used by airlines throughout the world. The study shows that limitations in design considerably reduce the pool of potential recruits with the appropriate anthropometric characteristics. The selection criteria, based on functional seated eye height, might exclude 73% of the British 19-65-year-old female population and 13% of the male population. 23.1.38 (122916)
May, A.D., Leake, G. R., and Berrett, B. Provision for disabled people in pedestrian areas. Highways and Transportation, 1991, 311.1, 12-18, 2 refs. In the mid-1980s the Department of Transport was finding, from a number of research programmes, that the benefits
Vol 23 No 1 February 1992
of accessible transport were being reduced by the difficulties disabled people had getting about on foot or in wheelchairs. Pedestrianised town centres were being mentioned as presenting particular problems. In addition, in 1986, the Institution of Highways and Transportation published a set of guidelines, 'Providing for people with a mobility handicap', designed to help engineers, planners and others to reflect the needs of disabled people in the design of pedestrian areas and of access by car and by public transport. These guidelines were based on the best information available at the time, but their preparation did identify a number of topics for which well-established design and ergonomics information was lacking. 23.1.39 (122920) Arnold, A.K. An ergonomic approach to the design of consumer product packaging. In: Proc 23rd Ann Conf of the Human Factors Assoc of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 26-28 Sep 1990. The Association, Mississauga, Ontario, 1990, pp 125-129, 10 refs. Packaging is an integral part of any consumer product. Extensive research has been conducted in an effort to develop packaging which serves many functions. Glaringly absent in packaging research, however, is the consideration of the needs and capabilities of the end user. This lack of basic input into packaging design has led to packaging which is often difficult to use for large portions of the population. This paper discusses methods used to develop a set of rules which constitute good ergonomics practice in the design of packaging for heavy duty liquids (HDL). A video analysis was conducted on nine subjects using heavy duty liquid containers, to clarify task components and examine functional difficulties for different user groups. Elderly and arthritic women were found to have the most difficulty. Subsequently, a questionnaire was administered to 102 adult, elderly and arthritic women to gain an understanding of the frequency of use of different sizes of containers. An investigation of women's ability to generate comfortable and maximal static torques about the wrist in a sustained carrying task (ulnarradial deviation motion) were carded out. 36 adult, 12 elderly and 12 arthritic subjects tested each of three grip widths. Normative data were used to develop percentile curves for maximal and comfortable torques for each grip width and each group. Results from these analyses serve to provide guidelines for maximal packaging size as well as to determine the point at which handles may be beneficial for different user groups.
23.1.40 (122921)
Cranmer, L., and Konz, S. Knurls on push and turn lids. In: Countdown to the 21st Century. Proc Human Factors Sac 34th Ann Meeting, Orlando, Florida, 8-12 Oct 1990. The Human Factors Sac, Santa Monica, Cal, Vol 1, 1990, pp 467-469, 3 refs. This study investigated the effects of knurling on exertable torque on 'childproof' prescription lids; that is, where a 'push and turn' action is required. Twelve lids with the same height (12.7 ram) were used. Six knuriing designs were evaluated for two lid diameters (32 mm and 54 ram): a smooth lid, a lid with two levers, and lids with 7-8 knuris/cm, 4 knurls/era, 2 knurls/era and 1 knurl/ era. The 35 male and 13 female subjects pushed and turned the 12 lids in a clockwise direction against a torque meter. The effects of gender, size, knurl design, and the interaction of gender and size were significant. Males exerted 42% more torque than females. Subjects exerted 200% more torque on the 54 mm lids than the 32 mm lids. The interaction of size and gender showed that increasing lid diameter was more advantageous for males than females. The lid with two levers provided 54% more torque than the smooth lid for the 32 mm lid but only 21% more for the 54 mm lid. The knurl designs gave 4-15% more torque than the smooth lid. 23.1.41 (122923)
Diaz, E., Asfour, S., Khalii, T., and Abdel-Moty, E. Integrating human factors/ergonomics in facilitating the design/analysis of consumer products: A computerised knowledge-base system. In: Countdown to the 21st Century. Proc Human Factors Sac 34th Ann Meeting, Orlando, Florida, 8-12 Oct 1990. The Human Factors Sac, Santa Monica, Cal, Vol 1, 1990, pp 444-447, 18 refs. An on-fine interactive and userfriendly computerised knowledge-base system is presented in this paper. It makes human factors information available to designers of consumer products. The Ergonomic Design Analysis Database (EDAD) requires the use of personal computer technology without extensive computer knowledge on the part of the user. The database is structured so that several screen menus provide various options for the user. The information, guidelines and dimensions are available for new designs as well as existing designs. 23.1.42 (122929)
Kappa, R.J. State of the art in automotive adaptive equipment. Human Factors, 1990, 32.4, 439-455, 13 refs. Although some forms of automotive adaptive equipment designed to enable
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23.1.36 (122910)
Das, B., Kozey, J., Dauphinee, T., and Barque, D. Redesigning a fish packaging workstation: An ergonomics approach. In: Proc 23rd Ann Conf of the Human Factors Assoc of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 26-28 Sep 1990. The Association, Mississauga, Ontario, 1990, pp 173-177, 10 refs. This paper highlights the methodology that was used to incorporate ergonomics principles and data into the redesign of a fish packaging workstation. The redesign will allow the operator to package stationary products located within the normal reach envelope as opposed to retrieving products from a distant moving conveyor belt. The vertical and horizontal distances of the proposed chute/workstation buffer are adjustable to accommodate the reach and height requirements of an individual operator. Floor mats of diffeting heights are also used to provide vertical height adjustment for the operator. A productivity improvement of 45% for retail and 250% for bulk packaging is envisaged. An additional 10% productivity improvement may be possible from reduced operator fatigue. 23.1.37 (122913) Buckle, P.W., David G.C., and Kimber, A.C. Flight deck design and pilot selection: Anthropometric considerations. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Med, 1990, 61.12, 1079-1084, 7 refs. Safe and successful operation of flight displays and controls is, in part, dependent on the anthropometric characteristics of the pilots with respect to the design of a particular aircraft. This paper describes the approach required to optimise this fit and provides guidelines for both those responsible for design and those who select pilot recruits. The major results reported are those for a British population, although the aircraft considered (Boeing 737-200, 747, 757 and Lockheed TriStar) are used by airlines throughout the world. The study shows that limitations in design considerably reduce the pool of potential recruits with the appropriate anthropometric characteristics. The selection criteria, based on functional seated eye height, might exclude 73% of the British 19-65-year-old female population and 13% of the male population. 23.1.38 (122916)
May, A.D., Leake, G. R., and Berrett, B. Provision for disabled people in pedestrian areas. Highways and Transportation, 1991, 311.1, 12-18, 2 refs. In the mid-1980s the Department of Transport was finding, from a number of research programmes, that the benefits
Vol 23 No 1 February 1992
of accessible transport were being reduced by the difficulties disabled people had getting about on foot or in wheelchairs. Pedestrianised town centres were being mentioned as presenting particular problems. In addition, in 1986, the Institution of Highways and Transportation published a set of guidelines, 'Providing for people with a mobility handicap', designed to help engineers, planners and others to reflect the needs of disabled people in the design of pedestrian areas and of access by car and by public transport. These guidelines were based on the best information available at the time, but their preparation did identify a number of topics for which well-established design and ergonomics information was lacking. 23.1.39 (122920) Arnold, A.K. An ergonomic approach to the design of consumer product packaging. In: Proc 23rd Ann Conf of the Human Factors Assoc of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 26-28 Sep 1990. The Association, Mississauga, Ontario, 1990, pp 125-129, 10 refs. Packaging is an integral part of any consumer product. Extensive research has been conducted in an effort to develop packaging which serves many functions. Glaringly absent in packaging research, however, is the consideration of the needs and capabilities of the end user. This lack of basic input into packaging design has led to packaging which is often difficult to use for large portions of the population. This paper discusses methods used to develop a set of rules which constitute good ergonomics practice in the design of packaging for heavy duty liquids (HDL). A video analysis was conducted on nine subjects using heavy duty liquid containers, to clarify task components and examine functional difficulties for different user groups. Elderly and arthritic women were found to have the most difficulty. Subsequently, a questionnaire was administered to 102 adult, elderly and arthritic women to gain an understanding of the frequency of use of different sizes of containers. An investigation of women's ability to generate comfortable and maximal static torques about the wrist in a sustained carrying task (ulnarradial deviation motion) were carded out. 36 adult, 12 elderly and 12 arthritic subjects tested each of three grip widths. Normative data were used to develop percentile curves for maximal and comfortable torques for each grip width and each group. Results from these analyses serve to provide guidelines for maximal packaging size as well as to determine the point at which handles may be beneficial for different user groups.
23.1.40 (122921)
Cranmer, L., and Konz, S. Knurls on push and turn lids. In: Countdown to the 21st Century. Proc Human Factors Sac 34th Ann Meeting, Orlando, Florida, 8-12 Oct 1990. The Human Factors Sac, Santa Monica, Cal, Vol 1, 1990, pp 467-469, 3 refs. This study investigated the effects of knurling on exertable torque on 'childproof' prescription lids; that is, where a 'push and turn' action is required. Twelve lids with the same height (12.7 ram) were used. Six knuriing designs were evaluated for two lid diameters (32 mm and 54 ram): a smooth lid, a lid with two levers, and lids with 7-8 knuris/cm, 4 knurls/era, 2 knurls/era and 1 knurl/ era. The 35 male and 13 female subjects pushed and turned the 12 lids in a clockwise direction against a torque meter. The effects of gender, size, knurl design, and the interaction of gender and size were significant. Males exerted 42% more torque than females. Subjects exerted 200% more torque on the 54 mm lids than the 32 mm lids. The interaction of size and gender showed that increasing lid diameter was more advantageous for males than females. The lid with two levers provided 54% more torque than the smooth lid for the 32 mm lid but only 21% more for the 54 mm lid. The knurl designs gave 4-15% more torque than the smooth lid. 23.1.41 (122923)
Diaz, E., Asfour, S., Khalii, T., and Abdel-Moty, E. Integrating human factors/ergonomics in facilitating the design/analysis of consumer products: A computerised knowledge-base system. In: Countdown to the 21st Century. Proc Human Factors Sac 34th Ann Meeting, Orlando, Florida, 8-12 Oct 1990. The Human Factors Sac, Santa Monica, Cal, Vol 1, 1990, pp 444-447, 18 refs. An on-fine interactive and userfriendly computerised knowledge-base system is presented in this paper. It makes human factors information available to designers of consumer products. The Ergonomic Design Analysis Database (EDAD) requires the use of personal computer technology without extensive computer knowledge on the part of the user. The database is structured so that several screen menus provide various options for the user. The information, guidelines and dimensions are available for new designs as well as existing designs. 23.1.42 (122929)
Kappa, R.J. State of the art in automotive adaptive equipment. Human Factors, 1990, 32.4, 439-455, 13 refs. Although some forms of automotive adaptive equipment designed to enable
65